BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stakeholder engagement is an emerging field with little evidence to inform best practices. Guidelines are needed to improve the quality of research on stakeholder engagement through more intentional planning, evaluation and reporting. We developed a preliminary framework for planning, evaluating and reporting stakeholder engagement, informed by published conceptual models and recommendations and then refined through our own stakeholder engagement experience. Our proposed exploratory framework highlights contexts and processes to be addressed in planning stakeholder engagement, and potential immediate, intermediate and long-term outcomes that warrant evaluation. We use this framework to illustrate both the minimum information needed for reporting stakeholder-engaged research and the comprehensive detail needed for reporting research on stakeholder engagement.

背景与目标： : 利益相关者参与是一个新兴领域，几乎没有证据为最佳实践提供信息。需要通过更有意的计划，评估和报告来提高有关利益相关者参与的研究质量的准则。我们通过已发布的概念模型和建议为规划，评估和报告利益相关者参与制定了初步框架，然后通过我们自己的利益相关者参与经验进行了完善。我们提出的探索性框架强调了在规划利益相关者参与时要解决的背景和过程，以及需要评估的潜在的近期，中期和长期结果。我们使用此框架来说明报告利益相关者参与研究所需的最低信息，以及报告利益相关者参与研究所需的全面细节。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Monochorionic (MC) twins are at increased risk of early fetal loss secondary to vascular complications such as twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This study compared the early perinatal loss rates between MC and dichorionic (DC) twins in an era of invasive treatment for TTTS. METHODS:This was a retrospective study of all twin pregnancies of known chorionicity from a large regional cohort of nine hospitals over a 10-year period. Ultrasound data were matched to hospital delivery records and to a mandatory national register of pregnancy losses. Prospective risk of pregnancy loss from 14 to 24 weeks' gestation was calculated and the survival trend of MC and DC twins was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS:The analysis included 3117 twin pregnancies (605 MC and 2512 DC). The total risk of early pregnancy loss (miscarriage and neonatal death) before 24 weeks was significantly higher in MC twins (60.3 per 1000 fetuses) than in DC twins (6.6 per 1000 fetuses), with a relative risk of 9.18 (95% CI, 6.0-13.9). Survival analysis showed a significant difference in overall and early mortality between MC and DC twins (log-rank test, P < 0.0001), while no difference was noted after 24 weeks' gestation (log-rank test, P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS:Early pregnancy loss is significantly more common in MC than in DC twins, but no difference in the prospective risk of mortality between MC and DC twins is evident after 24 weeks' gestation. The observed early mortality rate has almost halved in comparison with previous studies in the published literature. Early detection and prompt treatment of complications in MC twins are likely to have contributed to this improvement in outcome.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Databases are useful tools in clinical settings. The authors review the benefits and challenges associated with the development and implementation of an efficient electronic database for the multidisciplinary Vascular Birthmark Clinic at the Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta. METHODS:The content and structure of the database were designed using the technical expertise of a data analyst from the Calgary Health Region. Relevant clinical and demographic data fields were included with the goal of documenting ongoing care of individual patients, and facilitating future epidemiological studies of this patient population. After completion of this database, 10 challenges encountered during development were retrospectively identified. Practical solutions for these challenges are presented. RESULTS:THE CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED DURING THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS INCLUDED: identification of relevant data fields; balancing simplicity and user-friendliness with complexity and comprehensive data storage; database expertise versus clinical expertise; software platform selection; linkage of data from the previous spreadsheet to a new data management system; ethics approval for the development of the database and its utilization for research studies; ensuring privacy and limited access to the database; integration of digital photographs into the database; adoption of the database by support staff in the clinic; and maintaining up-to-date entries in the database. CONCLUSIONS:There are several challenges involved in the development of a useful and efficient clinical database. Awareness of these potential obstacles, in advance, may simplify the development of clinical databases by others in various surgical settings.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While human genetic research promises to deliver a range of health benefits to the population, genetic research that takes place in Indigenous communities has proven controversial. Indigenous peoples have raised concerns, including a lack of benefit to their communities, a diversion of attention and resources from non-genetic causes of health disparities and racism in health care, a reinforcement of "victim-blaming" approaches to health inequalities, and possible misuse of blood and tissue samples. Drawing on the international literature, this article reviews the ethical issues relevant to genetic research in Indigenous populations and considers how some of these have been negotiated in a genomic research project currently under way in a remote Aboriginal community. We consider how the different levels of Indigenous research governance operating in Australia impacted on the research project and discuss whether specific guidelines for the conduct of genetic research in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are warranted.

背景与目标： : 虽然人类基因研究有望为人们带来一系列健康益处，但事实证明，在土著社区进行的基因研究存在争议。土著人民提出了关切，包括缺乏对其社区的利益，将注意力和资源从健康差异的非遗传原因和卫生保健中的种族主义转移，加强对健康不平等的 “指责受害者” 方法，以及可能滥用血液和组织样本。本文借鉴国际文献，回顾了与土著居民遗传研究相关的伦理问题，并考虑了其中一些问题是如何在偏远土著社区目前正在进行的基因组研究项目中进行谈判的。我们考虑在澳大利亚运作的不同程度的土著研究治理如何影响该研究项目，并讨论是否有必要在土著和托雷斯海峡岛民社区进行基因研究的具体准则。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Terminal flower-like structures (TFLS) occur in many angiosperms that possess indeterminate inflorescences such as spikes, racemes, or spadices. We describe and review TFLS in early-divergent angiosperms, especially the magnoliid order Piperales and the monocot order Alismatales, in which floral interpretation is controversial. Essentially similar TFLS occur in a wide range of taxa. Among magnoliids, they occur in some Piperales (Saururaceae and a few Piperaceae), but are absent from Chloranthaceae. Among monocots, they occur in some early-divergent families such as Acoraceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Potamogetonaceae, and Ruppiaceae. Similar TFLS with obscure organ identity are recorded in mutants of Arabidopsis. TFLS can often be interpreted as pseudanthia (close aggregations of reduced flowers), but in some cases the entire terminal pseudanthium is very similar to a true flower. In some cases, elaborated TFLS could therefore have given rise to what are normally termed 'true' (i.e. euanthial) flowers. Data presented here on terminal pseudanthia in Potamogeton and Ruppia support a pseudanthial evolutionary origin of reproductive units in the alismatid families Zannichelliaceae and Cymodoceaceae. Furthermore, in some alismatid species, either the entire inflorescence apex or an individual primordium at or near the inflorescence tip can be transformed into a filamentous or tubular (or intermediate) structure. A tubular structure enclosing stamens and carpels is described in Piper. This indicates that pseudanthium formation can provoke morphological novelties, perhaps due to new patterns of overlap between expression zones of regulatory genes and/or new spatial constraints.

背景与目标： : 末端花状结构 (tfl) 出现在许多被子植物中，这些被子植物具有不确定的花序，例如穗状花序，总状花序或穗状花序。我们描述并审查了早期发散的被子植物中的tfl，尤其是木兰状的Piperales和单子叶植物的Alismatales，其中的花卉解释是有争议的。基本上相似的tfl出现在广泛的分类单元中。在木兰属植物中，它们出现在某些胡椒中 (Saururaceae和一些胡椒科)，但在金黄科中却没有。在单子叶植物中，它们出现在一些早期发散的家族中，例如橡果科，木瓜科，木瓜科，木瓜科和Ruppiaceae。在拟南芥的突变体中记录了具有模糊器官身份的类似tfl。Tfl通常可以解释为假单胞菌 (减少的花朵的紧密聚集)，但在某些情况下，整个终端假单胞菌与真正的花朵非常相似。因此，在某些情况下，精心制作的tfl可能会产生通常称为 “真” (即euanthial) 的花朵。此处提供的有关Potamogeton和Ruppia的末端假单胞菌的数据支持了泽泻科Zannichelliaceae和Cymodoceaceae中生殖单位的假单胞菌进化起源。此外，在某些泽泻物种中，整个花序先端或花序尖端处或附近的单个原基可以转化为丝状或管状 (或中间) 结构。Piper中描述了包围雄蕊和心皮的管状结构。这表明假单胞菌的形成可能会引起形态上的新颖性，这可能是由于调控基因表达区之间的新重叠模式和/或新的空间限制所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tick control is a subject that has stimulated intense interest for more than a century. This article is a commentary on the research needs for tick control proposed in Peter Willadsen's recent article and it calls attention to tick control strategies that were either poorly represented or omitted from the latter. Special consideration is given to host-targeted devices to control disease vector ticks infesting wildlife, to pheromone-impregnated decoys for attracting and killing ticks in the natural environment and on hosts, and to more up-to-date advances in vaccine development.

背景与目标： : Tick控制是一个多世纪以来激发人们强烈兴趣的主题。本文是对Peter Willadsen最近的文章中提出的tick控制的研究需求的评论，它引起了人们对tick控制策略的关注，这些策略在后者中表现不佳或被省略。特别考虑了以宿主为目标的装置，以控制感染野生动物的病媒蜱，在自然环境和宿主上吸引和杀死蜱的信息素浸渍诱饵，以及疫苗开发的最新进展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Bioinformatics Links Directory, http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory, is an actively maintained compilation of servers published in this and previous issues of Nucleic Acids Research issues together with many other useful tools, databases and resources for life sciences research. The 2007 update includes the 130 websites highlighted in the July 2007 Web Server issue of Nucleic Acids Research and brings the total number of servers listed in the Bioinformatics Links Directory to just under 1200 links. In addition to the updated content, the 2007 update of the Bioinformatics Links Directory includes new features for improved navigation, accessibility and open data exchange. A complete listing of all links listed in this Nucleic Acids Research 2007 Web Server issue can be accessed online at, http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory/narweb2007. The 2007 update of the Bioinformatics Links Directory, which includes the Web Server list and summaries is also available online, at the Nucleic Acids Research web site, http://nar.oupjournals.org.

背景与目标： : 生物信息学链接目录，http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory，是一个积极维护的服务器汇编，该服务器在本期和以前的《核酸研究问题》中发表，以及许多其他有用的工具，数据库和生命科学研究资源。2007更新包括在核酸研究的2007年7月网络服务器问题中突出显示的130个网站，并使生物信息学链接目录中列出的服务器总数不到1200个链接。除了更新的内容外，生物信息学链接目录的2007更新还包括用于改进导航，可访问性和开放数据交换的新功能。可以通过http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory/narweb2007在线访问此核酸研究2007 Web服务器问题中列出的所有链接的完整列表。生物信息学链接目录 (包括Web服务器列表和摘要) 的2007更新也可在http://nar.oupjournals.org的核酸研究网站上在线获得。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our objective was to evaluate changes in curriculum and culture within a research non-intensive dental school after implementation of programs supported by the NIH-NIDCR R25 Oral Health Research Curriculum Grant. We designed new curricular elements to foster an appreciation of research/discovery, an interest in academic/research careers, and application of biomedical/clinical advances to patient care. Funding was utilized to develop, implement, and assess a dedicated curricular track of continuous student research/scholarly activity throughout the four years of dental education. This track represented mandatory hours of didactic time exposing students to topics not traditionally included in dental curricula. Additionally, students were provided with customized flexible schedules to participate in elective "hands-on" mentored research/scholarly experiences at local, national, and international sites, including linkages to certificate, MS, and PhD programs. Funding was also used to support a wide array of faculty development activities that provided skill sets required to deliver integrated biomedical/clinical content, research-oriented evidence-based approaches to dental education, and translational case-based teaching methods emphasizing the application of new science/technologies to patient care. We measured changes in student, faculty, and institutional profiles/attitudes using traditional benchmarks, surveys, and focus groups. Comparisons were made between baseline data prior to R25 program initiation and data collected after years 3-4 of program implementation. Significant increases were demonstrated in: (1) student participation in research/scholarship, attendance at national meetings, research awards, publication of manuscripts, pursuit of advanced training/degrees, and expressions of interest in academic/research careers; (2) faculty participation in development activities, publication of manuscripts, and mentoring of students; and (3) increased institutional credibility within the university, supportive infrastructure for research/scholarship, and cultural expectations for academic excellence. Thus, we believe that the R25 programming changed the culture of our dental school, creating a supportive environment for research/scholarship, increasing academic productivity, and altering the attitudes of faculty/students.

背景与目标： : 我们的目标是在实施nih-nidcr R25口腔健康研究课程补助金支持的计划后，评估非密集型牙科学校课程和文化的变化。我们设计了新的课程元素，以促进对研究/发现的欣赏，对学术/研究职业的兴趣以及将生物医学/临床进展应用于患者护理。在整个牙科教育的四年中，资金用于开发，实施和评估持续的学生研究/学术活动的专用课程。此曲目代表了强制性的教学时间，使学生接触传统上不包括在牙科课程中的主题。此外，还为学生提供了定制的灵活时间表，以参加在本地，国家和国际站点上进行的选修 “动手” 指导的研究/学术经验，包括与证书，MS和博士学位课程的联系。资金还用于支持广泛的教师发展活动，这些活动提供了提供综合生物医学/临床内容所需的技能，以研究为基础的基于证据的牙科教育方法以及强调应用新的案例的基于案例的教学方法。科学/技术用于患者护理。我们使用传统的基准，调查和焦点小组来衡量学生，教师和机构概况/态度的变化。比较了R25计划启动前的基线数据和计划实施3-4年后收集的数据。显着增加的表现是 :( 1) 学生参与研究/奖学金，参加国家会议，研究奖，手稿的出版，追求高级培训/学位以及对学术/研究职业的兴趣表达; (2) 教师参与发展活动，手稿的出版，和指导学生; (3) 提高大学内部的机构信誉，支持研究/奖学金的基础设施以及对学术卓越的文化期望。因此，我们认为，R25编程改变了我们牙科学校的文化，为研究/奖学金创造了支持环境，提高了学术生产力，并改变了教师/学生的态度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sex and gender are the major determinants of health and disease in both men and women. The aim of this review paper was to examine differences in gender and sex in relation to the prevalence and effects of food allergy. There are still major gaps in our knowledge about the kinds of processes which shape men's and women's perceptions and experiences of food allergy. The expression and experience of health and illness may be moderated by variables such as biological vulnerability, exposure to health risks, perception of symptoms, evaluation of risk, information processing and role expectations. This review highlights the complex links between biological sex, gender, and health in general and offers a synthesis of how these may interact to produce sex and gender differences in biopsychosocial manifestations of food allergy. Implications for research and public health practice are discussed.

背景与目标： : 性别和性别是男女健康和疾病的主要决定因素。本文的目的是研究与食物过敏的患病率和影响有关的性别和性别差异。我们对塑造男人和女人对食物过敏的看法和经历的过程的了解仍然存在重大差距。健康和疾病的表达和经历可以通过诸如生物脆弱性，暴露于健康风险，对症状的感知，风险评估，信息处理和角色期望等变量来调节。这篇综述强调了生物性别，性别和健康之间的复杂联系，并提供了有关它们如何相互作用以在食物过敏的生物心理社会表现中产生性别和性别差异的综合。讨论了对研究和公共卫生实践的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In Austria, microcensus surveys on self-reported morbidity are carried out at regular intervals every ten years, generally by the Federal Statistic Centre. In the following, we describe an epidemiological observational service which could be regarded as an additional public health instrument. This service is termed "health monitor", and the SERMO (self-reported morbidity) study is the scientific project associated with it. The "health monitor" data provide information on the prevalence of various illnesses and impairment, characteristics and variables of background morbidity by repeated short-term representative surveys on self-reported morbidity. The health monitor permits continual observation of the background morbidity of an entire population, while scientific questions pertaining to the SERMO study can be investigated via the health monitor data base. Self-reported morbidity data provide important information about the health of a general population, in addition to clinical and mortality data, and help to make decisions in health policy. By collecting informations (e.g. nearly every month) on background morbidity, "health monitor" and SERMO project could complement other Austrian public health systems to measure the overall health of the population in general.

背景与目标： : 在奥地利，一般由联邦统计中心每十年定期进行一次自我报告发病率的微普查调查。在下文中，我们描述了一种流行病学观察服务，可以将其视为一种额外的公共卫生工具。这项服务被称为 “健康监视器”，SERMO (自我报告的发病率) 研究是与之相关的科学项目。“健康监测” 数据通过对自我报告的发病率进行反复的短期代表性调查，提供了有关各种疾病的患病率和损害，背景发病率的特征和变量的信息。健康监测仪允许持续观察整个人群的背景发病率，而与SERMO研究有关的科学问题可以通过健康监测仪数据库进行调查。自我报告的发病率数据除了临床和死亡率数据外，还提供了有关普通人群健康的重要信息，并有助于制定卫生政策。通过收集有关背景发病率的信息 (例如几乎每个月)，“健康监测” 和SERMO项目可以补充其他奥地利公共卫生系统，以衡量总体人口的总体健康状况。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This participatory action research study focused on identifying community participation goals, barriers, and supports/strategies in partnership with people who have experienced a stroke. Goals demonstrate that participation is more than activity performance in context; instead, it relates to "being a part of" the community and having access to participation opportunities and supports. Results of community site audits from the first 20 participants document environmental (physical, cognitive, social) and system level barriers, as well as effective strategies for promoting participation via environmental modification and systems level changes. A consumer-directed, Web-based tool for documenting participation barriers and sharing strategies is discussed.

背景与目标： : 这项参与性行动研究的重点是与中风患者合作，确定社区参与的目标，障碍和支持/策略。目标表明，参与不仅仅是活动绩效。相反，它与 “成为社区的一部分” 并获得参与机会和支持有关。前20名参与者的社区现场审核结果记录了环境 (物理，认知，社会) 和系统级障碍，以及通过环境修改和系统级变化促进参与的有效策略。讨论了一种以消费者为导向的基于Web的工具，用于记录参与障碍和共享策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this research was to uncover a structure of the lived experience of joy-sorrow using the Parse research method. Eleven women over 65 years of age volunteered to participate in the study by engaging in audio- and videotaped dialogues with the researcher about the phenomenon. The structure of the lived experience of joy-sorrow was found to be pleasure amid adversity emerging in the cherished contentment of benevolent engagements. Recommendations for further research and practice are specified.

背景与目标： 这项研究的目的是使用Parse研究方法揭示欢乐悲伤的生活体验的结构。11名65岁以上的女性自愿参加了这项研究，与研究人员就这一现象进行了录音和录像对话。人们发现，欢乐悲伤的生活经历的结构是在对仁慈参与的珍惜满足中出现的逆境中的快乐。指定了进一步研究和实践的建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The recent AIDS and Disability Partners Forum at the UN General Assembly High Level Meetings on AIDS in New York in June 2011 and the International AIDS Conference in Washington, DC in July 2012 underscores the growing attention to the impact of HIV and AIDS on persons with disabilities. However, research on AIDS and disability, particularly a solid evidence base upon which to build policy and programming remains thin, scattered and difficult to access. In this review paper, we summarise what is currently known about the intersection between HIV and AIDS and disability, paying particular attention to the small but emerging body of epidemiology data on the prevalence of HIV for people with disabilities, as well as the increasing understanding of HIV risk factors for people with disabilities. We find that the number of papers in the peer-reviewed literature remains distressingly small. Over the past 20 years an average of 5 articles on some aspect of disability and HIV and AIDS were published annually in the peer-reviewed literature from 1990 to 2000, increasing slightly to an average of 6 per year from 2000 to 2010. Given the vast amount of research around HIV and AIDS and the thousands of articles on the subject published in the peer-reviewed literature annually, the continuing lack of attention to HIV and AIDS among this at risk population, now estimated to make up 15% of the world's population, is striking. However, the statistics, while too limited at this point to make definitive conclusions, increasingly suggest at least an equal HIV prevalence rate for people with disabilities as for their non-disabled peers.

背景与目标： : 最近在2011年6月纽约举行的联合国大会艾滋病问题高级别会议和在2012年7月华盛顿举行的国际艾滋病会议上举行的艾滋病和残疾伙伴论坛强调，人们越来越关注艾滋病毒和艾滋病对残疾人的影响。然而，关于艾滋病和残疾的研究，特别是建立政策和方案的坚实证据基础仍然薄弱、分散且难以获得。在这篇综述文章中，我们总结了目前已知的关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病与残疾之间的交集，特别关注关于残疾人艾滋病毒流行率的流行病学数据，以及对残疾人艾滋病毒风险因素的日益了解。我们发现同行评审文献中的论文数量仍然很少。在过去的20年中，平均每年在同行评审的文献1990年2000年中发表有关残疾以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病某些方面的文章5篇，2000年2010年每年平均增加6篇。鉴于有关艾滋病毒和艾滋病的大量研究以及每年在同行评审文献中发表的有关该主题的数千篇文章，在这一处于危险之中的人群中，仍然缺乏对艾滋病毒和艾滋病的关注，目前估计占世界人口的15%，令人震惊。然而，统计数据虽然在这一点上过于有限，无法得出明确的结论，但越来越多地表明，残疾人与非残疾同龄人至少具有平等的艾滋病毒患病率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite their potential utility, clinicians are skeptical about claims data as a substrate for clinical research. Clinician's concerns are centered on two issues-the quality of the data and the fairness of comparisons that are made. To increase the impact of claims data research on clinical practice, several strategies should be pursued.

背景与目标： : 尽管它们具有潜在的实用性，但临床医生对索赔数据作为临床研究的基础持怀疑态度。临床医生的关注点集中在两个问题上-数据的质量和进行比较的公平性。为了增加索赔数据研究对临床实践的影响，应采取几种策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to determine whether karyomapping can be applied to couples requiring preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for single gene disorder (SGD) and/or chromosomal rearrangement. 75/82 (91.5%) and 6/82 (7.3%) couples were referred for autosomal SGD and X-linked disease, respectively. One couple (1.2%) was referred for SGD and chromosomal rearrangement. Of 608 embryos, 146 (24%, 95% CI 21-28) day-3 and 462 (76%, 95% CI 72-79) blastocyst biopsies were performed. A total of 81 embryo transfers were performed; 16/81 (20%) were following day-3 embryo biopsy, 65/81 (80%) were following blastocyst biopsy and cryopreserved embryo transfer. Of 81 embryo transfers with known pregnancy outcome, 51 (63%, 95% CI 52-73) were on-going pregnancies, 6/81 (7%, 95% CI 3-15) resulted in first trimester miscarriages and 24/81 (30%, 95% CI 21-40) were failed implantations. Of the 51 on-going pregnancies, 15 (29%, 95% CI 19-43) couples had a singleton live birth at the time of write up. There have been no reports of abnormal prenatal, genetic testing or diagnosis of phenotype at birth. Karyomapping is reliable, efficient and accurate for couples requiring PGD for SGD and/or chromosomal rearrangement. Additionally, it provides aneuploidy screening, minimising risks of miscarriage and implantation failure.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在确定是否可以将karyomapping应用于需要单基因疾病 (SGD) 和/或染色体重排的植入前遗传学诊断 (PGD) 的夫妇。75/82 (91.5%) 和6/82 (7.3%) 夫妇分别被转诊为常染色体SGD和X连锁疾病。一对夫妇 (1.2%) 被指用于SGD和染色体重排。在608胚胎中，进行了146 (24%，95% CI 21-28) 第3天和462 (76%，95% CI 72-79) 胚泡活检。总共进行了81个胚胎移植; 16/81 (20%) 在第3天胚胎活检之后，65/81 (80%) 在囊胚活检和冷冻保存的胚胎移植之后。在81例已知妊娠结局的胚胎移植中，有51例 (63%，95% CI 52-73) 正在进行妊娠，6/81例 (7%，95% CI 3-15) 导致孕早期流产，24/81例 (30%，95% CI 21-40) 植入失败。在进行的51例怀孕中，有15例 (29%，95% CI 19-43) 夫妇在撰写本文时单胎活产。没有产前、基因检测或出生时表型诊断异常的报告。对于需要PGD进行SGD和/或染色体重排的夫妇，Karyomapping是可靠，高效和准确的。此外，它提供了非整倍性筛查，最大程度地减少了流产和植入失败的风险。