BACKGROUND & AIMS: An experimental system has been developed which allows the identification of intermediates in the abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction pathway leading to desiccation tolerance in plants. Desiccation tolerance in callus of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum is mediated via the plant hormone ABA, which induces the expression of gene products related to desiccation tolerance. Based on T-DNA activation tagging, a gene (CDT-1) was isolated which encodes a signalling molecule in the ABA transduction pathway. Constitutive overexpression of CDT-1 leads to desiccation tolerance in the absence of ABA and to the constitutive expression of characteristic transcripts. CDT-1 represents a novel gene with unusual features in its primary sequence. The CDT-1 gene resembles in several features SINE retrotransposons. Mechanisms by which CDT-1 activates the pathway could be via a regulatory RNA or via a short polypeptide.

背景与目标： 已开发出一种实验系统，该系统可以鉴定脱落酸 (ABA) 信号转导途径中的中间体，从而导致植物对干燥的耐受性。复活植物Craterostigma plantagineum愈伤组织的干燥耐受性是通过植物激素ABA介导的，该激素诱导与干燥耐受性相关的基因产物的表达。基于t-dna激活标记，分离出编码ABA转导途径中的信号分子的基因 (CDT-1)。CDT-1的组成型过表达导致在不存在ABA的情况下的干燥耐受性和特征转录本的组成型表达。CDT-1代表了一种新的基因，其主要序列具有异常特征。CDT-1基因类似于正弦反转录转座子的几个特征。CDT-1激活该途径的机制可能是通过调节RNA或通过短多肽。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess if ultrasound guided autologous blood injection is an effective treatment for medial epicondylitis. METHODS:Twenty patients (13 men, 7 women) with refractory medial epicondylitis with symptom duration of 12 months underwent sonographic evaluation. Tendinosis was confirmed according to three sonographic criteria: echo texture, interstitial tears and neovascularity. The tendon was then dry needled and autologous blood was injected. Patients were reviewed at 4 weeks and at 10 months. VAS scores and modified Nirschl scores were assessed pre-procedure and post-procedure. RESULTS:There was significant reduction in VAS pain score between pre-procedure and 10 months post-procedure when it had a median (IQR) of 1.00 (1-1.75), range 0-7. The median (IQR) Nirschl score, which at pre-procedure was 6.00 (5-7), range 4-7, had decreased at 4 weeks to 4.00 (2.25-5), range 2-7, and at 10 months to 1.00 (1-1.75), range 0-7, revealing a significant decrease (z = 3.763, p<0.001). The hypo-echoic change in the flexor tendon significantly decreased between pre-procedure, when there was a mean (SD) of 6.45 (1.47), and at 10 months, when it was 3.85 (2.37) (p<0.001). Doppler ultrasound showed that neovascularity decreased between pre-procedure, when there was a mean (SD) of 6.10 (1.62), range 4-9, and at 10 months, when it was 3.60 (2.56), range 0-9 (p<0.001). DISCUSSION:The combined action of dry needling and autologous blood injection under ultrasound guidance appears to be an effective treatment for refractory medial epicondylitis as demonstrated by a significant decrease in VAS pain and a fall in the modified Nirschl scores.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Laparoscopy is frequently associated with postoperative shoulder pain that may last several days. We have assessed the analgesic effect of intraperitoneal local anaesthetics during day-case diagnostic laparoscopy. 80 young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups of 20 patients each: group 1, no peritoneal administration; group 2, 80 ml saline injected under direct vision in the right subdiaphragmatic area at the start of the procedure; group 3, 80 ml 0.5% lignocaine with adrenaline (320,000 dilution); group 4, 0.125% bupivacaine with adrenaline (800,000 dilution). Scapular pain was assessed with a visual analogue pain scale, and information about nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and analgesic requirements during the first 48 h was sought. Both local anaesthetics were more effective in reducing postoperative shoulder pain than either control or saline. Analgesic requirements were greater in the non-treatment groups than in the local anaesthetic groups. Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic administration during laparoscopy is both a non-invasive and an efficient method of reducing the intensity of scapular pain.

背景与目标： : 腹腔镜检查通常与可能持续数天的术后肩部疼痛有关。我们在日间诊断性腹腔镜检查中评估了腹膜内局部麻醉剂的镇痛作用。80名年轻女性被随机分配到四组中的一组，每组20名患者: 第1组，不腹膜给药; 第2组，在手术开始时在右侧膈下区域直视下注射80毫升生理盐水; 第3组，用肾上腺素 (320,000稀释) 80毫升0.5% 利多卡因; 第4组，0.125% 布比卡因与肾上腺素 (800,000稀释)。用视觉模拟疼痛量表评估肩cap骨疼痛，并寻求有关头48小时内恶心，呕吐，腹痛和镇痛需求的信息。与对照组或生理盐水相比，两种局部麻醉剂在减轻术后肩部疼痛方面都更有效。非治疗组的镇痛需求高于局部麻醉组。腹腔镜检查过程中腹膜内局部麻醉给药既是一种非侵入性的，也是减轻肩胛骨疼痛强度的有效方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical effects of shenqi fuzheng Injection ([Chinese characters: see text]) in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local advanced breast cancer and the effects on T-lymphocyte subsets. METHODS:During the period from 2000 to 2005, 126 patients with local advanced breast cancer were treated with the neoadjuvant chemotherapy. They were randomly divided into the following two groups: a control group of 61 cases treated by chemotherapy alone and a study group of 65 cases treated by chemotherapy plus shenqi fuzheng injection. All the cases of both groups were given the CEF (CTX 500 mg/m2, d1,8; EPI 40 mg/m2, d1, 8; and 5-Fu 500 mg/m2 d1,8) regimen. The clinical effects, the effects on T-lymphocyte subgroup and NK cells, and the toxic side effects were observed. RESULTS:All the patients completed two cycles of the chemotherapy, and the efficacy and the toxic side effects were evaluated. For the primary tumor in the breast, the total effective rate was 69.2% (45/65) in the study group and 49.2% (30/61) in the control group with a statistically significant difference in the intergroup comparison (chi2 = 5.251, P = 0.022, < 0.05). There was no progression of the disease in both the groups, and there were no grade IV toxic side effects in the two groups. The major toxic responses were myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reaction, which were milder in the study group than the control group, and with a shorter recovery course in the former than the latter. Besides, an obvious rise of the T-lymphocyte subgroup and NK cells was found in the study group after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with a very significant difference from the controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Shenqi fuzheng Injection can improve and regulate immune function of the patients with local advanced breast cancer given the neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and therefore it can enhance the curative effect and reduce the side effect as well.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Interferons are used in the therapy of multiple sclerosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, hepatitis and melanoma. Their short half-life that requires frequent injections can be increased by polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification. A 50-year-old patient was diagnosed as having an acrolentiginous melanoma (Breslow >5 mm, Clark level IV) and inguinal lymph node metastases. After surgical excision and lymphadenectomy, immune therapy with 6.0 microg pegylated interferon alpha(2b)/kg body weight, s.c., was started. Cutaneous ulcerations at the injection sites developed 9 months after treatment initiation. The patient also developed blurred vision and presented with binasal scotomas and pathological visually evoked potentials and electroretinogram. The cutaneous ulcerations slowly healed under local therapy and reduction of the concentration of the PEG-modified interferon from 0.86 to 0.43 mg/ml. The dosage was maintained. Two months later, the therapy was stopped due to disease progression. Vision subsequently recovered. Cutaneous reactions evolved at the sites of subcutaneous injections of PEG-modified interferon alpha(2b). Changes in vision can probably be attributed to immunotherapy.

背景与目标： : 干扰素用于治疗多发性硬化症，卡波西氏肉瘤，肝炎和黑色素瘤。需要频繁注射的短半衰期可以通过聚乙二醇 (PEG) 改性来增加。一名50岁的患者被诊断为患有A性黑色素瘤 (Breslow> 5毫米，Clark IV级) 和腹股沟淋巴结转移。在手术切除和淋巴结切除术后，开始使用6.0 microg聚乙二醇化干扰素 α (2b)/kg体重，s.C.进行免疫治疗。治疗开始后9个月，注射部位出现皮肤溃疡。患者还出现了视力模糊，并出现了双耳暗点和病理性视觉诱发电位和视网膜电图。在局部治疗和PEG修饰的干扰素浓度从0.86降低到0.43 mg/ml的情况下，皮肤溃疡缓慢愈合。维持剂量。两个月后，由于疾病进展，治疗停止。视力随后恢复。皮肤反应在皮下注射PEG修饰的干扰素 α (2b) 的部位发生。视力的变化可能归因于免疫疗法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Female entertainment workers (FEWs) in China are at increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, but correlates of their risky sexual behaviour remain poorly understood. Using data from a series of four surveys, this paper employs repeated measures analysis to identify individual and social correlates of consistent condom use among FEWs in Shanghai. Results reveal that both individual cognitive and social influence factors are statistically significant in their bivariate relationships to consistent condom use with a stable or non-stable partner; only prevention motivation and perceived self-efficacy in condom use remain significant in the multiple regressions. When individual and social correlates are examined together, only peer support for condom use remains a significant and independent correlate of consistent condom use in sex with a non-stable partner. Behavioural intervention is urgently needed and should take a multilevel approach, emphasizing individual prevention motivation and behavioural skills training and promoting peer/social support.

背景与目标： : 中国的女性娱乐工作者 (few) 感染艾滋病毒和其他性传播感染的风险增加，但对其危险性行为的相关性仍知之甚少。本文利用四项调查的数据，采用重复措施分析，以识别上海few中持续使用安全套的个人和社会相关性。结果表明，个体认知和社会影响因素在与稳定或非稳定伴侣一致使用安全套的双变量关系中具有统计学意义; 在多元回归中，只有预防动机和安全套使用中的自我效能感仍然显着。当将个人和社会相关性一起检查时，只有同伴对避孕套使用的支持仍然是与不稳定伴侣在性行为中一致使用避孕套的重要且独立的相关性。迫切需要行为干预，并应采取多层次的方法，强调个人预防动机和行为技能培训，并促进同伴/社会支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is little research on injecting drug use in Nigeria. We investigated the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male injection drug users (IDUs) in Lagos. Male IDUs (N = 328) were recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Participants completed an interview about their sexual and injecting risk behaviours and were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBV), hepatitis C antibody (HCV), HIV and syphilis, as well as genital chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections. Three-quarters of IDUs (74%) reported injecting drugs in the past one month although most did not share needles (92%) and the majority obtained sterile needles from pharmacists (87%). Estimated HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalences were 7.8%, 7.7%, 0.9%, 1.9%, 0.0%, and 3.7%, respectively. The burden of HIV is presently low among IDUs in Lagos. Changes in accessibility to sterile needles at pharmacists would likely have a deleterious effect on IDUs' health. HBV vaccination and HCV prevention programmes for IDUs are urgently needed.

背景与目标： : 尼日利亚关于注射吸毒的研究很少。我们调查了拉各斯男性注射吸毒者 (idu) 中HIV，乙型和丙型肝炎以及性传播感染 (STIs) 的患病率。通过受访者驱动的抽样招募男性注射吸毒者 (N = 328)。参与者完成了关于他们的性和注射风险行为的访谈，并测试了乙型肝炎表面抗原 (HBV)，丙型肝炎抗体 (HCV)，艾滋病毒和梅毒，以及生殖器衣原体和淋病感染。四分之三的注射吸毒者 (74%) 报告在过去一个月注射毒品，尽管大多数人不共用针头 (92%)，大多数人从药剂师那里获得无菌针头 (87%)。估计的HBV，HCV，HIV，梅毒，淋病和衣原体患病率分别为7.8%，7.7%，0.9%，1.9%，0.0% 和3.7%。目前，拉各斯注射吸毒者的艾滋病毒负担很低。药剂师对无菌针头的可及性发生变化可能会对idus的健康产生有害影响。迫切需要针对注射吸毒者的HBV疫苗接种和HCV预防计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four types of neutral glycosphingolipids (LacCer, Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer, and IV3αGalNAc-Gb4Cer; 10 pmol each) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight (ESI-QIT-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) with a repeated high-speed polarity and MSn switching system. This system can provide six types of mass spectra, including positive and negative ion MS, MS2, and MS3 spectra, within 1 s per cycle. Using HPLC with a normal-phase column, information on the molecular weights of major molecular species of four neutral glycosphingolipids was obtained by detecting [M+Na]+ in the positive ion mode mass spectra and [M−H]− in the negative ion mode mass spectra. Sequences of glycosphingolipid oligosaccharide were obtained in the negative ion MS2 spectra. In addition, information on the ceramide structures was clearly obtained in the negative ion MS3 mass spectra. GlcCer molecular species were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QIT-TOF MS with a reversed-phase column using 1 pmole of GlcCer. The structures of the seven molecular species of GlcCer, namely, d18:1-C16:0, d18:1-C18:0, d18:1-C20:0, d18:1-C22:0, d18:1-C23:0, d18:1-C24:1, and d18:1-C24:0, were characterized using positive ion MS and negative ion MS, MS2, and MS3. The established HPLC-ESI-QIT-TOF MS with MSn switching and a normal phase column has been successfully applied to the structural characterization of LacCer and Gb4Cer in a crude mixture prepared from human erythrocytes.

背景与目标： : 四种类型的中性鞘糖脂 (LacCer，Gb3Cer，Gb4Cer和IV3αGalNAc-Gb4Cer; 使用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)-电喷雾电离四极杆离子阱飞行时间 (ESI-qit-tof) 质谱 (MS) 分析，并具有重复的高速极性和MSn切换系统。该系统可以在每个周期1 s内提供六种类型的质谱，包括正负离子MS，MS2和MS3光谱。使用带有正相色谱柱的HPLC，通过在正离子模式质谱中检测 [M Na] 和在负离子模式质谱中检测 [M-h]-，获得了有关四种中性鞘糖脂的主要分子种类的分子量的信息。在负离子MS2光谱中获得了鞘糖脂寡糖序列。此外，在负离子MS3质谱中清楚地获得了有关神经酰胺结构的信息。GlcCer分子种类通过hplc-esi-QIT-TOF MS用反相色谱柱使用1 pmole的GlcCer进行分析。GlcCer的七个分子物种的结构，即d18:1-C16:0，d18:1-C18:0，d18:1-C20:0，d18:1-C22:0，d18:1-C23:0，d18:1-C24:1和d18:1-C24:0，使用正离子MS和负离子MS，MS2和ms3进行表征。建立的具有MSn切换和正相柱的hplc-esi-QIT-TOF MS已成功应用于由人红细胞制备的粗混合物中LacCer和Gb4Cer的结构表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To identify determinants of HIV seroconversion among injection drug users (IDUs) during a period of rising prevalence, a case-control investigation was conducted. Cases were IDUs with a new positive test after 1 January 1994, and a negative test within the prior 18 months. Controls required 2 negative tests during the same period. Subjects completed a questionnaire on demographic, psychosocial, and behavioural factors. Eighty-nine cases and 192 controls were similar with respect to gender, age, ethnicity and inter-test interval. Multivariate analyses of events during the inter-test interval showed borrowing syringes (adj. OR = 2.96; P < 0.006), unstable housing (adj. OR = 2.01; P = 0.03) and injecting > or = 4 times daily (adj. OR = 1.71; P = 0.06) to be independently associated with seroconversion. Protective associations were demonstrated for sex with opposite gender (adj. OR = 0.36; P = 0.001) and tetrahydrocannabinol use (adj. OR = 0.41; P = 0.001). There is a need to evaluate programmes dealing with addiction, housing and the social underpinnings of risk behaviours in this population.

背景与目标： : 为了确定在流行率上升期间注射吸毒者 (idu) 中HIV血清转化的决定因素，进行了病例对照调查。病例为注射吸毒者，1994年1月1日后新的阳性试验，而前18个月内的阴性试验。在同一时期，对照需要进行2次阴性测试。受试者完成了有关人口统计学，社会心理和行为因素的问卷调查。89例病例和192对照在性别，年龄，种族和测试间间隔方面相似。对测试间间隔期间事件的多变量分析显示，借用注射器 (adj. OR = 2.96; P <0.006)，不稳定的住房 (adj. OR = 2.01; P = 0.03) 和每天注射> or = 4次 (adj. OR = 1.71; P = 0.06) 与血清转化独立相关。证明了异性性别 (adj. OR = 0.36; P = 0.001) 和四氢大麻酚使用 (adj. OR = 0.41; P = 0.001) 的保护性关联。有必要评估有关该人群成瘾，住房和风险行为的社会基础的计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Accumulated evidence indicates chronic systemic injection of D-galactose mimics aging progress induced by oxidative stress. We addressed whether memory impairment in this model was associated with the cholinergic septohippocampal degeneration. Rats injected with D-galactose for 6 weeks showed impairment of spatial learning and memory as measured by the water maze test. Correspondingly, anti-choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry demonstrated a severe loss of cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus accompanied by a mild cholinergic neuronal atrophy and loss in the medial septum and the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. A major synaptic degeneration in the hippocampus was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. These findings provide neuropathological evidence for rodents with chronic injection of D-galactose as a promising model for brain aging and age-related neurodegeneration.

背景与目标： : 积累的证据表明，慢性全身注射D-半乳糖模拟氧化应激诱导的衰老进程。我们讨论了该模型中的记忆障碍是否与胆碱能海马变性有关。通过水迷宫测试，注射D-半乳糖6周的大鼠显示出空间学习和记忆受损。相应地，抗胆碱乙酰转移酶免疫组织化学表明，海马中胆碱能末端严重丢失，并伴有轻度胆碱能神经元萎缩，并在Broca对角带的内侧间隔和垂直肢体的核中丢失。通过超微结构分析证实了海马的主要突触变性。这些发现为慢性注射D-半乳糖作为大脑衰老和与年龄相关的神经变性的有希望的模型的啮齿动物提供了神经病理学证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Repeated exposure to a moderately intense stressor typically produces attenuation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response (habituation) on re-presentation of the same stressor; however, if a novel stressor is presented to the same animals, the HPA axis response may be augmented (sensitization). The extent to which this adaptation is also evident within neural activity patterns is unknown. This study tested whether repeated ferret odor (FO) exposure, a moderately intense psychological stressor for rats, leads to both same-stressor habituation and novel-stressor sensitization of the HPA axis response and neuronal activity as determined by immediate early gene induction (c-fos mRNA). Rats were presented with FO in their home cages for 30 min a day for up to 2 wk and subsequently challenged with FO or restraint. Rats displayed HPA axis activity habituation and widespread habituation of c-fos mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) throughout the brain in as few as three repeated presentations of FO. However, repeated FO exposure led to a more gradual development of sensitized HPA-axis and c-fos mRNA responses to restraint that were not fully evident until after 14 d of prior FO exposure. The sensitized response was evident in many of the same brain regions that displayed habituation, including primary sensory cortices and the prefrontal cortex. The shared spatial expression but distinct temporal development of habituation and sensitization neural response patterns suggests two independent processes with opposing influences across overlapping brain systems.

背景与目标： : 反复暴露于中等强度的应激源通常会在重新呈现相同的应激源时导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺 (HPA) 轴反应 (习惯) 的减弱; 但是，如果向同一动物呈现一种新型的应激源，则可能会增强HPA轴反应 (敏化)。在神经活动模式中这种适应的程度也很明显是未知的。这项研究测试了反复暴露的雪貂气味 (FO) (一种中等强度的大鼠心理压力源) 是否会导致HPA轴反应和神经元活动的相同压力源习惯和新压力源敏化 (由立即的早期基因诱导确定) (c-fos mRNA)。每天在家养中给大鼠30分钟的FO，最多2周，然后用FO或约束对大鼠进行攻击。大鼠在整个大脑中显示出HPA轴活动的习惯性和c-fos mRNA表达的广泛习惯性 (原位杂交)，其中只有三个重复的FO表现。然而，反复的FO暴露导致致敏的HPA轴和c-fos mRNA对约束的反应逐渐发展，直到先前的FO暴露14 d后才完全明显。在许多表现出习惯性的相同大脑区域 (包括初级感觉皮层和前额叶皮层) 中，敏化反应都很明显。习惯和敏化神经反应模式的共享空间表达但时间上的不同发展表明，两个独立的过程在重叠的大脑系统中具有相反的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ethanol fermentation from sweet sorghum juice containing 240 g/l of total sugar by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5048 and S. cerevisiae NP 01 immobilized on low-cost support materials, corncob pieces, was investigated. In batch fermentation, S. cerevisiae TISTR 5048 immobilized on 6 × 6 × 6 mm(3) corncobs gave higher ethanol production than those immobilized on 12 × 12 × 12 mm(3) corncobs in terms of ethanol concentration (P), yield (Y ( p/s )) and productivity (Q ( p )) with the values of 102.39 ± 1.11 g/l, 0.48 ± 0.01 and 2.13 ± 0.02 g/l h, respectively. In repeated-batch fermentation, the yeasts immobilized on the 6 × 6 × 6 mm(3) corncobs could be used at least eight successive cycles with the average P, Y ( p/s ) and Q ( p ) of 97.19 ± 5.02 g/l, 0.48 ± 0.02 and 2.02 ± 0.11 g/l h, respectively. Under the same immobilization and repeated-batch fermentation conditions, P (90.75 ± 3.05 g/l) and Q ( p ) (1.89 ± 0.06 g/l h) obtained from S. cerevisiae NP 01 were significantly lower than those from S. cerevisiae TISTR 5048 (P < 0.05), while Y ( p/s ) from both strains were not different. S. cerevisiae TISTR 5048 immobilized on the corncobs also gave significantly higher P, Y ( p/s ) and Q ( p ) than those immobilized on calcium alginate beads (P < 0.05).

背景与目标： : 研究了固定在低成本支持材料玉米芯上的酿酒酵母TISTR 5048和酿酒酵母NP 01从含有240g/l总糖的甜高粱汁中进行的乙醇发酵。在分批发酵中，就乙醇浓度 (P) 而言，固定在6 × 6毫米 (3) 玉米芯上的酿酒酵母5048的乙醇产量高于固定在12 × 12毫米 (3) 玉米芯上的乙醇产量，产量 (Y ( p/s )) 和生产率 (Q ( p )) 分别为102.39 ± 1.11g/l，0.48 ± 0.01和2.13 ± 0.02g/l h。在重复分批发酵中，固定在6 × 6毫米 (3) 玉米芯上的酵母可以连续使用至少八个循环，平均P，Y (p/s) 和Q (p) 为97.19 ± 5.02g/l，分别为0.48 ± 0.02和2.02 ± 0.11g/l h。在相同的固定化和重复分批发酵条件下，酿酒酵母NP 01的P (90.75 ± 3.05g/l) 和Q (p ) (1.89 ± 0.06g/l h) 明显低于酿酒酵母5048 (P <0.05)，而两种菌株的Y (p/s) 没有不同。固定在玉米芯上的酿酒酵母 (S. cerevisiae TISTR) 5048也比固定在藻酸钙珠上的P，Y (p/s) 和Q (p) 明显更高 (P <0.05)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Agmatine, an endogenous amine derived from decarboxylation of L-arginine catalyzed by arginine decarboxylase, has been proposed as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain. In the present study, we examined whether agmatine has neuroprotective effects against repeated immobilization-induced morphological changes in brain tissues and possible effects of immobilization stress on endogenous agmatine levels and arginine decarboxylase expression in rat brains. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2h immobilization stress daily for 7 days. This paradigm significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels, and the glutamate efflux in the hippocampus as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Immunohistochemical staining with beta-tubulin III showed that repeated immobilization caused marked morphological alterations in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex that were prevented by simultaneous treatment with agmatine (50mg/kg/day), i.p.). Likewise, endogenous agmatine levels measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and hypothalamus were significantly increased by immobilization, as compared to controls. The increased endogenous agmatine levels, ranging from 92 to 265% of controls, were accompanied by a significant increase of arginine decarboxylase protein levels in the same regions. These results demonstrate that the administration of exogenous agmatine protects the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex against neuronal insults caused by repeated immobilization. The parallel increase in endogenous brain agmatine and arginine decarboxylase protein levels triggered by repeated immobilization indicates that the endogenous agmatine system may play an important role in adaptation to stress as a potential neuronal self-protection mechanism.

背景与目标： : Agmatine是一种内源性胺，由精氨酸脱羧酶催化的L-精氨酸脱羧衍生而来，已被提议作为大脑中的神经递质或神经调节剂。在本研究中，我们检查了agmatine是否对反复固定诱导的脑组织形态学变化具有神经保护作用，以及固定应激对大鼠脑中内源性agmatine水平和精氨酸脱羧酶表达的可能影响。Sprague-Dawley大鼠每天进行2小时的固定应激7天。通过体内微透析测量，这种范例显着增加了血浆皮质酮水平和海马中的谷氨酸外排。用 β-微管蛋白III进行的免疫组织化学染色显示，反复固定会导致海马和内侧前额叶皮层发生明显的形态学改变，而同时用agmatine (50 mg/kg/天) 进行治疗则可以防止这种改变。同样，与对照组相比，通过固定，通过高效液相色谱法测量的前额叶皮层，海马，纹状体和下丘脑中的内源性agmatine水平显着增加。增加的内源性苯丙胺水平 (从92到265% 的对照范围) 伴随着相同区域中精氨酸脱羧酶蛋白水平的显着增加。这些结果表明，外源性agmatine的给药可保护海马和内侧前额叶皮层免受反复固定引起的神经元损伤。反复固定化引发的内源性脑agmatine和精氨酸脱羧酶蛋白水平平行升高，表明内源性agmatine系统可能作为一种潜在的神经元自我保护机制在适应压力方面发挥重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Introduction: Twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole and co-existing fetus (CHMCF) is an uncommon obstetric entity and may occur after assisted reproductive technologies. These pregnancies are associated with severe complications for both mother and fetus and the management is challenging. Case Report: We report a twin pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment with CHMCF which delivered at 26 gestation weeks due to severe preeclampsia. The 625g neonate survived without any complication. The woman had persistent trophoblastic disease with lung metastasis and was treated with single agent methotrexate. We also present a brief review of the literature about the outcomes of CHMCF after ICSI. Conclusion: CHMCF may occur after ICSI treatment. Pregnancies with CHMCF are associated with severe complications however under close follow-up successful outcomes could be achieved in such pregnancies.

背景与目标： 简介: 具有完全性葡萄胎和共存胎儿 (CHMCF) 的双胎妊娠是一种罕见的产科实体，可能发生在辅助生殖技术之后。这些怀孕与母亲和胎儿的严重并发症有关，并且管理具有挑战性。病例报告: 我们报告了因严重先兆子痫而在26个妊娠周接受CHMCF的卵胞浆内单精子注射 (ICSI) 治疗后的双胎妊娠。625g新生儿存活，没有任何并发症。该妇女患有持续性滋养细胞疾病并伴有肺转移，并接受了甲氨蝶呤单药治疗。我们还简要回顾了ICSI后CHMCF结果的文献。结论: ICSI治疗后可能发生CHMCF。CHMCF妊娠与严重并发症相关，但是在密切随访下，此类妊娠可以取得成功的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to evaluate the value of the volumetric fraction of vascular endothelial cells (EnVF) for determining endometrial receptivity in women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS:The records of women undergoing IVF/ICSI between 2006 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. An endometrial biopsy was performed in the cycle prior to IVF/ICSI. EnVF was calculated from endometrial biopsy staining. RESULTS:Twenty-seven patients who did not become pregnant, 8 who had a miscarriage, and 21 with a clinical pregnancy were included. The three groups were similar with respect to infertility and IVF characteristics. An EnVF ≤3.85 was associated with not becoming pregnant, an EnVF >5.29 with miscarriage, and a level between 3.86 and 5.29 was associated with clinical pregnancy (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:EnVF examined in the prior cycle may be a marker of endometrial receptivity and predict the chance of pregnancy in women undergoing IVF/ICSI.

背景与目标：