BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article reviews the risk and protective factors, symptom presentation, and the significant interface of spirituality and religion of depression in African American and black Caribbean children and adolescents and their families. The article provides practical implications for diagnosis and treatment of depression in this special population of youth.

背景与目标： : 本文回顾了非裔美国人和黑人加勒比地区儿童和青少年及其家庭的抑郁症的风险和保护因素，症状表现以及精神和宗教的重要联系。本文为这一特殊的青年人群的抑郁症的诊断和治疗提供了实际意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To assess primary care residents' beliefs regarding the role of spirituality and religion in the clinical encounter with patients. METHOD:In 2003, at a major midwestern U.S. teaching institution, 247 primary care residents were administered a questionnaire adapted from that used in the Religion and Spirituality in the Medical Encounter Study to assess whether primary care house officers feel they should discuss religious and spiritual issues with patients, pray with patients, or both, and whether personal characteristics of residents, including their own spiritual well-being, religiosity, and tendency to use spiritual and religious coping mechanisms, are related to their sentiments regarding spirituality and religion in health care. Simple descriptive, univariate, and two types of multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS:Data were collected from 227 residents (92%) in internal medicine, pediatrics, internal medicine/pediatrics, and family medicine. One hundred four (46%) respondents felt that they should play a role in patients' spiritual or religious lives. In multivariable analysis, this sentiment was associated with greater frequency of participating in organized religious activity (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.99), a higher level of personal spirituality (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08), and older resident age (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21; C-statistic 0.76). In general, advocating spiritual and religious involvement was most often associated with high personal levels of spiritual and religious coping and with the family medicine training program. Residents were more likely to agree with incorporating spirituality and religion into patient encounters as the gravity of the patient's condition increased (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS:Approximately half of primary care residents felt that they should play a role in their patients' spiritual or religious lives. Residents' agreement with specific spiritual and religious activities depended on both the patient's condition and the resident's personal characteristics.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Developing scientifically sound and clinically meaningful case formulations is so challenging that it may verge on becoming a "lost art." Pressures (scientific, economic, and cultural) remain that prevent child and adolescent psychiatrists from getting a complete understanding of the patient and family. Including a strong consideration of data related to religion, spirituality, and worldview may seem only to complicate an already arduous task. The clinician who includes these factors in treatment is faced with decisions of when to discuss these issues, how to discuss them and in what depth, and finally, when to refer to a religious/spiritual professional. Nonetheless, the importance of these factors in the lives of many children and families leaves no option but to address them as directly as possible. It is well worth the effort and, in many cases, will open new areas for clinical improvement in patients.

背景与目标： : 开发科学合理且具有临床意义的病例配方非常具有挑战性，以至于它可能会成为 “失落的艺术”。压力 (科学，经济和文化) 仍然存在，阻止儿童和青少年精神科医生完全了解患者和家庭。包括对与宗教，灵性和世界观有关的数据的强烈考虑似乎只会使已经艰巨的任务复杂化。在治疗中包含这些因素的临床医生面临着何时讨论这些问题，如何讨论这些问题以及在什么深度上以及最后何时提及宗教/精神专业人士的决定。尽管如此，这些因素在许多儿童和家庭生活中的重要性别无选择，只能尽可能直接地解决这些问题。这是非常值得的努力，并且在许多情况下，将为患者的临床改善开辟新的领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper examines the various meanings persons with serious mental illnesses attribute to the concepts of religion and spirituality. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with forty individuals with serious mental illnesses who have incorporated alternative healing practices into their recovery process. The qualitative data analysis revealed that study participants differentially defined religion and spirituality using two sets of descriptors: (a) core characteristics describing the nature of each concept, and (b) functional characteristics describing the impact of religion and spirituality on the individual. Implications for clinical practice and future research on the role of religion and spirituality in recovery are discussed.

背景与目标： : 本文研究了患有严重精神疾病的人归因于宗教和灵性概念的各种含义。对40名患有严重精神疾病的人进行了深入的半结构化访谈，他们将替代治疗方法纳入了康复过程。定性数据分析表明，研究参与者使用两组描述符对宗教和灵性进行了不同的定义 :( a) 描述每个概念性质的核心特征，以及 (b) 描述宗教和灵性对个人影响的功能特征。讨论了对临床实践的影响以及有关宗教和灵性在康复中的作用的未来研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cultural psychiatry has been an important contributor to the enhanced dialogue between psychiatry and religion in the past couple of decades. During this time, religion and spirituality have become more prominent in mainstream psychiatry in a number of areas of study and clinical care, including refugee and immigrant health, trauma and loss, psychotherapy, collaboration with clergy, bioethics, and psychiatric research. In looking towards the future, there is a great deal of promise for future enhancement of the study of religion and spirituality in psychiatric education, research, and clinical care.

背景与目标： : 在过去的几十年中，文化精神病学一直是精神病学与宗教之间加强对话的重要贡献者。在此期间，宗教和灵性在许多研究和临床护理领域的主流精神病学中变得更加突出，包括难民和移民健康，创伤和损失，心理治疗，与神职人员的合作，生物伦理学和精神病学研究。展望未来，在精神病学教育，研究和临床护理中，对宗教和灵性研究的未来有很大的希望。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Much of the evidence that religion provides a protective factor against completed suicide comes from cross-sectional studies. This issue of the Journal includes a report of a new prospective study. An understanding of the relationship between spirituality, religion and suicide is important in assessing and caring for those at risk.

背景与目标： : 宗教为防止自杀提供了保护因素的许多证据来自横断面研究。本期杂志包括一项新的前瞻性研究的报告。了解灵性，宗教和自杀之间的关系对于评估和照顾处于危险中的人很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The globalization of medical science carries for doctors worldwide a correlative duty to deepen their understanding of patients' cultural contexts and religious backgrounds, in order to satisfy each as a unique individual. To become better informed, practitioners may turn to MedLine, but it is unclear whether the information found there is an accurate representation of culture and religion. To test MedLine's representation of this field, we chose the topic of death and dying in the three major monotheistic religions. METHODS:We searched MedLine using PubMed in order to retrieve and thematically analyze full-length scholarly journal papers or case reports dealing with religious traditions and end-of-life care. Our search consisted of a string of words that included the most common denominations of the three religions, the standard heading terms used by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature (NRCBL), and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used by the National Library of Medicine. Eligible articles were limited to English-language papers with an abstract. RESULTS:We found that while a bibliographic search in MedLine on this topic produced instant results and some valuable literature, the aggregate reflected a selection bias. American writers were over-represented given the global prevalence of these religious traditions. Denominationally affiliated authors predominated in representing the Christian traditions. The Islamic tradition was under-represented. CONCLUSION:MedLine's capability to identify the most current, reliable and accurate information about purely scientific topics should not be assumed to be the same case when considering the interface of religion, culture and end-of-life care.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A slow but steady trend to decline routine immunization has evolved over the past few decades, despite its pivotal role in staving off life-threatening communicable diseases. Religious beliefs are among the reasons given for exemptions. In the context of an overview of various religious approaches to this issue, this article addresses the Jewish religious obligation to immunize. The latter is nested in the more general obligation to take responsibility for one's health as it is essential to living a morally productive life. Furthermore, the individual's responsibility extends to supporting communal health by contributing to herd immunity. Judaism embraces evidence-based information regarding immunization safety and efficacy and holds the resulting professional guidelines to be religiously binding. From a Jewish perspective, government bodies need to weigh respect for individual autonomy to refrain from immunization against preserving public safety, such that waiving autonomy should be reserved for immediately life-threatening situations. Nurses' knowledge and understanding of the Jewish legal approach as explicated in this article and those of other religions in which similar principles apply (such as Islam and Christianity) can enrich their awareness of how revering God can go hand in hand with an obligation to prevent illness for the self and the community by immunizing.

背景与目标： : 尽管常规免疫在预防威胁生命的传染病方面发挥了关键作用，但过去几十年来，常规免疫减少的缓慢但稳定的趋势已经演变。宗教信仰是豁免的原因之一。在概述解决此问题的各种宗教方法的背景下，本文讨论了犹太宗教免疫义务。后者嵌套在对自己的健康负责的更一般的义务中，因为这对于过上道德上富有成效的生活至关重要。此外，个人的责任扩大到通过促进群体免疫来支持社区健康。犹太教包含有关预防接种安全性和有效性的基于证据的信息，并认为由此产生的专业指南具有宗教约束力。从犹太人的角度来看，政府机构需要权衡对个人自主权的尊重，以避免预防接种，以维护公共安全，因此应在立即威胁生命的情况下保留放弃自主权。护士对本文阐述的犹太法律方法以及适用类似原则的其他宗教 (例如伊斯兰教和基督教) 的知识和理解可以丰富他们对尊敬上帝如何与义务携手并进的认识通过免疫预防自我和社区的疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Mental health professionals are increasingly aware of the need to incorporate a patient's religious and spiritual beliefs into mental health assessments and treatment plans. Recent changes in assessment and treatment guidelines in the US have resulted in corresponding curricular changes, with at least 16 US psychiatric residency programs now offering formal training in religious and spiritual issues. We present a survey of training currently available to Canadian residents in psychiatry and propose a lecture series to enhance existing training. METHODS:We surveyed all 16 psychiatry residency programs in Canada to determine the extent of currently available training in religion and spirituality as they pertain to psychiatry. RESULTS:We received responses from 14 programs. Of these, 4 had no formal training in this area. Another 4 had mandatory academic lectures dedicated to the interface of religion, spirituality, and psychiatry. Nine programs offered some degree of elective, case-based supervision. CONCLUSION:Currently, most Canadian programs offer minimal instruction on issues pertaining to the interface of religion, spirituality, and psychiatry. A lecture series focusing on religious and spiritual issues is needed to address this apparent gap in curricula across the country. Therefore, we propose a 10-session lecture series and outline its content. Including this lecture series in core curricula will introduce residents in psychiatry to religious and spiritual issues as they pertain to clinical practice.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This first descriptive report on the perspectives, experiences, and actions of clergy relative to terminal patients and their families details a highly emotionally charged complex of interactions. Some 276 clerics from fourteen different bodies provided information on their involvement in death-work, spiritual and personal resources, satisfactions and doubts, pastoral goals and purposes, and their background and outlooks regarding their own demise. Implications of these findings are explored with respect to various forms and contents of training and experience. Psychological versus spiritual roles are of special significance in clergy-patient-family relationships.

背景与目标： : 关于神职人员相对于绝症患者及其家人的观点，经验和行为的第一份描述性报告详细介绍了高度充满情感的互动。来自14个不同机构的约276名牧师提供了有关他们参与死亡工作，精神和个人资源，满意和怀疑，牧民目标和宗旨以及他们对自己的死亡的背景和看法的信息。针对培训和经验的各种形式和内容，探讨了这些发现的含义。心理角色与精神角色在神职人员-患者-家庭关系中具有特殊意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The national self-help group, Fundamentalists Anonymous (F.A.), has focused attention upon mental problems that may be caused or exacerbated by authoritarian religion. In this article we outline assertions about the mental problems caused by membership in fundamentalist religion, illustrate these with two case histories, briefly discuss intervention strategies, and describe conceptual and empirical issues. While former members have presented problems severe enough to warrant professional treatment, a causal link between their symptoms and their religious membership has not yet been established, because there is little empirical work on the subject.

背景与目标： : 全国自助组织 “匿名原教旨主义者” (F.A.) 将注意力集中在专制宗教可能引起或加剧的精神问题上。在本文中，我们概述了有关原教旨主义宗教成员身份引起的精神问题的断言，用两个案例来说明这些问题，简要讨论了干预策略，并描述了概念和经验问题。虽然前成员提出了足够严重的问题，值得专业治疗，但他们的症状与宗教成员之间的因果关系尚未建立，因为关于这一问题的经验研究很少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: As a part of human spirituality, religion has been theorized to influence the health of the individual, both positively and negatively. Although the nursing literature has focused recently on broad aspects of spirituality, the specifics of religious influences on health have been examined cursorily or have been ignored. This article reviews the major empirical data on religion and mental health that are pertinent to nursing. Three areas covered are mental health impact, coping, and aging. Suggestions for future research on the subject are presented.

背景与目标： 作为人类精神的一部分，宗教已被理论化以积极和消极地影响个人的健康。尽管护理文献最近集中在灵性的广泛方面，但宗教对健康的影响的细节已被粗略地检查或被忽略。本文回顾了与护理有关的宗教和精神卫生的主要经验数据。涵盖的三个领域是精神卫生影响、应对和衰老。提出了有关该主题未来研究的建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:to characterize the understanding of leaders and members of the Catholic religion on pain of existing. METHOD:80 Catholics participated in the study. Data collection was carried out using the Religious Content Assessment Tool. The content analysis was carried out and arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated. RESULTS:the following categories emerged: length of affiliation, beginning of the religious practice and affiliation changes, responsibility for the actions and relationship with death, description of God, awareness of the existence of profound experiences, possibility of reward, increased faith in proximity to death, religion as an attempt to explain human limitations, relationship between religion and science and religion of the past and present in relation to science. On the instrument, the highest assigning items were: I believe that nature should be respected (9.96±0.19); I believe that all living beings deserve respect (9.70±0.67); make life worth living (9.70±0.78); my life is a transformation process (9.63±1.04) and I respect the diversity of people (9.56±0.91). CONCLUSION:it was observed associations between the participants' perceptions and religious constructs, highlighting the need to approach the religious phenomenon as part of the human being and potential resource for management and modulation of the pain of existing.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Religion and spirituality are instrumental to coping with health; however, there is limited literature on the use of religion and spirituality among Black men with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to explore how Black men use religion or spirituality to cope with diabetes management. We conducted in-depth interviews with 30 Black men recruited from a diabetes clinic in Atlanta, Georgia as part of a larger study. This article reports on data from 12 of the 30 Black men who reported the use of religion and spirituality as a coping strategy for diabetes management. The following coping strategies were reported: prayer and belief in God, keeping me alive, turning things over to God, changing my unhealthy behaviors, supplying my needs, reading the Bible, and religious or spiritual individuals helping me. Healthcare professionals and researchers involved in diabetes management among Black men should consider these findings in their efforts.

背景与目标： : 宗教和灵性有助于应对健康; 但是，关于2型糖尿病黑人使用宗教和灵性的文献很少。这项研究的目的是探讨黑人如何利用宗教或灵性来应对糖尿病管理。作为一项更大研究的一部分，我们对从佐治亚州亚特兰大的一家糖尿病诊所招募的30名黑人进行了深入采访。本文报告了30名黑人中的12名的数据，这些黑人报告了将宗教和灵性作为糖尿病管理的应对策略。报告了以下应对策略: 祈祷和信仰上帝，让我活着，将事情交给上帝，改变我的不健康行为，满足我的需求，阅读圣经以及宗教或属灵的个人帮助我。从事黑人糖尿病管理的医疗保健专业人员和研究人员应在努力中考虑这些发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :After diagnosis of cancer, many patients show more inclination towards religion and religious activities. This qualitative study using semi-structured interviews explored the perspectives and experiences of 17 Iranian cancer patients and their families regarding the role of religion in their adaptation to cancer in one of the hospitals in Tehran and a charity institute. The content analysis identified two themes: "religious beliefs "(illness as God's will, being cured by God's will, belief in God's supportiveness, having faith in God as a relieving factor, and hope in divine healing) and "relationship with God during the illness." In general, relationship with God and religious beliefs had a positive effect on the patients adapting to their condition, without negative consequences such as stopping their treatment process and just waiting to be cured by God. Thus a strengthening of such beliefs, as a coping factor, could be recommended through religious counseling.

背景与目标： : 在诊断出癌症后，许多患者更倾向于宗教和宗教活动。这项使用半结构化访谈的定性研究探讨了17名伊朗癌症患者及其家人在德黑兰的一家医院和一家慈善机构中宗教在他们适应癌症方面的作用的观点和经验。内容分析确定了两个主题: “宗教信仰” (疾病是上帝的旨意，被上帝的旨意治愈，相信上帝的支持，对上帝的信仰是缓解因素，以及对神圣康复的希望) 和 “与上帝的关系” 疾病。”通常，与上帝的关系和宗教信仰对患者适应病情具有积极影响，而没有负面影响，例如停止治疗过程并等待上帝治愈。因此，可以通过宗教咨询建议加强这种信念作为应对因素。