BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:International studies suggest almost half of all major coronary episodes annually occur in survivors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVE:A greater focus on medium- and long-term ACS management and adherence to proven therapies is essential if out-of-hospital reductions in mortality and morbidity are to be optimized. METHODS:A national panel of clinical and research opinion leaders in ACS care met for 2 days to set future priorities in health care delivery. RESULTS:Lifestyle, control of risk factors, and prescription of pharmacological therapies can improve the course of coronary heart disease (CHD) by reducing all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by 15% to 25%. All ACS patients stand to benefit from rehabilitation and systematic secondary prevention, however, underutilization and suboptimal adherence to rehabilitation and secondary prevention measures persist globally. RESULTS:A range of new initiatives in Australia and elsewhere indicate that time is ripe for change to improve the uptake of preventative treatments in patients after ACS. Key universal drivers of delivering best evidence practice for medium- to long-term care after ACS are economics and locality. CONCLUSIONS:Health-service redesign involving all stakeholders will be integral to increasing access, uptake, and adherence to lifestyle, control of risk factors, and pharmacologic therapies shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are globally the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. These conditions are closely related, beyond that of sharing many risk factors. The term bidirectional relationship indicates that cardiovascular diseases increase the likelihood of getting cancer and vice versa. The biological and biochemical pathways underlying this close relationship will be analyzed. In this new overlapping scenario, physical activity and exercise are proven protective behaviors against both cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Many observational studies link an increase in physical activity to a reduction in either the development or progression of cancer, as well as to a reduction in risk in cardiovascular diseases, a non-negligible cause of death for long-term cancer survivors. Exercise is an effective tool for improving cardio-respiratory fitness, quality of life, psychological wellbeing, reducing fatigue, anxiety and depression. Finally, it can counteract the toxic effects of cancer therapy. The protection obtained from physical activity and exercise will be discussed in the various stages of the cancer continuum, from diagnosis, to adjuvant therapy, and from the metastatic phase to long-term effects. Particular attention will be paid to the shelter against chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cardiovascular risk factors or new onset cardiovascular diseases. Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation is an exercise-based multi-component intervention, starting from the model of Cardiac Rehabilitation, with few modifications, to improve care and the prognosis of a patient's cancer. The network of professionals dedicated to Cardiac Rehabilitation is a ready-to-use resource, for implementing Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation.

背景与目标： : 癌症和心血管疾病是全球死亡和发病的主要原因。除了分担许多风险因素之外，这些条件密切相关。双向关系一词表明心血管疾病增加了患癌症的可能性，反之亦然。将分析这种密切关系的生物学和生化途径。在这种新的重叠场景中，体育锻炼和运动被证明是针对心血管疾病和癌症的保护行为。许多观察性研究将体力活动的增加与癌症发展或进展的减少以及心血管疾病风险的降低联系起来，心血管疾病是长期癌症幸存者不可忽略的死亡原因。锻炼是改善心肺功能，生活质量，心理健康，减轻乏力，焦虑和抑郁的有效工具。最后，它可以抵消癌症治疗的毒性作用。从身体活动和运动获得的保护将在癌症连续体的各个阶段进行讨论，从诊断到辅助治疗，从转移阶段到长期影响。将特别注意预防化学疗法，放射疗法，心血管危险因素或新发心血管疾病的庇护所。心脏肿瘤康复是一种基于运动的多成分干预措施，从心脏康复模型开始，很少进行修改，以改善护理和患者癌症的预后。致力于心脏康复的专业人员网络是一种随时可用的资源，用于实施心脏肿瘤康复。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of technology-assisted rehabilitation following total hip/knee replacement (THR/TKR). METHODS:Six electronic databases were searched without language or time restrictions for relevant studies: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro); from inception to November 7th, 2018. Two reviewers independently applied inclusion criteria to select eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effectiveness of technology-based interventions, compared with usual care or no intervention for people undergoing THR/TKR. Two reviewers independently extracted trial details (e.g. patients' profile, intervention, outcomes, attrition and adverse events). Study methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Quality of evidence was critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS:We identified 21 eligible studies assessing telerehabilitation, game- or web-based therapy. There were 17 studies (N = 2188) in post-TKR rehabilitation and 4 studies (N = 783) in post-THR rehabilitation. Compared to usual care, technology-based intervention was more effective in reducing pain (mean difference (MD): - 0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.48, - 0.02; moderate evidence) and improving function measured with the timed up-and-go test (MD: -7.03; 95% CI: - 11.18, - 2.88) in people undergoing TKR. No between-group differences were observed in rates of hospital readmissions or treatment-related adverse events (AEs) in those studies. CONCLUSION:There is moderate-quality of evidence showed technology-assisted rehabilitation, in particular, telerehabilitation, results in a statistically significant improvement in pain; and low-quality of evidence for the improvement in functional mobility in people undergoing TKR. The effects were however too small to be clinically significant. For THR, there is very limited low-quality evidence shows no significant effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Virtual rehabilitation has been used during decades to provide a more personalized, controlled, and enjoyable experience on upper-limb motor rehabilitation. Since novel virtual reality (VR) technologies are now accessible and highly immersive, the challenge for a wide dissemination of virtual rehabilitation in clinical scenarios has shifted from the hardware robustness to the software intelligence. A sophisticated technique that provides physiological intelligence to novel human-computer interaction (HCI) applications is biocybernetic adaptation. The concept emerges from the electrophysiological computing field, and it proposes using body signals to detect human states (e.g. workload or fatigue) and modulate the virtual activity accordingly. This paper evaluates the effects of using biocybernetic adaptation in a virtual rehabilitation game that aims to encourage users to exert at a desirable intensity level while interacting with the virtual environment. The system relies on surface-electromyography (sEMG) signals to detect fatigue levels in real-time and adapt the game challenge dynamically. Perceived fatigue levels, game user experience, and game performance parameters are assessed after playing the game, considering two different visualization modalities: non-immersive (conventional flat screen) and immersive (VR headset). Results revealed how the biocybernetic system in the immersive condition not only produced lower levels of perceived fatigue compared with the non-immersive, but also, created a more enjoyable and positive experience in a controlled experiment with 24 healthy subjects. Moreover, participants in the immersive condition showed a better performance in the virtual game and higher usability levels scored by users compared with the non-immersive condition. To conclude, we highlight the importance of combining novel immersive approaches with physiologically aware systems to enhance the benefits of virtual rehabilitation therapies.

背景与目标： : 虚拟康复在过去的几十年中一直被用来为上肢运动康复提供更加个性化，可控和愉快的体验。由于新颖的虚拟现实 (VR) 技术现在可以访问并且高度沉浸式，因此在临床场景中广泛传播虚拟康复的挑战已从硬件鲁棒性转向软件智能。生物细胞适应是一种为新型人机交互 (HCI) 应用提供生理智能的复杂技术。该概念来自电生理计算领域，它提出使用身体信号来检测人类状态 (例如工作量或乏力) 并相应地调节虚拟活动。本文评估了在虚拟康复游戏中使用生物细胞适应的效果，该游戏旨在鼓励用户在与虚拟环境交互的同时以理想的强度发挥作用。该系统依靠表面肌电图 (sEMG) 信号来实时检测乏力水平并动态适应游戏挑战。考虑两种不同的可视化方式: 非沉浸式 (常规平板屏幕) 和沉浸式 (VR耳机)，在玩游戏后评估感知乏力水平，游戏用户体验和游戏性能参数。结果表明，与非沉浸式相比，沉浸式生物细胞系统不仅产生了较低的感知乏力水平，而且在24位健康受试者的对照实验中创造了更愉快和积极的体验。此外，与非沉浸状态相比，沉浸状态的参与者在虚拟游戏中表现出更好的性能，并且用户获得了更高的可用性水平。最后，我们强调了将新颖的沉浸式方法与生理感知系统相结合以增强虚拟康复疗法的益处的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CI therapy) is shown to reduce disability, increase use of the more affected arm/hand, and promote brain plasticity for individuals with upper extremity hemiparesis post-stroke. Randomized controlled trials consistently demonstrate that CI therapy is superior to other rehabilitation paradigms, yet it is available to only a small minority of the estimated 1.2 million chronic stroke survivors with upper extremity disability. The current study aims to establish the comparative effectiveness of a novel, patient-centered approach to rehabilitation utilizing newly developed, inexpensive, and commercially available gaming technology to disseminate CI therapy to underserved individuals. Video game delivery of CI therapy will be compared against traditional clinic-based CI therapy and standard upper extremity rehabilitation. Additionally, individual factors that differentially influence response to one treatment versus another will be examined. METHODS:This protocol outlines a multi-site, randomized controlled trial with parallel group design. Two hundred twenty four adults with chronic hemiparesis post-stroke will be recruited at four sites. Participants are randomized to one of four study groups: (1) traditional clinic-based CI therapy, (2) therapist-as-consultant video game CI therapy, (3) therapist-as-consultant video game CI therapy with additional therapist contact via telerehabilitation/video consultation, and (4) standard upper extremity rehabilitation. After 6-month follow-up, individuals assigned to the standard upper extremity rehabilitation condition crossover to stand-alone video game CI therapy preceded by a therapist consultation. All interventions are delivered over a period of three weeks. Primary outcome measures include motor improvement as measured by the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), quality of arm use for daily activities as measured by Motor Activity Log (MAL), and quality of life as measured by the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (NeuroQOL). DISCUSSION:This multi-site RCT is designed to determine comparative effectiveness of in-home technology-based delivery of CI therapy versus standard upper extremity rehabilitation and in-clinic CI therapy. The study design also enables evaluation of the effect of therapist contact time on treatment outcomes within a therapist-as-consultant model of gaming and technology-based rehabilitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02631850 .

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study aims to test the hypothesis that the Revised Version of the Ability for Basic Movement Scale (ABMSII) can predict ambulation during rehabilitation in poststroke patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The study included first-ever stroke patients who were admitted to the rehabilitation ward and were dependent in walking. ABMSII scores were assessed by physical therapists on admission to the hospital. Functional ambulation category (FAC) was assessed every 2 weeks during hospitalization. The primary outcome was independent ambulation, defined as 4 points or higher on the FAC. RESULTS:After setting the inclusion criteria, data of 374 stroke patients (mean age: 70 years, 153 women) were eligible for the analysis. Of these, 193 patients achieved independent ambulation during hospitalization. The ABMSII score was significantly higher in the patients who regained independent walking ability than in those who required assistance in walking. Based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, an ABMSII score of 16 points or higher had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 71%. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis after log-rank test demonstrated a significantly higher event rate in patients with an ABMSII score of 16 or higher compared to those with an ABMSII score lower than 16. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified the ABMSII score as a significant and independent predictor of ambulation during rehabilitation. CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that the ABMSII score is a potentially useful tool to predict ambulation during rehabilitation in poststroke patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recognition of ethnic/racial disparities in mental health services has not directly resulted in the development of culturally responsive psychosocial interventions. There remains a fundamental need for assessment of sociocultural issues that have been linked with the expectations, needs, and goals of culturally diverse consumers with severe and persistent mental illness. The authors posit that embedding the assessment of sociocultural issues into psychosocial rehabilitation practice is one step in designing culturally relevant empirically supported practices. It becomes a foundation on which practitioners can examine the relevance of their interventions to the diversity encountered in everyday practice. This paper provides an overview of the need for culturally and clinically relevant assessment practices and asserts that by improving the assessment of sociocultural issues the clinical competence of service providers is enhanced. The authors offer a conceptual framework for linking clinical assessment of sociocultural issues to consumer outcomes and introduce an assessment tool adapted to facilitate the process in psychosocial rehabilitation settings. Emphasizing competent clinical assessment skills will ultimately offer a strategy to address disparities in treatment outcomes for understudied populations of culturally diverse consumers with severe and persistent mental illness.

背景与目标： : 认识到精神卫生服务中的族裔/种族差异并没有直接导致对文化有反应的心理社会干预措施的发展。仍然需要对与患有严重和持续精神疾病的文化多样性消费者的期望，需求和目标相关的社会文化问题进行评估。作者认为，将社会文化问题的评估纳入社会心理康复实践是设计与文化相关的经验支持实践的一步。它成为从业者可以检查其干预措施与日常实践中遇到的多样性的相关性的基础。本文概述了对文化和临床相关评估实践的需求，并断言通过改善对社会文化问题的评估，可以增强服务提供商的临床能力。作者提供了一个概念框架，用于将社会文化问题的临床评估与消费者的结果联系起来，并引入了一种评估工具，以促进社会心理康复环境中的过程。强调合格的临床评估技能将最终提供一种策略，以解决患有严重和持续性精神疾病的文化多样性消费者的研究不足人群的治疗结果差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We present the orthodontic treatment of a patient with occlusal dysfunction after plastic surgery for multiple maxillofacial bone fractures caused by a traffic accident. The patient had mandibular deviation to the right because of inappropriate repositioning and fixation of the fractured bone and complete avulsion of both mandibular central incisors. The bilateral mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars were also suspected of partial avulsion or alveolar bone fracture. Several tests, including percussion and dental computed tomography, were performed on these teeth to rule out ankylosis and confirm tooth movement. Camouflage orthodontic treatment was carried out with expansion of the maxillary arch, alignment of both arches, and space closure between the mandibular lateral incisors to improve the occlusion. Good occlusion and interdigitation were obtained. Orthodontic treatment is useful for the rehabilitation of occlusal dysfunction caused by multiple maxillofacial bone fractures.

背景与目标： : 我们介绍了一名因交通事故引起的多发性颌面部骨折整形手术后咬合功能障碍患者的正畸治疗。由于骨折的重新定位和固定不当以及两个下颌中切牙的完全撕脱，患者下颌骨向右偏移。双侧下颌门牙，犬齿和前磨牙也被怀疑为部分撕脱或牙槽骨骨折。对这些牙齿进行了多项测试，包括敲击和牙科计算机断层扫描，以排除强直并确认牙齿运动。伪装正畸治疗通过扩大上颌弓，对齐两个弓以及下颌外侧切牙之间的间隙闭合来改善咬合。获得了良好的咬合和互指。正畸治疗对颌面部多发骨折引起的咬合功能障碍的康复是有益的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Acquired disorders of gesture imitation are amenable to treatment, but with poor generalisation toward gestures not included in the training program. We investigated the neural basis of this item-specific recovery in a patient with a slowly progressive posterior cortical atrophy, by means of an fMRI study comparing imitation of rehabilitated and not-rehabilitated gestures. Results suggested that in our patient gesture imitation recruited the mirror system and additional areas relevant to gesture analysis and preparation. Imitation of rehabilitated gestures activated the mirror neuron system, and also left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and putamen, and the right anterior temporal cortex. This suggests that item-specific recovery was based on interaction of circuitry of imitation with neural systems involved in emotional and motivational processing.

背景与目标： : 手势模仿的获得性障碍可以接受治疗，但对训练计划中未包括的手势的概括较差。我们通过fMRI研究，比较了对康复和未康复手势的模仿，研究了患有缓慢进行性后皮质萎缩的患者的该项目特异性恢复的神经基础。结果表明，在我们的患者中，手势模仿招募了镜子系统以及与手势分析和准备相关的其他区域。模仿康复手势激活了镜像神经元系统，还激活了左背外侧前额叶皮层和壳核，以及右前颞叶皮层。这表明特定于项目的恢复是基于模仿电路与涉及情感和动机处理的神经系统的相互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the feasibility of implanting microstimulators to deliver programmed nerve stimulation for sequenced muscle activation to recover arm-hand functions. DESIGN:By using a minimally invasive procedure and local anesthesia, 5 to 7 microstimulators can be safely and comfortably implanted adjacent to targeted radial nerve branches in the arm and forearm of 7 subjects with poststroke paresis. The microstimulators' position should remain stable with no tissue infection and can be programmed to produce effective personalized functional muscle activity with no discomfort for a preliminary 12-week study. Clinical testing, before and after the study, is reported in the accompanying study. SETTING:Microstimulator implantations in a sterile operating room. PARTICIPANTS:Seven adults, with poststroke hemiparesis of 12 months or more. INTERVENTION:Under local anesthesia, a stimulating probe was inserted to identify radial nerve branches. Microstimulators were inserted by using an introducer and were retrievable for 6 days by attached suture. Each device was powered via a radiofrequency link from 2 external cuff coils connected to a control unit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:To achieve low threshold values at the target sites with minimal implant discomfort. Microstimulators and external equipment were monitored over 12 weeks of exercise. RESULTS:Seven subjects were implanted with 41 microstimulators, 5 to 7 per subject, taking 3.5 to 6 hours. Implantation pain levels were 20% more than anticipated. No infections or microstimulator failures occurred. Mean nerve thresholds ranged between 4.0 to 7.7 microcoulomb/cm(2)/phase over 90 days, indicating that cathodes were within 2 to 4 mm of target sites. In 1 subject, 2 additional microstimulators were inserted. CONCLUSIONS:Microstimulators were safely implanted with no infection or failure. The system was reliable and programmed effectively to perform exercises at home for functional restoration.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To develop outpatient Adaptive Short Forms for the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care item bank for use in outpatient therapy settings. DESIGN:A convenience sample of 11,809 adults with spine, lower limb, upper limb, and miscellaneous orthopedic impairments who received outpatient rehabilitation in 1 of 127 outpatient rehabilitation clinics in the United States. We identified optimal items for use in developing outpatient Adaptive Short Forms based on the Basic Mobility and Daily Activities domains of the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care item bank. Patient scores were derived from the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care computerized adaptive testing program. Items were selected for inclusion on the Adaptive Short Forms based on functional content, range of item coverage, measurement precision, item exposure rate, and data collection burden. RESULTS:Two outpatient Adaptive Short Forms were developed: (1) an 18-item Basic Mobility Adaptive Short Form and (2) a 15-item Daily Activities Adaptive Short Form, derived from the same item bank used to develop the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care computerized adaptive testing program. Both Adaptive Short Forms achieved acceptable psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS:In outpatient postacute care settings where computerized adaptive testing outcome applications are currently not feasible, item response theory-derived Adaptive Short Forms provide the efficient capability to monitor patients' functional outcomes. The development of Adaptive Short Form functional outcome instruments linked by a common, calibrated item bank has the potential to create a bridge to outcome monitoring across postacute care settings and can facilitate the eventual transformation from Adaptive Short Forms to computerized adaptive testing applications easier and more acceptable to the rehabilitation community.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rising number of knee ligament injuries which are subsequently surgically reconstructed require special rehabilitation programs. Casting is followed by a knee brace with careful attention paid to restricting full extension. A complete rehabilitation program must include provisions for strengthening knee muscles without placing excess stress on the surgical repair. This program must be coupled with a gradual increase in weight bearing and rigorous control of knee position to yield the optimal result.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1983;5(3):121-126.

背景与目标： : 随后通过手术重建的膝关节韧带损伤数量不断增加，需要特殊的康复计划。铸造后是膝盖支架，并特别注意限制完全伸展。完整的康复计划必须包括在不给手术修复带来过多压力的情况下加强膝盖肌肉的规定。该程序必须与逐渐增加负重和严格控制膝盖位置相结合，以产生最佳结果。J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1983;5(3):121-126。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is underutilized globally despite evidence of clinical benefit. Major obstacles for wider adoption include distance from the rehabilitation center, travel time, and interference with daily routine. Tele-cardiac rehabilitation (tele-CR) can potentially address some of these limitations, enabling patients to exercise in their home environment or community. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the clinical and physiological outcomes as well as adherence to tele-CR in patients with low cardiovascular risk and to assess exercise capacity, determined by an exercise stress test, using a treadmill before and following the 6-month intervention. METHODS:A total of 22 patients with established coronary artery disease participated in a 6-month tele-CR program. Datos Health (Ramat Gan, Israel), a digital health application and care-team dashboard, was used for remote monitoring, communication, and management of the patients. RESULTS:Following the 6-month tele-CR intervention, there was significant improvement in exercise capacity, assessed by estimated metabolic equivalents with an increase from 10.6 ± 0.5 to 12.3 ± 0.5 (P = 0.002). High-density lipoproteins levels significantly improved, whereas low-density lipoproteins, triglyceride, glycosylated hemoglobin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were not significantly changed. Exercise adherence was consistent among patients, with more than 63% of patients participating in a moderate intensity exercise program for 150 minutes per week. CONCLUSIONS:Patients who participated in tele-CR adhered to the exercise program and attained clinically significant functional improvement. Tele-CR is a viable option for populations that cannot, or elect not to, participate in center-based CR programs.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the field of rehabilitation robotics, a mobile personal robot represents an attractive solution, especially in economic terms in comparison with a desktop workstation. A manipulator arm mounted on a mobile robot can facilitate the restoration of the disabled user's manipulative function. In order both to encourage the person to participate in the task at hand and to be cost effective, close human-machine cooperation is essential. The person controls the robot via a remote station and develops strategies to successfully carry out a mission. The main problems encountered by the person during the execution of a mission are electing to change modes, and the mode transition itself. We have examined two aspects of this cooperation: 1) information exchange between human and machine for decision-making and 2) giving to operators complementary and redundant modes to command the system. An experiment has been conducted to study these two aspects. This paper focuses on the control of robot movements in an indoor environment and especially on localization parameters, human-like robot behavior, and the value of proposing complementary control modes to the operator.

背景与目标： : 在康复机器人领域，移动个人机器人代表了一种有吸引力的解决方案，尤其是在经济方面与台式工作站相比。安装在移动机器人上的机械臂可以方便地恢复残疾用户的操纵功能。为了鼓励人员参与手头的任务并具有成本效益，紧密的人机合作至关重要。该人通过远程站控制机器人，并制定成功执行任务的策略。人员在执行任务期间遇到的主要问题是选择更改模式以及模式转换本身。我们研究了这种合作的两个方面: 1) 人机之间的信息交换以进行决策; 2) 为操作员提供互补和冗余的模式来指挥系统。已经进行了实验来研究这两个方面。本文着重于室内环境中机器人运动的控制，尤其是定位参数，类人机器人行为以及对操作员提出互补控制模式的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the influence of tongue disability, age, and sex on motor performance for a tongue-training paradigm involving playing a computer game using the Tongue Drive System (TDS). DESIGN:Two controlled observational studies. SETTING:A neurorehabilitation center and a dental school. PARTICIPANTS:In study 1, tongue-disabled patients with symptoms of dysphagia and dysarthria (n=11) and age- and sex-matched controls (n=11) participated in tongue training. In study 2, healthy elderly persons (n=16) and healthy young persons (n=16) volunteered. INTERVENTION:In study 1 and study 2, the tongue training lasted 30 and 40 minutes, respectively. Participants were instructed to play a computer game with the tongue using TDS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Motor performance was compared between groups in both studies. Correlation analyses were performed between age and relative improvement in performance. Subject-based reports of motivation, fun, pain, and fatigue evaluated on 0-to-10 numeric rating scales were compared between groups. RESULTS:In study 1, tongue-disabled patients performed poorer than healthy controls (P=.005) and with a trend of a sex difference (P=.046). In study 2, healthy young participants performed better than healthy elderly participants (P<.001), but there was no effect of sex (P=.140). There was a significant negative correlation between age and relative improvement in performance (δ=-.450; P=.009). There were no significant differences in subject-based reports of motivation, fun, pain, and fatigue between groups in any of the studies (P>.094). CONCLUSIONS:The present study provides evidence that tongue disability and age can influence behavioral measures of tongue motor performance. TDS may be a new adjunctive neurorehabilitation regimen in treating tongue-disabled patients.

背景与目标：