Virtual rehabilitation has been used during decades to provide a more personalized, controlled, and enjoyable experience on upper-limb motor rehabilitation. Since novel virtual reality (VR) technologies are now accessible and highly immersive, the challenge for a wide dissemination of virtual rehabilitation in clinical scenarios has shifted from the hardware robustness to the software intelligence. A sophisticated technique that provides physiological intelligence to novel human-computer interaction (HCI) applications is biocybernetic adaptation. The concept emerges from the electrophysiological computing field, and it proposes using body signals to detect human states (e.g. workload or fatigue) and modulate the virtual activity accordingly. This paper evaluates the effects of using biocybernetic adaptation in a virtual rehabilitation game that aims to encourage users to exert at a desirable intensity level while interacting with the virtual environment. The system relies on surface-electromyography (sEMG) signals to detect fatigue levels in real-time and adapt the game challenge dynamically. Perceived fatigue levels, game user experience, and game performance parameters are assessed after playing the game, considering two different visualization modalities: non-immersive (conventional flat screen) and immersive (VR headset). Results revealed how the biocybernetic system in the immersive condition not only produced lower levels of perceived fatigue compared with the non-immersive, but also, created a more enjoyable and positive experience in a controlled experiment with 24 healthy subjects. Moreover, participants in the immersive condition showed a better performance in the virtual game and higher usability levels scored by users compared with the non-immersive condition. To conclude, we highlight the importance of combining novel immersive approaches with physiologically aware systems to enhance the benefits of virtual rehabilitation therapies.

译文

虚拟康复在过去的几十年中一直被用来为上肢运动康复提供更加个性化,可控和愉快的体验。由于新颖的虚拟现实 (VR) 技术现在可以访问并且高度沉浸式,因此在临床场景中广泛传播虚拟康复的挑战已从硬件鲁棒性转向软件智能。生物细胞适应是一种为新型人机交互 (HCI) 应用提供生理智能的复杂技术。该概念来自电生理计算领域,它提出使用身体信号来检测人类状态 (例如工作量或乏力) 并相应地调节虚拟活动。本文评估了在虚拟康复游戏中使用生物细胞适应的效果,该游戏旨在鼓励用户在与虚拟环境交互的同时以理想的强度发挥作用。该系统依靠表面肌电图 (sEMG) 信号来实时检测乏力水平并动态适应游戏挑战。考虑两种不同的可视化方式: 非沉浸式 (常规平板屏幕) 和沉浸式 (VR耳机),在玩游戏后评估感知乏力水平,游戏用户体验和游戏性能参数。结果表明,与非沉浸式相比,沉浸式生物细胞系统不仅产生了较低的感知乏力水平,而且在24位健康受试者的对照实验中创造了更愉快和积极的体验。此外,与非沉浸状态相比,沉浸状态的参与者在虚拟游戏中表现出更好的性能,并且用户获得了更高的可用性水平。最后,我们强调了将新颖的沉浸式方法与生理感知系统相结合以增强虚拟康复疗法的益处的重要性。

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