BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) remains the gold standard surrogate for tissue oxygen extraction in paediatric cardiac surgery. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been developed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for regional oxygen saturation. The aim was to compare regional oxygen saturation measured by NIRS with ScvO2 in postoperative paediatric cardiac patients. METHODS:In this prospective study, we included newborns and infants younger than 45 days undergoing heart surgery. We recorded continuous ScvO2 and NIRS regional saturation placed on the forehead (B) and right flank (S) for 48 h postoperatively. A Bland-Altman's analysis was used to assess the agreement between these measurements. RESULTS:A total of 23 patients were included with a median age of 12 days (2-46) and median weight of 3.1 kg (2.3-4.47). The mean difference (MD) ScvO2- B NIRS was 10.45% with limits of agreement (LOA) -17.23 to 38.13% and ScvO2- S NIRS MD 7.16% with LOA: -25.51 to 39.84%. The single ventricle ScvO2- S NIRS subgroup had MD within ± 5%; however, wide LOA was observed. The remaining subgroups showed MD nearly above ± 5%, with wide LOA. CONCLUSIONS:The regional oxygen saturation of brain and kidney did not match ScvO2 as estimation of global tissue perfusion. Nevertheless, NIRS may still provide information regarding regional circulation that may help in the management of neonatal cardiac surgery patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, whose conformational change and aggregation have been closely linked to the pathology of Parkingson's disease (PD), is highly populated at the presynaptic termini and remains there in the α-helical conformation. In this study, circular dichroism confirmed that natively unstructured α-syn in aqueous solution was transformed to its α-helical conformation upon addition of trifluoroethanol (TFE). Electrochemical and UV-visible spectroscopic experiments reveal that both Cu (I) and Cu (II) are stabilized, with the former being stabilized by about two orders of magnitude. Compared to unstructured α-syn (Binolfi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 194-196), α-helical α-syn stabilizes Cu (I) by more than three orders of magnitude. Through the measurements of H(2)O(2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in solutions containing different forms of Cu (II) (free and complexed by unstructured or α-helical α-syn), we demonstrate that the significantly enhanced Cu (I) binding affinity helps inhibit the production of highly toxic reactive oxygen species, especially the hydroxyl radicals. Our study provides strong evidence that, as a possible means to prevent neuronal cell damage, conversion of the natively unstructured α-syn to its α-helical conformation in vivo could significantly attenuate the copper-modulated ROS production.

背景与目标： : 细胞内 α-突触核蛋白 (α-syn) 蛋白的构象变化和聚集与Parkingson病 (PD) 的病理密切相关，在突触前末端高度聚集，并保留在 α-螺旋构象中。在这项研究中，圆二色性证实，加入三氟乙醇 (TFE) 后，水溶液中的原生非结构化 α-syn转化为其 α-螺旋构象。电化学和紫外可见光谱实验表明，Cu (I) 和Cu (II) 都是稳定的，前者稳定了大约两个数量级。与非结构化 α-syn (Binolfi等人，J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 194-196) 相比，α-螺旋 α-syn使Cu (I) 稳定超过三个数量级。通过测量含有不同形式的Cu (II) (游离并通过非结构化或 α-螺旋 α-syn络合) 的溶液中的H(2)O(2) 和羟基自由基 (OH)，我们证明了显着增强的Cu (I) 结合亲和力有助于抑制高毒性活性氧的产生，尤其是羟基自由基。我们的研究提供了有力的证据，表明作为防止神经元细胞损伤的一种可能手段，在体内将非结构化的 α-syn转化为其 α-螺旋构象可以显着减弱铜调节的ROS的产生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eight patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and pulmonary hypertension were given an infusion of a calcium antagonist, felodipine, during ongoing, long-term oxygen treatment (LTOT). The effects on central haemodynamics and ventilation-perfusion matching were studied. At rest pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances (PVR and SVR) were reduced by 18% (NS) and 26% (p less than 0.05), respectively. Cardiac output increased by 23%. There was a tendency to increased perfusion of low alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) areas (VA/Q less than 0.1) and to increased shunt compared to pretreatment values. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) fell by 0.7 kPa (p less than 0.001) but total oxygen transport increased by 23% (p less than 0.001). After treatment with oral felodipine (7.5-15 mg.day-1) for a mean time of 14 wks, PVR and SVR were reduced by 16% (p less than 0.05) and 7% (NS), respectively, as compared to pretreatment values at rest. Cardiac output rose by 13%. The VA/Q ratios and the PaO2 returned towards pretreatment values. The total oxygen transport increased by 11% (p less than 0.05) at rest and increased by 19% (p less than 0.05) during exercise as compared to the pretreatment value. The positive effect on central haemodynamics indicates that felodipine may be a valuable adjunct to ongoing LTOT.

背景与目标： : 在正在进行的长期氧气治疗 (LTOT) 期间，对8名患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COLD) 和肺动脉高压的患者进行了钙拮抗剂非洛地平的输注。研究了对中心血流动力学和通气-灌注匹配的影响。静止时，肺和全身血管阻力 (PVR和SVR) 分别降低了18% (NS) 和26% (p小于0.05)。心输出量增加23%。与预处理值相比，低肺泡通气-灌注比 (VA/Q) 区域的灌注增加 (VA/Q小于0.1) 和分流增加的趋势。动脉血氧张力 (PaO2) 下降了0.7 kPa (p小于0.001)，但总输氧增加了23% (p小于0.001)。在用口服非洛地平 (7.5-15 mg.day-1) 治疗14 wks的平均时间后，与休息时的预处理值相比，PVR和SVR分别降低了16% (p小于0.05) 和7% (NS)。心输出量上升了13%。VA/Q比和PaO2返回预处理值。与预处理值相比，总氧传输在静止时增加11% (p小于0.05)，在运动期间增加19% (p小于0.05)。对中枢血流动力学的积极影响表明，非洛地平可能是正在进行的LTOT的有价值的辅助手段。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tricholoma matsutake, known widely as "matsutake," has great commercial and cultural significance in Japan. Because Japanese production is insufficient to meet the high domestic demand, morphologically similar mushrooms, thought by many to belong to T. magnivelare, are imported from western North America. However, molecular data produced since the early 2000s have indicated that more than one species of matsutake occur in North America and this raises the question of correct naming for the different species. To address this question, we assessed the phylogenetic diversity within North American matsutake based on nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer [ITS] barcode) sequences, including newly obtained sequences from the type collections for Agaricus ponderosus and Armillaria arenicola, and morphological characters. Our results agree with earlier indications that three matsutake species occur in North America and allow us to clarify the correct application of names-T. magnivelare from the eastern USA and Canada, T. murrillianum from the western USA and Canada, and T. mesoamericanum from Mexico, newly described here. The existence of the three North American species is further supported by the results of evolutionary divergence analysis, geographical distributions, and morphological characters.

背景与目标： : 松茸，被广泛称为 “松茸”，在日本具有重大的商业和文化意义。由于日本的产量不足以满足国内的高需求，因此从北美西部进口了许多形态相似的蘑菇，这些蘑菇被许多人认为属于T.Magnivelart。然而，自21世纪00年代初以来产生的分子数据表明，北美存在一种以上的松茸，这就提出了为不同物种正确命名的问题。为了解决这个问题，我们根据nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (内部转录间隔区 [ITS] 条形码) 序列评估了北美松茸内部的系统发育多样性，包括从黄松茸和arenicola的类型集合中新获得的序列，以及形态特征。我们的结果与先前的迹象一致，即北美有三种松茸物种，这使我们能够阐明名称的正确应用-美国东部和加拿大的T.Magnivelale，美国西部和加拿大的T.Murrilianum以及墨西哥的T. mesoamericanum，在此处新描述。进化差异分析，地理分布和形态特征的结果进一步支持了这三个北美物种的存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most of the so-called "lower hypostomes", nassophorean ciliates in the most recent classifications of the phylum Ciliophora, have been little studied in modern times (e.g., employing methods of silver impregnation, a technique widely considered indispensable in comparative taxonomic work on these protists today). In this paper, we present descriptions of two species, a new strain of Nassulopsis elegans (Ehr., 1833) and Zosterodasys derouxi n.sp., based primarily on use of the pyridinated silver carbonate method of Fernández-Galiano. From our own data, especially on the oral hypostomial frange of the first organism and the true somatic synhymenium of the second, and review of the relevant literature, we suggest that the phylogenetic affinities of these forms need to be reassessed. We also tentatively propose some changes in the suprafamilial classification of the ciliate groups involved. While recognizing the need for additional information that can be supplied only by future ultrastructural studies and comparative morphogenetic investigations, we briefly offer the following two speculative ideas at this time: (1) that Nassulopsis be removed from the order Synhymeniida and be considered an evolutionarily primitive genus of the "higher" order Nassulida; and (2) that Zosterodasys be considered a "pivotal" primitive nassophorean that may have given rise, phylogenetically, not only to the more evolved groups of its own class (the Nassophorea) but also to the (primitive groups of the) entire neighboring class Phyllopharyngea.

背景与目标： : 在最近的Ciliophora门分类中，大多数所谓的 “下段体” (nassophorean纤毛虫) 在现代都很少被研究 (例如，采用银浸渍的方法，这种技术被广泛认为是不可或缺的比较分类学工作今天在这些原生生物上)。在本文中，我们主要基于使用Fernández-Galiano的吡啶化碳酸银方法，介绍了两个物种，一种新的Nassulopsis elegans (Ehr。，1833) 和Zosterodasys derouxi n.sp.。根据我们自己的数据，尤其是关于第一种生物的口腔次生殖和第二种生物的真正体细胞合用膜，以及对相关文献的回顾，我们建议需要重新评估这些形式的系统发育亲和力。我们还初步提出了涉及纤毛虫组的超家族分类的一些变化。在认识到需要仅通过未来的超微结构研究和比较形态发生研究可以提供的其他信息的同时，我们暂时提供了以下两种推测的观点 :( 1) 将Nassulopsis从Synhymeniida中删除，并被认为是进化上原始的 “高级” Nassulida属; (2) Zosterodasys被认为是 “关键的” 原始nassophorean，在系统发育上，它不仅引起了自己阶级的较进化群体 (Nassophorea)，而且引起了 (原始群体) 整个相邻的Phyllopharyngea。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus species from chickens and pigs in Beijing and Shandong Province, China. METHODS AND RESULTS:Swab samples were collected from four farms in Beijing and two in Shandong Province in 2009 and tested for Enterococcus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents were determined using broth microdilution or agar screening methods. A total of 453 Enterococcus isolates were recovered, belonging to six different Enterococcus species. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Resistance to tetracycline (92.5%), amikacin (89.4%), erythromycin (72.8%) and rifampin (58.1%), and high-level streptomycin resistance (HLSR, 50.3%) were prevalent, while resistance to penicillins (7.9% to penicillin and 4.2% to ampicillin) was rare. The resistance rates to phenicols (chloramphenicol and florfenicol) and enrofloxacin, and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) were approximately 30%. The vast majority of the Enterococcus isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant organisms. CONCLUSIONS:Resistance of Enterococcus sp. to most antimicrobials was more prevalent in China than in European or other Asian countries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:Our findings reveal a high level of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates from food animals in China and underline the need for prudent use of antibiotics in chicken and pig production to minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Many brain areas participate to supraspinal control of nociception. In these regions, few studies have investigated the role of glial cells in supraspinal plasticity and the effect of 7-day intrathecal nerve growth factor-like (BB14®, Blueprint Biotech, Milano, Italy) treatment. METHODS:In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry the morphological and molecular rearrangement of neuroglial network occurring in several supraspinal brain regions involved in pain processing following spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve. In particular, the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala (Amy), the nucleus accumbens (Acb), the thalamus and the periaqueductal gray were analysed. RESULTS:Despite the modifications occurring in the dorsal horn of spinal cord following SNI, no significant changes in the Iba1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression were detected in all the analysed supraspinal regions, except for the Amy, showing a remarkable GFAP increase. Interestingly, neuropathic rats also displayed a significant increase of glial transporters (GTs) in all the supraspinal regions. Finally, the analysis of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGLUT1) and vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (vGAT) expression revealed a significant enhancement of glutamatergic/GABAergic ratio in all selected brain regions of SNI animals, except for Acb. Both glial activation in the Amy and alteration of GTs and vGLUT/vGAT levels observed in neuropathic animals were largely reversed by BB14® treatment. CONCLUSIONS:All together, these data strengthen the role of supraspinal neuroglial network plasticity in the establishment of neuropathic pain syndrome. The hallmark is represented by the divergence between glial reaction confined to Amy and the widespread changes in the GT distribution and glutamate/GABA ratio detected in the other supraspinal region.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between serum c-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and the metabolic syndrome (MS) using the International Diabetes Federation Metabolic Syndrome Guidelines (April, 2005) definition in an older Chinese population. METHODS:Three thousand and fourteen men and 7275 women aged 50-85 years were recruited and received a full medical check-up including measurement of blood pressure, obesity indices, fasting total, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and c-reactive protein. Data describing socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was also collected. RESULTS:Vascular risk factors including waist circumference, weight gain and waist gain since the age of 18, body mass index, waist-hip-ratio, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were positively associated with CRP in both men and women (p from <0.001 to 0.016). Compared to those without MS components, adjusted odds ratios for having elevated CRP increased in those with the MS or its components compared those without MS or components (all p<0.001), except for the low HDL-cholesterol in both genders and raised fasting glucose in men. Similarly, the risk of elevated CRP increased with escalating MS components even after adjustment of a range of potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS:There is a strong relationship between CRP and the constellation of MS components and associated vascular risk in this older Chinese population.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Seedlings of Acanthocarpus preissii are needed for coastal sand dune restoration in Western Australia. However, seeds of this Western Australian endemic have proven to be very difficult to germinate. The aims of this study were to define a dormancy-breaking protocol, identify time of suitable conditions for dormancy-break in the field and classify the type of seed dormancy in this species. METHODS:Viability, water-uptake (imbibition) and seed and embryo characteristics were assessed for seeds collected in 2003 and in 2004 from two locations. The effects of GA(3), smoke-water, GA(3) + smoke-water and warm stratification were tested on seed dormancy-break. In a field study, soil temperature and the moisture content of soil and buried seeds were monitored for 1 year. KEY RESULTS:Viability of fresh seeds was >90 %, and they had a fully developed, curved-linear embryo. Fresh seeds imbibed water readily, with mass increasing approx. 52 % in 4 d. Non-treated fresh seeds and those exposed to 1000 ppm GA(3), 1 : 10 (v/v) smoke-water/water or 1000 ppm GA(3) + 1 : 10 (v/v) smoke-water/water germinated <8 %. Fresh seeds germinated to >80 % when warm-stratified for at least 7 weeks at 18/33 degrees C and then moved to 7/18 degrees C, whereas seeds incubated continuously at 7/18 degrees C germinated to <20 %. CONCLUSIONS:Seeds of A. preisii have non-deep physiological dormancy that is released by a period of warm stratification. Autumn (March/April) is the most likely time for warm stratification of seeds of this species in the field. This is the first report of the requirement for warm stratification for dormancy release in seeds of an Australian species.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three strains of rumen treponemes were isolated and partially characterized. The strains differed significantly one from another in morphology, fermentation characteristics and plasmid profiles. Their genetic variability was assayed using DNA-based molecular approaches. Easily differentiated ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) patterns indicated that the strains represent different bacterial species.

背景与目标： : 分离出3株瘤胃螺旋体并进行了部分鉴定。菌株在形态，发酵特性和质粒谱方面彼此之间存在显着差异。使用基于DNA的分子方法分析了它们的遗传变异性。易于分化的ARDRA (扩增的核糖体DNA限制性分析) 模式表明该菌株代表不同的细菌种类。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hemomonochorial placentation occurs in diverse species. We have examined placental glycosylation in five widely separated mammals with this type of placentation--lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), human (Homo sapiens) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)--in order to assess whether evolutionary convergence to the hemomonochorial state is accompanied by a similar convergence of glycan expression. Placentae from 2 E. telfairi, 3 C. crocuta, 1 D. novemcinctus, 4 womenand 1 C. porcellus were fixed and processed into epoxy resin. Binding of twenty-three lectins was assessed using a semiquantitative ranking system. The trophoblast apical/microvillous membrane of all five species showed marked similarities in glycosylation. In the N-linked series, there were abundant bi/tri-antennary complex chains, while the non-bisected variants were much scarcer. All species had plentiful N-acetyl lactosamine sequences; at chain termini, binding to Galbeta1,4GlcNAc and Galbeta1,3GalNAc sequences was greatly enhanced after neuraminidase treatment. In all species, terminal NeuNAcalpha2,3 residues were detected. The tenrec had unusually abundant terminal N-acetyl galactosamine. The basal plasma membrane/basal lamina showed glycosylation patterns distinct from the microvillous membrane in each case, indicating chemical diversity of the two opposite faces of trophoblast. Similar classes of glycan at the hemochorial interface suggest conservation of function. The observed lectin binding patterns suggest broad similarities of glycosylation that may have arisen by convergent evolution.

背景与目标： : 血绒毛胎盘发生在不同的物种中。我们已经检查了五种具有这种胎盘类型的广泛分离的哺乳动物的胎盘糖基化-小刺猬tenrec (Echinops telfaii)，斑点鬣狗 (Crocuta crocuta)，九带犰狳 (Dasypus novemcinctus)，人 (智人) 和豚鼠 (Cavia porcellus)-为了评估进化收敛到血膜状状态是否伴随着聚糖表达的类似收敛。将来自2 E. telfairi，3 C. crocuta，1 D. novemcinctus，4个妇女和1 C. porcellus的胎盘固定并加工成环氧树脂。使用半定量排名系统评估了23种凝集素的结合。所有五个物种的滋养层顶端/微绒毛膜在糖基化方面均显示出明显的相似性。在N连接的系列中，有丰富的bi/三触角复合链，而非平分的变体则少得多。所有物种均具有丰富的N-乙酰基乳糖胺序列; 在链末端，神经氨酸酶处理后，与Galbeta1、4GlcNAc和Galbeta1、3GalNAc序列的结合大大增强。在所有物种中，检测到末端NeuNAcalpha2，3个残基。tenrec具有异常丰富的末端N-乙酰基半乳糖胺。在每种情况下，基底质膜/基底层均显示出与微绒毛膜不同的糖基化模式，表明滋养层的两个相对面的化学多样性。在血流界面上类似类别的聚糖表明功能是保守的。观察到的凝集素结合模式表明糖基化的广泛相似性，这可能是由趋同进化引起的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Numerous debilitating human disorders result from protein misfolding and amyloid formation. Despite the grave nature of these maladies, our understanding of the structural mechanism of fibril assembly is limited. Of paramount importance is the need to identify and characterize oligomeric species formed early during fibril assembly, so that the nature of the initiating assembly mechanism can be revealed and species that may be toxic to cells identified. However, the transient nature of early oligomeric species, combined with their heterogeneity and instability, has precluded detailed analysis to date. Here, we have used electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), complemented by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and measurements of thioflavin-T fluorescence, to monitor the early stages of assembly of amyloid-like fibrils formed from human beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m) in vitro. We show that worm-like fibrils that form with nucleation-independent kinetics assemble by a mechanism consistent with monomer addition, with species ranging from monomer to > or = 13-mer being identified directly and uniquely as transient assembly intermediates. By contrast, only monomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers are observed during nucleated growth, which leads to the formation of long straight fibrils. The results highlight the unique power of non-covalent ESI-MS to identify protein assembly intermediates in complex heterogeneous systems and demonstrate its great potential to identify and characterise individual species formed early during amyloid assembly.

背景与目标： : 蛋白质错误折叠和淀粉样蛋白形成导致许多衰弱的人类疾病。尽管这些疾病具有严重的性质，但我们对原纤维组装的结构机制的理解是有限的。最重要的是需要鉴定和表征在原纤维组装过程中早期形成的寡聚物种，以便可以揭示起始组装机制的性质，并鉴定出可能对细胞有毒的物种。然而，早期寡聚物种的瞬态性质，加上它们的异质性和不稳定性，迄今已排除了详细的分析。在这里，我们使用了电喷雾电离质谱 (ESI-MS)，并辅以分析超速离心 (AUC) 和硫黄素-T荧光的测量，以监测由人beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m) 形成的淀粉样原纤维的组装的早期阶段。体外。我们表明，以与成核无关的动力学形成的蠕虫状原纤维通过与单体添加一致的机制组装，从单体到> 或 = 13-mer的种类被直接唯一地鉴定为瞬态组装中间体。相比之下，在成核生长过程中仅观察到单体，二聚体，三聚体和四聚体，这导致形成长而直的原纤维。结果突显了非共价ESI-MS在复杂的异质系统中识别蛋白质组装中间体的独特能力，并证明了其在识别和表征淀粉样蛋白组装早期形成的单个物种的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].

背景与目标： : 从日本南部两个地点收集的样品中分离出四株子囊菌酵母。菌株形成了两个疣状子囊孢子，这些子囊孢子通过出现为带的孢子间体连接在一起。rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明，该菌株代表了Kazachstania属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离株来自宫崎县，其他物种的分离株来自西表群岛。通过DNA-DNA重新结合进一步证实了这两个物种的遗传分离，这给出了63.3-78.1% 的值，而种间杂交则给出了不可存活的子囊孢子。根据这些数据，来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp。11月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326，交配类型NBRC 101821 ()，NBRC 101822 (-)] 和来自西表岛的分离株被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp。11月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328，配对类型NBRC 101825 (+)，NBRC 101826 (-)]。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The potency of conventional inhaled anesthetics increases with maturationthe 50% effective dose (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration [MAC]) for conventional inhaled anesthetics in the neonatal rat or human exceeds MAC in the young adult. This increase also applies to ethanol in rats tested using MAC as the measure of anesthesia. However, the converse appears to be true for studies in mice assessed with the righting reflex; that is, adult mice are six times more resistant than neonates to the effects of ethanol. These disparate findings imply that maturation in rats and mice may produce opposing changes in the quantity or sensitivity of one or more receptors that mediate the actions of anesthetics that lead to the anesthetic state. Such a finding would be important for two reasons. First, both rodents are widely used in studies of anesthetic effects, and, thus, a species-dependent divergence in anesthetic effects has immediate experimental implications. Second, confirmation of such a species difference would supply an opportunity to test which receptors might be crucial to anesthetic mechanisms. Accordingly, we investigated whether maturation decreased ethanol potency in mice, using MAC as the measure of anesthesia. Applying standard techniques, we tested MAC for ethanol in 15 CF-1 mice aged 10 days (6-8.5 g) and in 13 mice aged 77-84 days (34-39 g). MAC decreased with maturation, and the decrease was indistinguishable from that found in our previous studies of rats.

背景与目标： 常规吸入麻醉剂的效力随着成熟而增加。在新生大鼠或人类中，常规吸入麻醉剂的50% 有效剂量 (最小肺泡麻醉剂浓度 [MAC]) 超过了年轻成年人中的MAC。这种增加也适用于使用MAC作为麻醉措施测试的大鼠乙醇。然而，对于用扶正反射评估的小鼠研究，反之亦然; 也就是说，成年小鼠对乙醇的抵抗力是新生儿的六倍。这些不同的发现表明，大鼠和小鼠的成熟可能会产生一种或多种受体的数量或敏感性的相反变化，这些受体介导导致麻醉状态的麻醉剂的作用。这样的发现很重要，原因有两个。首先，两种啮齿动物都广泛用于麻醉效果的研究，因此，麻醉效果的物种依赖性差异具有直接的实验意义。其次，确认这种物种差异将为测试哪些受体可能对麻醉机制至关重要提供机会。因此，我们使用MAC作为麻醉措施，研究了成熟是否会降低小鼠的乙醇效力。应用标准技术，我们在15只10天 (6-8.5g) 龄的CF-1小鼠和13只77-84天 (34-39g) 龄的小鼠中测试了乙醇的MAC。MAC随着成熟而下降，并且下降与我们先前对大鼠的研究没有区别。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Observations were made on Blastocystis isolated from the sea-snake, Lapemis hardwickii. Exponential growth of the organism was observed between 2 and 4 days of culture. Vacuolated, amoeboid and granular forms were observed in cultures, similar to B. hominis. The optimal growth temperature for the sea-snake Blastocystis was 24 degrees C compared with 37 degrees C for B. hominis. The karyotypic patterns of B. hominis and the sea-snake Blastocystis were studied in the clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) technique and found to be different. Based on the above differences, the sea-snake Blastocystis was designated as Blastocystis lapemi sp. nov.

背景与目标： : 对从海蛇Lapemis hardwickii中分离出的囊胚进行了观察。在培养2至4天之间观察到生物体的指数生长。在培养物中观察到空泡化，变形和颗粒状的形式，类似于人类B.海蛇囊胚的最佳生长温度为24 ℃，而人类芽孢杆菌的最佳生长温度为37 ℃。在钳制均质电场 (CHEF) 技术中研究了人类芽孢杆菌和海蛇胚泡藻的核型模式，发现它们是不同的。基于上述差异，海蛇囊胚被指定为囊胚囊胚11月