BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the effect of patient engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device on glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a subanalysis of the telemonitoring device study in Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. We divided the telemonitoring group into 53 frequent and 54 infrequent users based on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) frequency of the first 6 weeks. The frequency of SMBG transmitted from the telemonitoring device was examined over 24 weeks. Clinic and laboratory tests were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months. There was no significant difference in baseline HbA1c level between the two groups. After 6 months, change in HbA1c was -2.4 ± 1.6% among frequent users and -1.5 ± 1.5% among infrequent users (p = 0.003). The proportion of patients achieving target HbA1C level at 6 months was significantly higher among frequent users than among infrequent users. An increased frequency of SMBG was significantly correlated with a reduction in HbA1c at 6 months. In conclusion, initial active engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device could provide incremental improvement of glycemic control over 6 months.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在研究患者参与远程监控设备对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。我们对北加州Kaiser Permanente成员的远程监控设备研究进行了亚分析。根据前6周的自我血糖监测 (SMBG) 频率，我们将远程监护组分为53个频繁用户和54个不频繁用户。在24周内检查了从远程监控设备传输的SMBG的频率。在基线，6周和6个月收集临床和实验室检查。两组患者基线HbA1c水平差异无统计学意义。6个月后，频繁用户的HbA1c变化为-2.4   ±   1.6%，不频繁用户的HbA1c变化为-1.5   ±   1.5% (p   =   0.003)。在6个月达到目标HbA1C水平的患者比例在频繁使用者中显著高于不频繁使用者。6个月时，SMBG频率的增加与HbA1c的降低显着相关。总之，使用远程监控设备进行自我监控的初始主动参与可以在6个月内逐步改善血糖控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Road traffic injuries contribute substantially to the disease burden in India. This paper describes the road safety issues discussed by members of the Indian Parliament, and highlights the gaps that need to be addressed to make road safety visible as a public health problem to policy-makers in India. METHODS:All questions asked to and information provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, and questions relating to accident asked to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India were reviewed for the two Houses of the Indian Parliament for the years 2002 to 2004. RESULTS:Of the 1529 questions asked to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, only 140 (9.1%) were related to road safety, whereas 1076 (70.5%), 181 (11.8%), 51 (3.3%) and 81 (5.3%) were related to other aspects of the national highways, state roads, vehicles and other issues, respectively. Data on the magnitude of road crashes dealt only with the number of crashes and fatalities and not with the age, sex and type of road users affected by road traffic injuries. The parliamentarians were informed that human error was the main cause of road crashes in India; however, the robustness of this information is questionable. Strategies to prevent road crashes focused mainly on training of drivers with little attention to other factors that cause road crashes. The discussion on legislations also focused on drivers, ignoring other road users. Ten of the 4741 questions (0.2%) asked to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare were related to accident, the majority of which were about the setting up of trauma care services. CONCLUSION:An appropriate policy and intervention response by policy-makers is not possible with data that are presented in a manner that do not highlight the true nature of the problem, and are neither comprehensive nor robust. Majority of the proposed road safety interventions by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways are based on the traditional view of human error as a major cause of road crashes highlighting the lack of a scientific public health approach towards prevention of road crashes. It would be useful to build the technical capacity of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways in road safety to use the available data more effectively, and to facilitate generation of further relevant data about the magnitude, underlying causes and impact of road traffic injuries, for policy-makers to better understand the critical issues for planning effective road safety policies and interventions to reduce the high burden of mortality and morbidity due to road crashes in India.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective cohort study of Finnish public sector employees, the authors examined the association between workplace social capital and depression. Data were obtained from 33,577 employees, who had no recent history of antidepressant treatment and who reported no history of physician-diagnosed depression at baseline in 2000-2002. Their risk of depression was measured with two indicators: recorded purchases of antidepressants until December 31, 2005, and self-reports of new-onset depression diagnosed by a physician in the follow-up survey in 2004-2005. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether self-reported and aggregate-level workplace social capital predicted indicators of depression at follow-up. The odds for antidepressant treatment and physician-diagnosed depression were 20-50% higher for employees with low self-reported social capital than for those reporting high social capital. These associations were not accounted for by sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic position, place of work, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index. The association between social capital and self-reported depression attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for baseline psychological distress (a proxy for undiagnosed mental health problems). Aggregate-level social capital was not associated with subsequent depression.

背景与目标： : 在一项对芬兰公共部门雇员的前瞻性队列研究中，作者研究了工作场所社会资本与抑郁症之间的关联。数据来自33,577名员工，他们最近没有抗抑郁药治疗史，并且在2000-2002年的基线时没有医生诊断的抑郁症病史。通过两个指标来衡量他们的抑郁症风险: 记录到2005年12月31日之前的抗抑郁药购买量，以及2004-2005年医生在随访调查中诊断出的新发抑郁症的自我报告。使用多水平logistic回归分析来探讨自我报告和综合水平的工作场所社会资本是否可以预测随访时的抑郁指标。自我报告社会资本低的员工的抗抑郁治疗和医生诊断的抑郁症的几率比报告社会资本高的员工高20-50%。这些关联没有按性别，年龄，婚姻状况，社会经济地位，工作地点，吸烟，饮酒，体育锻炼和体重指数来解释。社会资本与自我报告的抑郁症之间的关联减弱，但在进一步调整基线心理困扰 (未诊断的精神卫生问题的代表) 后仍然显着。总水平的社会资本与随后的萧条无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges. DESIGN:Literature review primarily for the four workforce surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors. SETTING:The United States. SUBJECTS:Nutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services. RESULTS:The workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81.7 % of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45 % have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65 % of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18.2 % speaking Spanish as a second language. CONCLUSIONS:The future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce's capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 1998 the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine's (SAEM's) Board of Directors asked the SAEM Public Health and Education Task Force to develop recommendations for prevention, screening, and counseling activities to be conducted in emergency departments (EDs). The Task Force's work was divided into two phases: 1) a discussion of the rationale for preventive services in the ED, along with generation of a preliminary list of prevention activities that could be studied for ED implementation; and 2) a formal evidence-based review of topics chosen from the preliminary list, along with recommendations for ED implementation and further study. This paper represents Phase I of the project. Phase II, the formal evidence-based review and recommendations, is published separately in this issue.

背景与目标： : 1998年，学术急诊医学协会 (SAEM's) 董事会要求SAEM公共卫生和教育工作组为在急诊科 (EDs) 进行的预防，筛查和咨询活动制定建议。专责小组的工作分为两个阶段: 1) 讨论在ED中提供预防服务的理由，并生成可研究用于ED实施的预防活动的初步清单; 2) 对从初步清单中选择的主题进行正式的循证审查，以及对ED实施和进一步研究的建议。本文代表了该项目的第一阶段。第二阶段，正式的循证审查和建议，在本期单独发表。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition and associated variables in low socioeconomic preschool children enrolled in public nursery schools in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Four public institutions were selected by geographic criteria (two in the central region and two in the peripheral region). The study population comprised 338 children (181 boys; 157 girls) aged 2-6 years old. Dental caries was recorded using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmf-t) index. Among the examined children, 50.6% were caries-free. The mean dmf-t index was 2.03. It was higher in the peripheral nursery schools (p<0.01). A trend towards a difference between sexes (p = 0.06) was observed. Logistic regression analysis selected a previous child's visit to dentist (p<0.001), geographic location of the public nursery school (p<0.01), and age (p<0.01) as predictive variables for the dmf-t index. The study showed the need for an oral health program for this population, including both curative and preventive measures in order to achieve the WHO/FDI goals for the year 2000, namely 50% of children free of caries at age 5-6 years.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是评估在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州Juiz de Fora的公立托儿所就读的低社会经济学龄前儿童的主要牙列中龋齿的患病率和相关变量。根据地理标准选择了四个公共机构 (两个在中部地区，两个在外围地区)。研究人群包括2-6岁的338名儿童 (181名男孩; 157名女孩)。使用腐烂，缺失和填充的牙齿 (dmf-t) 指数记录龋齿。在接受检查的儿童中，有50.6% 人没有龋齿。平均dmf-t指数为2.03。在外围托儿所中较高 (p<0.01)。观察到性别差异的趋势 (p = 0.06)。Logistic回归分析选择了以前的儿童去看牙医 (p<0.001)，公立托儿所的地理位置 (p<0.01) 和年龄 (p<0.01) 作为dmf-t指数的预测变量。该研究表明，需要为这一人群制定口腔保健方案，包括治疗和预防措施，以实现世卫组织/外国直接投资2000年的目标，即50% 5-6岁无龋齿儿童。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.

背景与目标： : 南非长期以来一直承认公共部门和私营部门之间的伙伴关系是卫生方面的政策目标，但经验仍然有限，而且文献记载很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功可能性的因素，并确定和讨论扩大它们的机会。财政部为管理伙伴关系制定了强有力的立法框架和许多准则和工具。对文献的审查证实，国家需要制定有效的法规，以监督质量和标准，并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系，而且还需要创新和实验。评估是所有互动的组成部分，不仅要从成功中学习，而且要确定可能导致意外后果的任何不正当激励措施。四个案例研究表明，私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项密切相关的项目。增加互动成功可能性的因素包括: 提高政府管理公私关系的能力; 选择对国家目标具有战略重要性的公私互动; 建立有效的知识基础，在何处以及为什么; 从试点转向大规模计划; 利用私人供应商的合同专业知识; 鼓励创新和学习。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Evidence suggests that behavioral, social, and environmental factors may modify the effects of life stress on health and performance of new nurses as they transition to hospitals. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to describe the methods of a project designed to investigate the role of social, behavioral, and environmental factors in modifying the adverse effects of stress on new nurses and to discuss demographic, health, and life stress characteristics of the cohort at baseline. METHODS:A prospective cohort design was used to conduct a comprehensive assessment of health endpoints, life stress, behaviors, personal traits, social factors, indicators of engagement and performance, and environmental exposures in nursing students. Adjusted odds ratios and analyses of covariance were used to examine associations between these factors at baseline. RESULTS:Health indicators in the cohort were comparable or better than in the broader United States population, and lifetime stress exposure was lower than among students from other majors. Exposure to more lifetime stressors was associated with greater risk for various health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and depression. Conversely, better social, environmental, behavioral, and personal profiles were associated with protective effects for the same health conditions. DISCUSSION:These data comprehensively summarize the lives of predominately Hispanic nursing students and highlight risk and resilience factors associated with their health and well-being. The findings are timely, as the nursing field diversifies in preparation to care for a diverse and aging population. Comprehensively assessing stress-health relationships among student nurses ought to inform the policies, practices, and curricula of nursing schools to better prepare nurses to thrive in the often-strenuous healthcare environment.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cooperation declines in repeated public good games because individuals behave as conditional cooperators. This is because individuals imitate the social behaviour of successful individuals when their payoff information is available. However, in human societies, individuals cooperate in many situations involving social dilemmas. We hypothesize that humans are sensitive to both success (payoffs) and how that success was obtained, by cheating (not socially sanctioned) or good behaviour (socially sanctioned and adds to prestige or reputation), when information is available about payoffs and prestige. We propose and model a repeated public good game with heterogeneous conditional cooperators where an agent's donation in a public goods game depends on comparing the number of donations in the population in the previous round and with the agent's arbitrary chosen conditional cooperative criterion. Such individuals imitate the social behaviour of role models based on their payoffs and prestige. The dependence is modelled by two population-level parameters: affinity towards payoff and affinity towards prestige. These affinities influence the degree to which agents value the payoff and prestige of role models. Agents update their conditional strategies by considering both parameters. The simulations in this study show that high levels of cooperation are established in a population consisting of heterogeneous conditional cooperators for a certain range of affinity parameters in repeated public good games. The results show that social value (prestige) is important in establishing cooperation.

背景与目标： : 合作在重复的公益游戏中下降，因为个人表现为有条件的合作者。这是因为当个人的收益信息可用时，个人会模仿成功个人的社会行为。然而，在人类社会中，个人在许多涉及社会困境的情况下进行合作。我们假设人类对成功 (收益) 和成功是如何获得的敏感，通过欺骗 (不是社会认可的) 或良好的行为 (社会认可的，并增加了声望或声誉)，当有关收益和声望的信息可用时。我们提出并建立了具有异质条件合作者的重复公共物品博弈模型，其中公共物品博弈中代理人的捐赠取决于比较上一轮人口中的捐赠数量以及代理人任意选择的条件合作标准。这些人根据他们的回报和声望来模仿榜样的社会行为。依赖关系由两个人口水平的参数建模: 对回报的亲和力和对声望的亲和力。这些亲和力会影响代理人对榜样的回报和声望的重视程度。代理通过考虑两个参数来更新其条件策略。这项研究中的模拟表明，在重复的公益游戏中，对于一定范围的亲和力参数，在由异质条件合作者组成的人群中建立了高水平的合作。结果表明，社会价值 (声望) 在建立合作中很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the daily number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and associated deaths rising exponentially, social fabrics on a global scale are being worn by panic, uncertainty, fear, and other consequences of the health care crisis. Comprising more than half of the global health care workforce and the highest proportion of direct patient care time than any other health professional, nurses are at the forefront of this crisis. Throughout the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, palliative nurses will increasingly exercise their expertise in symptom management, ethics, communication, and end-of-life care, among other crucial skills. The literature addressing the palliative care response to COVID-19 has surged, and yet, there is a critical gap regarding the unique contributions of palliative nurses and their essential role in mitigating the sequelae of this crisis. Thus, the primary aim herein is to provide recommendations for palliative nurses and other health care stakeholders to ensure their optimal value is realized and to promote their well-being and resilience during COVID-19 and, by extension, in anticipation of future public health crises.

背景与目标： : 新型冠状病毒肺炎病例数和相关死亡人数呈指数级增长，全球范围内的社会结构正受到恐慌、不确定性、恐惧和医疗危机的其他后果的影响。护士占全球卫生保健工作人员的一半以上，直接病人护理时间的比例比任何其他卫生专业人员都高，护士处于这场危机的最前沿。在不断发展新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行期间，姑息护士将越来越多地行使他们在症状管理、道德、沟通和临终关怀等关键技能方面的专业知识。关于新型冠状病毒肺炎的姑息治疗反应的文献激增，然而，关于姑息护士的独特贡献及其在减轻这场危机后遗症方面的重要作用存在严重差距。因此，本文的主要目的是为姑息性护士和其他医疗保健利益相关者提供建议，以确保他们的最佳价值得以实现，并在新型冠状病毒肺炎期间促进他们的福祉和复原力，进而促进对未来公共卫生危机的预期。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Purpose: Direct obstetric causes have a significant contribution for severe maternal morbidities and mortalities, although the effect of grand multiparity on adverse obstetric outcomes remains controversial across studies. This study aimed to compare obstetric outcomes in grand multiparous and low multiparous women in two hospitals of southern Ethiopia.Materials and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in one general and one comprehensive specialized hospitals in 2018. Four hundred and sixty-one mothers were included in the study. Data were collected by structured questionnaire and extraction sheets from clinical documents, and were analyzed using STATA version 14 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).Results: About 39% of the included mothers had at least one adverse obstetric outcome. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, antepartum hemorrhage, and premature rupture of membrane and were higher in the grand multiparous mothers. However, obstructed labor and risk of cesarean delivery were higher in low multiparous women. History of medical illnesses, previous cesarean delivery, and high birth weight were independent predictors of adverse maternal outcomes regardless of parity. However, parity did not show statistically significant difference in obstetric outcomes.Conclusion: Parity did not show statistically significant difference in experiencing adverse obstetric outcomes in women. Early identification and treatment of high-risk mothers is recommended regardless of parity.

背景与目标： : 目的: 直接的产科原因对严重的孕产妇疾病和死亡率有重大贡献，尽管在所有研究中，大多重分娩对不良产科结局的影响仍然存在争议。本研究旨在比较埃塞俄比亚南部两家医院的大多产和低多产妇女的产科结局。材料和方法: 在一家普通医院和一家综合专科医院2018年进行了一项对比横断面研究。研究包括了469名母亲。数据通过结构化问卷和临床文件提取表收集，并使用STATA版本14 (StataCorp，College Station，TX，USA) 进行分析。结果: 大约39% 的被纳入的母亲至少有一个不良的产科结局。妊娠期高血压疾病，产前出血和胎膜早破，在大产妇中较高。然而，低多产妇女的难产和剖宫产风险较高。医疗疾病史，先前的剖宫产和高出生体重是孕产妇不良结局的独立预测因素，而与胎次无关。然而，胎次在产科结局方面没有显示出统计学上的显著差异。结论: 胎次在女性经历不良产科结局方面没有显示出统计学上的显著差异。无论是否均等，都建议对高危母亲进行早期识别和治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As "mukbang" (eating broadcast) becomes increasingly widespread, there is growing interest about the impact of mukbang on public health. This study aimed to analyze the content of mukbang YouTube videos, as well as news articles related to mukbang and the association between watching mukbang videos and health habits. We analyzed 5952 YouTube mukbang videos, 5265 news articles, and a survey of 1200 people in Korea. In this study, we confirmed that the provocative content of mukbang YouTube videos, such as overeating, was related to video popularity (p < 0.001). In addition, more exposure to mukbang was associated with greater effects on dietary health due to mukbang (p < 0.001). The prevalence of news articles on the negative effects of mukbang showed an increasing trend over time, while the articles on "Mukbang is funny" were most common in all the years evaluated. To cope with public health problems such as obesity, it will be necessary to continue to investigate the content and effects of mukbang on public health.

背景与目标： : 随着 “mukbang” (饮食广播) 变得越来越普遍，人们对mukbang对公共卫生的影响越来越感兴趣。本研究旨在分析mukbang YouTube视频的内容，以及与mukbang相关的新闻文章以及观看mukbang视频与健康习惯之间的关联。我们分析了5952 YouTube mukbang视频，5265新闻文章以及对韩国1200人的调查。在这项研究中，我们证实了mukbang YouTube视频的挑衅性内容，例如暴饮暴食，与视频受欢迎程度有关 (p  <  0.001)。此外，由于mukbang，更多暴露于mukbang对饮食健康的影响更大 (p  <  0.001)。随着时间的推移，有关mukbang负面影响的新闻文章的流行率呈上升趋势，而有关 “Mukbang很有趣” 的文章在所有评估年份中最为常见。为了应对肥胖等公共卫生问题，有必要继续调查mukbang对公共卫生的内容和影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For many students the importance of primary prevention is unquestionable. However, once they are exposed to the large number of problems that prevention practitioners and prevention scientists face, their preliminary enthusiasm decreases. It is suggested that in order to keep students' positive attitude toward primary prevention and to empower them professionally, exposure to six components is needed (e.g., personalizing prevention), resembling a relapse prevention activity.

背景与目标： : 对许多学生来说，一级预防的重要性是毋庸置疑的。然而，一旦他们接触到预防从业者和预防科学家面临的大量问题，他们的初步热情就会下降。建议为了保持学生对初级预防的积极态度并赋予他们专业的能力，需要暴露于六个组成部分 (例如，个性化预防)，类似于预防复发的活动。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa (SA) has the highest prevalence of pregnant women living with HIV in the world. Pregnancy and the postpartum period offer opportunities to engage women in HIV care, to prevent perinatal transmission and to optimise maternal and infant well-being. However, research suggests that remaining engaged in HIV care during this time can be challenging. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:We are conducting a 5-year prospective cohort study among pregnant women living with HIV in KZN to estimate the rates and factors associated with attrition from HIV care during this critical period. To determine who is most likely to fall out of care, we are examining a range of relevant variables informed by a socioecological model of HIV care, including individual, relational, community and healthcare system variables. We are enrolling 18-45-year-old women, at 28 weeks or more of pregnancy, who are living with HIV and currently taking antiretroviral therapies. Participants complete quantitative assessments at baseline (pregnancy) and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months postpartum. A subset of women and their partners are invited to complete qualitative interviews to further explore their experiences in HIV care. The main study outcomes are suppressed HIV RNA and retention in care at each study assessment. Our understanding of the factors that drive postpartum attrition from HIV care will ultimately inform the development of interventions to facilitate continued engagement in postpartum HIV care. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:This protocol has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical) at The University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, SA) and the Partners Human Research Committee at Partners HealthCare (Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Site support and approval were obtained from the District Hospital and the KZN Provincial Department of Health. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, reports and both local and international presentations (Ethics Registration #170 212).

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rapid development and proliferation of digital health technologies have not only changed the medical professions, but offer great potential for public health, particularly in health promotion and disease prevention.At the same time, this emerging field is also characterized by conceptual and terminological fuzziness, a marked lack of high-quality evidence, and an absence of an honest discussion of unintended consequences and side effects. Further challenges for digital public health lie in the fact that the development of new health technologies is mainly driven by technological progress and less by evidence-based needs and research in public health.In this overview paper, we aim at conceptually denoting the field of digital public health, using principal public health functions as guiding principles. We discuss some current applications of digital health technologies in fulfilling public health functions and propose a needs-based development of digital health technologies.We will further address specific challenges to digital public health, in particular socio-economic differences in the usage of and profiting from digital health technologies, data protection and privacy issues, as well as ethical issues.

背景与目标： : 数字卫生技术的迅速发展和普及不仅改变了医疗行业，而且为公共卫生提供了巨大潜力，特别是在健康促进和疾病预防方面。同时，这一新兴领域的特征还在于概念和术语上的模糊性，明显缺乏高质量的证据，缺乏对意外后果和副作用的诚实讨论。数字公共卫生的进一步挑战在于以下事实: 新的卫生技术的发展主要是由技术进步驱动的，而不太受基于证据的需求和公共卫生研究的驱动。在本文概述中，我们旨在从概念上指出数字公共卫生领域，以主要公共卫生职能为指导原则。我们讨论了数字卫生技术在履行公共卫生职能方面的一些当前应用，并提出了基于需求的数字卫生技术发展。我们将进一步解决数字公共卫生面临的具体挑战，特别是数字卫生技术的使用和获利方面的社会经济差异，数据保护和隐私问题，以及道德问题。