BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two novel series of quinoxalines derived from 3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one and 2-hydrazino-3-phenylquinoxaline, namely 1-substituted-3-phenylquinoxaline-2(1H)-ones, 2a-c, 3a-d, and 4; 2-(3-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroindazol-2-yl)-3-phenylquinoxaline 6; N- cyclopentylidene or benzylidene-N'-(3-phenylquinoxaline-2-yl)hydrazines, 7 and 18; 1-substituted-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 16 have been synthesized in order to evaluate their antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Preliminary screening at NCI showed that compounds 2b, 2c, 3b, 3c, and 9 exhibited a moderate to strong growth inhibition activity on various tumor panel cell lines between 10(-6) to 10(-5) molar concentrations. Compound 3b was the most active with a broad spectrum of activity. Compound 3c showed selectivity towards CNS-cancer SF-639, leukemia CCRF-CEM, and melanoma SK-MEL-5 (GI(50) = 4.03, 6.46, and 4.17 microM, respectively). On the other hand, the in vitro microbiological data revealed that the prepared compounds showed mild antimicrobial activity.

背景与目标： : 衍生自3-苯基喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮和2-肼基-3-苯基喹喔啉的两个新系列喹喔啉，即1-取代-3-苯基喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮，2a-c，3a-d和4; 2-(3-氧代-3,3a，4,5，6,7-六氢吲哚-2-基)-3-苯基喹喔啉6; N-环戊基或亚苄基-N'-(3-苯基喹喔啉-2-基) 肼，7和18; 1-取代-4-苯基-1,2，4-三唑并 [4,3-a] 喹喔啉，9,10，12,13，14，合成了16个化合物，以评估其抗肿瘤和抗菌活性。NCI的初步筛选表明，化合物2b，2c，3b，3c，和9在10(-6) 至10(-5) 摩尔浓度之间的各种肿瘤细胞株上表现出中等至强的生长抑制活性。化合物3b是活性最强的，具有广泛的活性。化合物3c显示出对CNS-癌症SF-639，白血病CCRF-CEM的选择性，和黑色素瘤SK-MEL-5 (GI(50) 分别为4.03、6.46和4.17 microM)。另一方面，体外微生物数据显示制备的化合物显示出温和的抗菌活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of anticonvulsants on the activities of cytochromes P-450(17alpha,lyase) (CYP17), P-450arom (CYP19), P-450C21 (CYP21), P-450SCC (CYP11A1), and P-450(11beta) (CYP11B1) mono-oxygenase systems were studied using rat testicular microsomes, human placental microsomes, bovine adrenocortical microsomes, bovine adrenocortical mitochondria and purified cytochrome P-450(11beta). Phenytoin, clonazepam and carbamazepine inhibited the steroidogenesis catalysed by these cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase systems and the Ki values for each anticonvulsant were determined. Neither hydantoin nor sodium valproate inhibited the activities of steroidogenic cytochromes P-450. When the activities of cytochromes P-450arom and P-450C21 were measured in the presence of anticonvulsants, the Ki values (0.15 mM) for phenytoin were close to the plasma concentration of phenytoin under therapeutic conditions. Phenytoin, clonazepam and carbamazepine directly inhibited the monooxygenase activities of cytochromes P-450, because they did not affect the activities of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH-adrenoferredoxin reductase and adrenoferredoxin.

背景与目标： : 抗惊厥药对细胞色素P-450 (17α，裂解酶) (CYP17)，P-450arom (CYP19)，P-450C21 (CYP21)，P-450SCC (CYP11A1) 和P-450 (11β) (CYP11B1) 单加氧酶系统活性的影响使用大鼠睾丸微粒体，人胎盘微粒体，牛肾上腺皮质微粒体、牛肾上腺皮质线粒体和纯化的细胞色素P-450 (11β)。苯妥英，氯那西am和卡马西平抑制了这些细胞色素P-450单加氧酶系统催化的类固醇生成，并确定了每种抗惊厥药的Ki值。乙内酰脲和丙戊酸钠均不抑制类固醇生成细胞色素P-450的活性。当在抗惊厥药存在下测量细胞色素P-450arom和P-450C21的活性时，苯妥英的Ki值 (0.15 mM) 接近治疗条件下苯妥英的血浆浓度。苯妥英、氯萘西泮和卡马西平直接抑制细胞色素P-450的单加氧酶活性，因为它们不影响NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶、NADPH-肾上腺铁氧还蛋白还原酶和肾上腺铁氧还蛋白的活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We compared the in vitro activities of tigecycline to those of other agents against 300 nonduplicate isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (194 isolates), Haemophilus influenzae (60 isolates), and Moraxella catarrhalis (46 isolates) recovered from patients treated in three major hospitals in Taiwan from August through December, 2003. All of these isolates were inhibited at 0.5 mg/L of tigecycline. For S. pneumoniae isolates, 72% were not susceptible to penicillin (69% intermediate and 3% resistant) and 96% were not susceptible to azithromycin. Among the 178 isolates resistant to azithromycin, 53 isolates (30%) had the M phenotype and 70% had the cMLSB phenotype. The rate of nonsusceptibility to ertapenem, telithromycin, moxifloxacin, and quinupristindalfopristin in S. pneumoniae was 3%, 2%, 1%, and 57%, respectively. For H. influenzae, 36 (60%) were not susceptible to ampicillin, among which 31 possessed beta-lactamase. A high rate (8.3%) of H. influenzae isolates with beta-lactamase-negative and ampicillin-resistant phenotype was found. All H. influenzae isolates were susceptible to azithromycin, but 40% of them were not susceptible to clarithromycin. Ninety-eight percent (44 isolates) of M. catarrhalis possessed beta-lactamase. All three fluoroquinolones tested were highly active (MIC90 < or =0.12 mg/L) against H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.

背景与目标： : 我们比较了替加环素与其他药物对300种非重复肺炎链球菌分离株 (194株)，流感嗜血杆菌 (60株) 和卡他莫拉菌 (46株) 的体外活性，这些分离株是从8月到2003年12月在台湾的三家主要医院中康复的。在0.5 mg/L替加环素的浓度下，所有这些分离株均被抑制。对于肺炎链球菌分离株，72% 对青霉素不敏感 (69% 中间体和3% 耐药)，96% 对阿奇霉素不敏感。在对阿奇霉素耐药的178株中，53株 (30% 株) 具有M表型，70% 株具有cMLSB表型。肺炎链球菌对厄他培南，泰利霉素，莫西沙星和奎奴普汀的不敏感性分别为3%，2%，1% 和57%。对于流感嗜血杆菌，36 (60%) 对氨苄青霉素不敏感，其中31具有 β-内酰胺酶。发现具有 β-内酰胺酶阴性和氨苄青霉素抗性表型的流感嗜血杆菌分离株率高 (8.3%)。所有流感嗜血杆菌分离株对阿奇霉素敏感，但其中40% 对克拉霉素不敏感。卡他氏杆菌的百分之九十八 (44个分离株) 具有 β-内酰胺酶。测试的所有三种氟喹诺酮类药物对流感嗜血杆菌和卡他氏杆菌具有高度活性 (MIC90 <或 = 0.12 mg/L)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Management Academy for Public Health is a team-based training program jointly offered by the School of Public Health and the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This 9-month program teaches public health managers how to better manage people, information, and finances. Participants learn how to work in teams with community partners, and how to think and behave as social entrepreneurs. To practice and blend their new skills, teams develop a business plan that addresses a local public health issue. This article describes the program and explains the findings of the process evaluation, which has examined how best to structure and deploy a team-based method to create more effective, more entrepreneurial public health managers. Findings indicate that recruitment and retention are strong, program elements are relevant to learners' needs, and learners are satisfied with and value the program. Several specific benefits of the program model are identified, as well as several elements that support business plan success and skills' application on the job. On the basis of these findings, four success factors critical for developing similar programs are identified.

背景与目标： : 公共卫生管理学院是由公共卫生学院和北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的Kenan-Flagler商学院联合提供的基于团队的培训计划。这个为期9个月的计划教公共卫生经理如何更好地管理人员，信息和财务。参与者将学习如何与社区合作伙伴一起团队合作，以及如何作为社会企业家进行思考和行为。为了实践和融合他们的新技能，团队制定了解决当地公共卫生问题的商业计划。本文介绍了该计划并解释了过程评估的结果，该评估研究了如何最好地构建和部署基于团队的方法，以创建更有效，更具企业家精神的公共卫生经理。研究结果表明，招聘和保留能力很强，课程要素与学习者的需求相关，并且学习者对课程感到满意并重视。确定了计划模型的几个特定好处，以及支持业务计划成功和技能在工作中的应用的几个要素。根据这些发现，确定了开发类似计划的四个成功因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Parents play an important role in the sexual health of their adolescent children. Based on previous research, formative research, and theories of behavioral change, we developed Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, an intervention designed to help parents improve communication with their adolescent children, promote healthy adolescent sexual development, and reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors. We conduct the parenting program at worksites to facilitate recruitment and retention of participants. The program consists of 8 weekly 1-hour sessions during the lunch hour. In this article, we review the literature that identifies parental influences on adolescent sexual behavior, summarize our formative research, present the theoretical framework we used to develop Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, describe the program's components and intervention strategies, and offer recommendations based on our experiences developing the program. By targeting parents at their worksites, this program represents an innovative approach to promoting adolescent sexual health. This article is intended to be helpful to health educators and clinicians designing programs for parents, employers implementing health-related programs, and researchers who may consider designing and evaluating such worksite-based programs.

背景与目标： : 父母在青春期孩子的性健康中起着重要作用。基于先前的研究，形成性研究和行为改变理论，我们开发了会说话的父母，健康的青少年，这种干预措施旨在帮助父母改善与青春期孩子的沟通，促进健康的青春期性发展，并减少青春期的性风险行为。我们在工作场所开展育儿计划，以促进招募和留住参与者。该计划包括午餐时间每周8个1小时的课程。在本文中，我们回顾了确定父母对青少年性行为的影响的文献，总结了我们的形成性研究，提出了我们用来培养会说话的父母，健康的青少年的理论框架，描述了该计划的组成部分和干预策略，并根据我们的经验提供了建议开发该计划。通过针对工作场所的父母，该计划代表了一种促进青少年性健康的创新方法。本文旨在帮助健康教育者和临床医生为父母，实施健康相关计划的雇主以及可能考虑设计和评估此类基于工作现场的计划的研究人员设计计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Severe iodine deficiency is characterized by goiter, preferential synthesis, and secretion of T(3) in thyroids, hypothyroxinemia in plasma and tissues, normal or low plasma T(3), and slightly increased plasma TSH. We studied changes in deiodinase activities and mRNA in several tissues of rats maintained on low-iodine diets (LIDs) or LIDs supplemented with iodine (LID+I). T(4) and T(3) concentrations decreased in plasma, tissues, and thyroids of LID rats, and T(4) decreased more than T(3) (50%). The highest type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1) activities were found in the thyroid, kidney, and the liver; pituitary, lung, and ovary had lower D1 activities; but the lowest levels were found in the heart and skeletal muscle. D1 activity decreased in all tissues of LID rats (10-40% of LID+I rats), except for ovary and thyroids, which D1 activity increased 2.5-fold. Maximal type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activities were found in thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary, increasing 6.5-fold in thyroids of LID rats and about 20-fold in the whole gland. D2 always increased in response to LID, and maximal increases were found in the cerebral cortex (19-fold), thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary (6-fold). Lower D2 activities were found in the ovary, heart, and adrenal gland, which increased in LID. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity was undetectable. Thyroidal Dio1 and Dio2 mRNA increased in the LID rats, and Dio1 decreased in the lung, with no changes in mRNA expression in other tissues. Our data indicate that LID induces changes in deiodinase activities, especially in the thyroid, to counteract the low T(4) synthesis and secretion, contributing to maintain the local T(3) concentrations in the tissues with D2 activity.

背景与目标： : 严重缺碘的特征是甲状腺肿大，甲状腺优先合成和分泌T(3)，血浆和组织中的低甲状腺素血症，正常或低血浆T(3) 和血浆TSH略有升高。我们研究了低碘饮食 (LID) 或补充碘的LID (LID I) 维持的大鼠几个组织中脱碘酶活性和mRNA的变化。LID大鼠血浆，组织和甲状腺中T(4) 和T(3) 的浓度降低，T(4) 的降低幅度大于T(3) (50%)。在甲状腺，肾脏和肝脏中发现最高的1型碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶 (D1) 活性; 垂体，肺和卵巢的D1活性较低; 但在心脏和骨骼肌中发现最低水平。除卵巢和甲状腺外，LID大鼠的所有组织 (LID I大鼠的10-40%) 中的D1活性均降低，D1活性增加了2.5倍。在甲状腺，棕色脂肪组织和垂体中发现最大的2型碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶 (D2) 活性，在LID大鼠的甲状腺中增加6.5倍，在整个腺体中约增加20倍。D2总是响应LID而增加，并且在大脑皮层 (19倍)，甲状腺，棕色脂肪组织和垂体 (6倍) 中发现最大增加。在卵巢，心脏和肾上腺中发现较低的D2活性，在LID中增加。无法检测到3型碘甲状腺原氨酸脱碘酶活性。LID大鼠甲状腺Dio1和Dio2 mRNA增加，肺中Dio1降低，其他组织中mRNA表达无变化。我们的数据表明，LID诱导脱碘酶活性的变化，尤其是在甲状腺中，以抵消低T(4) 的合成和分泌，有助于维持具有D2活性的组织中的局部T(3) 浓度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hemorrhage is the most preventable cause of posttraumatic death. Many cases are potentially anatomically salvageable, yet remain lethal without logistics or trained personnel to deliver diagnosis or resuscitative surgery in austere environments. Revolutions in technology for remote mentoring of ultrasound and surgery may enhance capabilities to utilize the skill sets of non-physicians. Thus, our research collaborative explored remote mentoring to empower non-physicians to address junctional and torso hemorrhage control in austere environments. Major studies involved using remote-telementored ultrasound (RTMUS) to identify torso and junctional exsanguination, remotely mentoring resuscitative surgery for torso hemorrhage control, understanding and mitigating physiological stress during such tasks, and the technical practicalities of conducting damage control surgery (DCS) in austere environments. Iterative projects involved randomized guiding of firefighters to identify torso (RCT) and junctional (pilot) hemorrhage using RTMUS, randomized remote mentoring of MedTechs conducting resuscitative surgery for torso exsanguination in an anatomically realistic surgical trainer ("Cut Suit") including physiological monitoring, and trained surgeons conducting a comparative randomized study for torso hemorrhage control in normal (1g) versus weightlessness (0g). This work demonstrated that firefighters could be remotely mentored to perform just-in-time torso RTMUS on a simulator. Both firefighters and mentors were confident in their abilities, the ultrasounds being 97% accurate. An ultrasound-naive firefighter in Memphis could also be remotely mentored from Hawaii to identify and subsequently tamponade an arterial junctional hemorrhage using RTMUS in a live tissue model. Thereafter, both mentored and unmentored MedTechs and trained surgeons completed resuscitative surgery for hemorrhage control on the Cut-Suit, demonstrating practicality for all involved. While remote mentoring did not decrease blood loss among MedTechs, it increased procedural confidence and decreased physiologic stress. Therefore, remote mentoring may increase the feasibility of non-physicians conducting a psychologically daunting task. Finally, DCS in weightlessness was feasible without fundamental differences from 1g. Overall, the collective evidence suggests that remote mentoring supports diagnosis, noninvasive therapy, and ultimately resuscitative surgery to potentially rescue those exsanguinating in austere environments and should be more rigorously studied.

背景与目标： : 出血是创伤后死亡最可预防的原因。许多病例在解剖学上可能是可挽救的，但如果没有后勤人员或训练有素的人员在严峻的环境中进行诊断或复苏手术，则仍然致命。超声波和外科手术远程指导技术的革命可能会增强利用非医生技能的能力。因此，我们的研究合作探索了远程指导，以使非医生能够在严峻的环境中解决交界处和躯干出血控制问题。主要研究包括使用远程远程超声 (RTMUS) 识别躯干和交界性放血，远程指导复苏手术以控制躯干出血，理解和减轻此类任务期间的生理压力，以及在严峻环境中进行损伤控制手术 (DCS) 的技术实用性。迭代项目包括随机指导消防员使用RTMUS识别躯干 (RCT) 和交界 (pilot) 出血，随机远程指导MedTechs在解剖学上逼真的外科训练器 (“切割服”) 中进行躯干放血的复苏手术，包括生理监测，和训练有素的外科医生进行了一项比较随机研究，以正常 (1g) 与失重 (0g) 的躯干出血控制。这项工作表明，可以远程指导消防员在模拟器上执行及时的躯干RTMUS。消防员和导师都对自己的能力充满信心，超声波97% 准确。孟菲斯的一名未经超声检查的消防员也可以从夏威夷进行远程指导，以识别并随后在活组织模型中使用RTMUS填塞动脉交界性出血。此后，经过指导和未经指导的MedTechs和训练有素的外科医生都完成了复苏手术，以控制剪裁服上的出血，这证明了所有参与者的实用性。虽然远程指导并没有减少MedTechs的失血，但它增加了程序信心并减少了生理压力。因此，远程指导可能会增加非医生执行心理艰巨任务的可行性。最后，失重的dc是可行的，与1g没有根本差异。总体而言，集体证据表明，远程指导支持诊断，无创治疗以及最终的复苏手术，以潜在地挽救那些在严峻环境中放血的人，因此应进行更严格的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The transection of the inferior alveolar nerve (IANx) produces allodynia in the whisker pad (V2 division) of rats. Ectopic discharges from injured trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and thalamocortical reorganization are possible contributors to the sensitization of uninjured V2 primary and CNS neurons. To test which factor is more important, TG and ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) neurons were longitudinally followed before, during, and after IANx for up to 80 d. Spontaneous discharges and mechanical stimulation-evoked responses were recorded in conscious and in anesthetized states. Results show (1) a sequential increase in spontaneous activities, first in the injured TG neurons of the IAN (2-30 d), followed by uninjured V2 ganglion neurons (6-30 d), and then VPM V2 neurons (7-30 d) after IANx; (2) ectopic discharges included burst and regular firing patterns in the IAN and V2 branches of the TG neurons; and (3) the receptive field expanded, the modality shifted, and long-lasting after-discharges occurred only in VPM V2 neurons. All of these changes appeared in the late or maintenance phase (7-30 d) and disappeared during the recovery phase (40-60 d). These observations suggest that ectopic barrages in the injured IAN contribute more to the development of sensitization, whereas the modality shift and evoked after-discharges in the VPM thalamic neurons contribute more to the maintenance phase of allodynia by redirecting tactile information to the cortex as nociceptive.

背景与目标： : 下牙槽神经 (IANx) 的横切在大鼠的晶须垫 (V2分区) 中产生异常性疼痛。受损的三叉神经节 (TG) 神经元的异位放电和丘脑皮层重组可能是未受损的V2初级和CNS神经元致敏的原因。为了测试哪个因素更重要，在IANx之前，期间和之后纵向跟踪TG和腹后内侧核 (VPM) 神经元长达80 d。在有意识和麻醉状态下记录自发放电和机械刺激诱发反应。结果表明 (1) 自发活动依次增加，首先是IAN损伤的TG神经元 (2-30 d)，其次是未损伤的V2神经节神经元 (6-30 d)，然后是VPM V2神经元 (7-30 d)。IANx后的d); (2) 异位放电包括TG神经元的IAN和V2分支中的爆发和规则放电模式; (3) 感受野扩大，模态改变，并且仅在VPM V2神经元中发生持久的放电。所有这些变化都出现在后期或维护阶段 (7-30 d)，并在恢复阶段 (40-60 d) 消失。这些观察结果表明，受伤的IAN的异位幕对敏化的发展有更大的贡献，而VPM丘脑神经元的模态变化和诱发的放电后放电通过将触觉信息重定向到皮层作为伤害性，对异常性疼痛的维持阶段有更大的贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bemisiatabaci is an important vector of numerous plant viruses, including the emergent semi-persistently transmitted crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). Its vector feeding behaviour is complex, with important implications for virus transmission, epidemiology and control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of the stylet penetration activities of B. tabaci in the inoculation of ToCV in tomatoes by using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. EPG recordings were classified into six categories depending on the waveforms observed. The results showed that ToCV inoculation is mainly associated with stylet activities in phloem sieve elements (E1 waveform), as there was a significant increase in the rate of transmission when whiteflies performed waveform E1. The precise stylet activities - either salivation or egestion - associated with virion release, presumably from retention sites in the foregut, need further investigation.

背景与目标： : Bemisiatabaci是许多植物病毒的重要载体，包括新兴的半持续传播的crini病毒番茄萎黄病病毒 (ToCV)。它的媒介喂养行为很复杂，对病毒传播，流行病学和控制具有重要意义。因此，本研究的目的是通过使用电渗透图 (EPG) 技术研究烟粉虱的探针渗透活性在番茄中ToCV接种中的作用。根据观察到的波形，EPG记录分为六类。结果表明，ToCV接种主要与韧皮部筛子元素 (E1波形) 中的管针活性有关，因为当粉虱进行波形E1时，传播速率显着增加。与病毒体释放相关的精确的管心针活动-流涎或分泌-可能来自前肠的保留部位，需要进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In our screening program for antihypertensive plant constituents extracts of the leaves and bark of Badula barthesia showed strong in vitro inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Rapanone (1), 2,5-dihydroxy-3-tridecyl-1,4-benzoquinone, was isolated as an active constituent of the leaves. The IC(50) values of rapanone and three 3-alkyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinones, (2)-(4), (Z)-2,5-dihydroxy-3-(pentadec-8-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone, (Z,Z)-2,5-dihydroxy-3-(heptadeca-8,11-dienyl)-1,4-benzoqui-none and (Z)-2,5-dihydroxy-3-(heptadec-8-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone recently isolated from Embelia angustifolia were determined. The following IC(50) ± S.D. values have been obtained (1) 36 ± 4.6 μM, (2) 19 ± 6.2 μM, (3) 19 ± 8.7 μM and (4) 16 ± 3.0 μ.M. The IC(50) value for the reference compound Captopril was determined to 12 ± 2.6 nM. The antimicrobial activity of the four compounds was determined by thin layer chromatography agar overlay technique as minimum growth inhibitory amount in μg. One yeast, Candida albicans, and four bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms.

背景与目标： : 在我们的抗高血压植物成分筛选程序中，巴杜拉 (Badula) 的叶片和树皮的提取物显示出对血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE) 的强烈体外抑制作用。分离出雷帕酮 (1)，2,5-二羟基-3-三癸基-1,4-苯醌作为叶片的活性成分。雷帕酮和三种3-烷基-2,5-二羟基苯醌，(2)-(4)，(Z)-2,5-二羟基-3-(pentadec-8-enyl)-1,4-苯醌，(Z，Z)-2,5-二羟基-3-(heptadeca-8，11-二烯基)-1，测定了最近从angustifolia中分离出的4-苯醌-none和 (Z)-2,5-二羟基-3-(heptadec-8-enyl)-1,4-苯醌。已获得以下IC(50) ± S.D. 值 (1) 36 ± 4.6微米，(2) 19 ± 6.2微米，(3) 19 ± 8.7微米和 (4) 16 ± 3.0微米。参考化合物卡托普利的IC(50) 值确定为12 ± 2.6 nM。通过薄层色谱琼脂覆盖技术确定四种化合物的抗菌活性为最小生长抑制量 (μ g)。以1个酵母菌、白色念珠菌和4个细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验生物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Most work sites engage in some form of health promotion programming designed to improve worker health and reduce health care costs. Although these programs have typically been delivered through combinations of seminars and print materials, workplace health promotion programs are increasingly being delivered through the Internet. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Web-based multimedia health promotion program for the workplace, designed to improve dietary practices, reduce stress, and increase physical activity. METHODS:Using a randomized controlled trial design with pretest-posttest comparisons within each group, 419 employees of a human resources company were randomly assigned to the Web-based condition or to a condition that provided print materials on the same topics. All subjects were assessed at pretest and posttest through an online questionnaire containing multiple measures of health behavior and attitudes. The test period was 3 months. Questionnaire data were analyzed mainly by analysis of covariance and t tests. RESULTS:Retention rates were good for both groups-85% for the Web-based group and 87% for the print group. Subjects using the Web-based program performed significantly better than the print group on Attitudes Toward a Healthful Diet (F(1,415) = 7.104, P = .008) and Dietary Stage of Change (F(1,408) = 6.487, P = .01), but there were no significant group differences on the five other dietary measures. Both groups also showed improvement from pretest to posttest on most dietary measures, as indicated by significant t tests. Within the Web-based group, dosage analyses showed significant effects of the number of times the subject accessed the program on measures of Dietary Self-Efficacy (F(2,203) = 5.270, P = .003), Attitudes Toward a Healthful Diet (F(2,204) = 2.585, P = .045), and Dietary Stage of Change (F(2,200) = 4.627, P = .005). No significant differences were found between the two groups on measures of stress or physical activity, although t tests of pretest-posttest changes indicated that both groups improved on several of these measures. The Web-based group gave significantly higher ratings to the program materials than the print group on all health topics and in their overall evaluation (F(1,410) = 9.808, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS:The Web-based program was more effective than print materials in producing improvements in the areas of diet and nutrition but was not more effective in reducing stress or increasing physical activity. The higher ratings given to the Web-based program suggest that workers preferred it to the print materials. Both groups showed numerous pretest-posttest improvements in all health topics, although such improvements might be attributable in part to a Hawthorne effect. Results suggest that a multimedia Web-based program can be a promising means of delivering health promotion material to the workforce, particularly in the area of diet and nutrition.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We developed a novel multifaceted psychosocial intervention program which involves screening for psychological distress and comprehensive support including individually tailored psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy provided by mental health professionals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of the intervention program and its preliminary usefulness for reducing clinical psychological distress experienced by patients with recurrent breast cancer. The subjects who participated in the 3 months intervention program completed psychiatric diagnostic interview and several self-reported measures regarding psychological distress, traumatic stress, and quality of life. The assessments were conducted before the intervention (T1), after the intervention (T2), and 3 months after the intervention (T3). A total of 50 patients participated in the study. The rates of participation in and adherence to the intervention program were 85 and 86%, respectively. While the proportion of psychiatric disorders at T2 (11.6%) was not significantly different from that at T1 (22.0%) (p = 0.15), the proportion of that at T3 (7.7%) had significantly decreased compared with that at T1 (p = 0.005). The novel intervention program is feasible, is a promising strategy for reducing clinically manifested psychological distress and further controlled studies are warranted.

背景与目标： : 我们开发了一种新颖的多方面的社会心理干预计划，其中包括筛查心理困扰和全面支持，包括由精神卫生专业人员提供的个性化心理治疗和药物疗法。本研究的目的是研究干预计划的可行性及其对减少复发性乳腺癌患者遭受的临床心理困扰的初步作用。参加3个月干预计划的受试者完成了精神病学诊断访谈，并完成了一些有关心理困扰，创伤压力和生活质量的自我报告措施。评估在干预前 (T1)，干预后 (T2) 和干预后3个月 (T3) 进行。共有50名患者参加了这项研究。参与和遵守干预计划的比率分别为85和86%。尽管T2 (11.6%) 的精神疾病比例与T1 (22.0%) 无显着差异 (p = 0.15)，但与T1 (p = 0.005) 相比，T3 (7.7%) 的精神疾病比例显着降低)。新的干预计划是可行的，是减少临床表现的心理困扰的有前途的策略，需要进一步的对照研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The lack of substantial research in the area of clinical teaching would suggest that this 'heart' of the nursing student's professional education has long been neglected. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology, this study explored the teaching activities that nine clinical instructors said they implemented during the direct client care period and the teaching activities that these nine clinical instructors said they would implement in response to a specific scenario of a clinical teaching event. The unstructured interviews revealed that clinical instructors: (a) noted role modelling the greatest number of times as a teaching activity but implemented it less frequently; (b) used verbalizations in the form of telling, asking, saying, discussing or talking as the primary teaching activity in the clinical area and in response to the specific scenario; (c) do not have opportunities to see other clinical instructors teaching in the clinical area; (d) have difficulty separating teaching activities and evaluation activities; (e) are eclectic in their use of learning theories; and (f) find articulating teaching activities that they implement during the direct client care period to be a complex task.

背景与目标： : 在临床教学领域缺乏实质性的研究表明，长期以来一直忽略了护生专业教育的 “心脏”。本研究采用定性描述性方法，探讨了九名临床讲师表示他们在直接客户护理期间实施的教学活动，以及这九名临床讲师表示他们将针对临床教学事件的特定场景实施的教学活动。非结构化访谈显示，临床讲师 :( a) 注意到角色建模作为教学活动的次数最多，但实施频率较低; (b) 以讲述，询问，说，讨论或谈话作为临床领域的主要教学活动，并针对具体情况; (c) 没有机会看到临床领域的其他临床讲师教学; (d) 难以分离教学活动和评估活动; (e) 在学习理论的使用上不拘一格; (f) 发现他们在直接服务客户期间实施的明确教学活动是一项复杂的任务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Long-term evaluation of an empirically based program for the treatment of morbidly obese, low-income, minority adolescents. METHODS:In the first year, 150 participants received cognitive-behavior therapy, nutritional education, medical monitoring, and structured exercise training. Weights and heights were collected at follow-up. Successful and Less Successful groups were delineated based on change in body mass index z-scores. Medical record review provided weight and height data one year before treatment for a subset of participants (comparison group). Analyses of variance examined differences between groups. Discriminant function analyses examined predictors of success in the domains of socioeconomic status, individual factors and psychological functioning, family factors, and prior weight loss behaviors. Correlates of success were explored. RESULTS:Eighty-three adolescents participated in the follow-up, on average 23 months (SD = 3.8) after initial assessment. Nineteen (23%) participants achieved clinically meaningful weight change (-.70 z-scores or better). Discriminant function analyses, correlations, and direct comparisons showed that the Successful group, compared with the Less Successful group, on average, attended 50% more sessions over 84% more weeks, were heavier initially, had somewhat better critical weight control skills (e.g., self-monitoring) before and during the program, and were somewhat more psychologically and intellectually challenged before treatment. CONCLUSION:Although some of these very high risk adolescents made clinically significant progress, more intensive treatments, like long-term residential treatments and bariatric surgery, may produce even more favorable outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Accurate measurement of physical activity patterns can be used to identify sedentary behaviour and may facilitate interventions aimed at reducing inactivity. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the activPAL physical activity monitor as a measure of posture and motion in everyday activities using observational analysis as the criterion standard. METHODS:Wearing three activPAL monitors, 10 healthy participants performed a range of randomly assigned everyday tasks incorporating walking, standing and sitting. Each trial was captured on a digital camera and the recordings were synchronised with the activPAL. The time spent in different postures was visually classified and this was compared with the activPAL output. RESULTS:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 2,1) for interdevice reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.99. Using the Bland and Altman method, the mean percentage difference between the activPAL monitor and observation for total time spent sitting was 0.19% (limits of agreement -0.68% to 1.06%) and for total time spent upright was -0.27% (limits of agreement -1.38% to 0.84%). The mean difference for total time spent standing was 1.4% (limits of agreement -6.2% to 9.1%) and for total time spent walking was -2.0% (limits of agreement -16.1% to 12.1%). A second-by-second analysis between observer and monitor found an overall agreement of 95.9%. CONCLUSION:The activPAL activity monitor is a valid and reliable measure of posture and motion during everyday physical activities.

背景与目标：