BACKGROUND & AIMS: We studied changes in glutamate receptors, expression of immediate early genes, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in the brains of phenobarbital (PB)-dependent and -withdrawn rats to investigate the possible involvement of activation of glutamate receptors in PB withdrawal syndrome. PB-dependent rats were prepared by feeding drug-admixed food for 5 weeks. Autoradiographic analysis showed that binding of [3H(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imin e (MK-801), an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, increased significantly in the cerebral cortices of PB-dependent and 24-h-withdrawn rats. However, [3H]MK-801 binding in the hippocampus and [3H]6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and [3H]kainic acid binding in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were essentially unchanged in both groups. PB withdrawal seizures were followed by increased expression of c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and of c-jun mRNA in the cerebral cortex. The induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNA was suppressed by administration of MK-801. Furthermore, PB withdrawal enhanced AP-1 DNA binding activity in the brain. The present findings suggest functional enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission during the development of PB withdrawal syndrome.

背景与目标： 我们研究了苯巴比妥 (PB) 依赖性和退缩大鼠大脑中谷氨酸受体的变化，即刻早期基因的表达以及AP-1的DNA结合活性，以研究谷氨酸受体激活在PB戒断综合征中的可能参与。通过喂养混合药物的食物5周制备PB依赖性大鼠。放射自显影分析显示，N-甲基-d-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体拮抗剂 [3H(+)-5-甲基-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并 [a，D] cyclohepten-5，10-敏e (MK-801) 的结合，PB依赖性和24h撤回大鼠的大脑皮层显着增加。然而，[3h] MK-801在海马和 [3H]6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2结合，海马和大脑皮层中的3-二酮 (CNQX) 和 [3H] 海藻酸结合在两组中基本上没有变化。铅戒断发作后，海马和大脑皮层中c-fos mRNA的表达增加，大脑皮层中c-6月mRNA的表达增加。诱导c-MK-801可抑制fos和c-6月mRNA。此外，铅戒断增强了大脑中的AP-1 DNA结合活性。目前的发现表明，在铅戒断综合征的发展过程中，谷氨酸能神经传递的功能增强。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common in congestive heart failure. While isolated diastolic heart failure (DHF) accounts for up to a third of all cases of congestive heart failure, the prevalence of SDB in DHF is unknown. We aim to determine the prevalence and characteristics of SDB in a group of patients with symptomatic DHF.

METHODS:Twenty subjects with symptomatic DHF (New York Heart Association class II or III) and isolated diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography were assessed with lung function tests, modified sleep and health questionnaire, and overnight polysomnography. Significant SDB was defined as an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) > 10.

RESULTS:Thirteen female and seven male subjects (mean age, 65+/-6.0 years; mean body mass index (BMI), 28+/-3.2) were evaluated, of whom 17 (85%) had a diagnosis of hypertension. Overall sleep quality was poor, with fragmentation and frequent arousals associated with respiratory events. Fifty-five percent of the patients had significant SDB, mainly obstructive apneas. BMI and the prevalence of hypertension were similar in patients with and without SDB. The deceleration time, an index of diastolic dysfunction, was more prolonged in the group with SDB (236+/-40 ms vs 282+/-31 ms; p<0.05). As a group, a lower minimum percentage arterial oxygen saturation during sleep, but not the AHI was associated with more severe degree of diastolic dysfunction on echocardiogram, including a lower ratio between the early peak transmittal flow velocity and the late peak atrial systolic velocity (rho=0.57; p<0.05) and a prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (rho=-0.54; p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:SDB is common in patients with DHF. Patients with DHF and SDB may be associated with worse diastolic dysfunction than those without SDB, although a causal relationship remains to be established.

背景与目标： 目的 : 睡眠呼吸障碍 (SDB) 在充血性心力衰竭中很常见。虽然孤立的舒张性心力衰竭 (DHF) 占所有充血性心力衰竭病例的三分之一，但DHF中SDB的患病率尚不清楚。我们旨在确定一组有症状的DHF患者中SDB的患病率和特征。
方法 : 通过肺功能测试，改良的睡眠和健康问卷以及过夜多导睡眠图评估了20名有症状的DHF (纽约心脏协会II或III级) 和超声心动图孤立的舒张功能障碍的受试者。显著的SDB定义为呼吸暂停/呼吸不足指数 (AHI)> 10。
结果 : 13名女性和7名男性受试者 (平均年龄65 +/-6.0岁; 平均体重指数 (BMI)，评估了28/-3.2)，其中17 (85%) 诊断为高血压。总体睡眠质量较差，与呼吸事件相关的碎片和频繁唤醒。5% 的患者有明显的SDB，主要是阻塞性呼吸暂停。有或没有SDB的患者的BMI和高血压患病率相似。SDB组的减速时间 (舒张功能障碍的指标) 更长 (236/-40 ms vs 282/-31 ms; p<0.05)。作为一组，睡眠期间较低的最低动脉血氧饱和度百分比，但AHI与超声心动图更严重的舒张功能障碍相关，包括早期传播峰值流速与晚期心房收缩峰值流速之间的比率较低 (rho = 0.57; p<0.05) 和延长的等容松弛时间 (rho =-0.54; p<0.05)。
结论 :SDB在DHF患者中很常见。DHF和SDB的患者可能比没有SDB的患者舒张功能障碍更差，尽管因果关系尚待确定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The World Bank in its document under the title 'Investing in Health' (1993) states that the health status of the population, including the working population, and working conditions in individual countries depend essentially on the value of gross national product per capita. The attitudes towards the role and objectives of occupational medicine have changed significantly over the last three decades. A high priority given to primary prevention reflects the mainstream of a new approach to preventive measures. Advancements in technology, production and services, common use of computers and flattening of work organisation structures have brought about the need for workers' active participation in planning of activities and shaping working conditions in own enterprise. At the same time, workers are required to possess much higher qualifications facilitating their participation in applying new technologies and using new information systems, which resulted in a fierce competition on the labour market. In the countries in the political, social and economic transition, the conditions for introducing a new system of sustained development, described by Gustavsen at the 25th International Congress on Occupational Health have not as yet been established. A procedure-based system involving negotiations between employers and workers' representatives failed to be successful in improving working conditions as the roles of the state, employers and trade unions had not been defined precisely. It is expected that further health promotion at the worksites in these countries will depend mainly on the economic progress and the reformed system of education.

背景与目标： 世界银行在其题为 “投资于健康” (1993) 的文件中指出，包括工作人口在内的人口的健康状况和各个国家的工作条件基本上取决于人均国民生产总值。在过去的三十年中，人们对职业医学的作用和目标的态度发生了重大变化。对初级预防的高度重视反映了预防措施新方法的主流。技术，生产和服务的进步，计算机的普遍使用以及工作组织结构的扁平化带来了工人积极参与活动计划和塑造自己企业工作条件的需求。同时，要求工人具有更高的资格，以促进他们参与应用新技术和使用新信息系统，这导致了劳动力市场的激烈竞争。在政治，社会和经济转型的国家中，古斯塔夫森在第25届国际职业健康大会上描述的引入新的可持续发展体系的条件尚未建立。涉及雇主和工人代表之间谈判的基于程序的系统未能成功改善工作条件，因为国家，雇主和工会的作用尚未得到准确定义。预计这些国家工作场所的进一步健康促进将主要取决于经济进步和教育制度的改革。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Continuous changes in the length of smooth muscles require a highly organized sarcolemmal structure. Yet, smooth muscle cells also adapt rapidly to altered environmental cues. Their sarcolemmal plasticity must lead to profound changes which affect transmembrane signal transduction as well as contractility. We have established porcine vascular and human visceral smooth muscle cultures of epithelioid and spindle-shaped morphology and determined their plasma membrane properties. Epithelioid cells from both sources contain a higher ratio of cholesterol to glycerophospholipids, and express a less diverse range of lipid-associated annexins. These findings point to a reduction in efficiency of membrane segregation in epithelioid cells. Moreover, compared to spindle-shaped cells, cholesterol is more readily extracted from epithelioid cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and its synthesis is more susceptible to inhibition with lovastatin. The inability of epithelioid cells to process vasoactive metabolites, such as angiotensin or nucleotides further indicates that contractile properties are impaired. Phenotypic plasticity extends beyond the loss of smooth muscle cell marker genes. The plasma membrane has undergone profound functional changes which are incompatible with cyclic foreshortening, but might be important in the development of vascular disease.

背景与目标： : 平滑肌长度的持续变化需要高度组织化的肌膜结构。然而，平滑肌细胞也迅速适应改变的环境线索。它们的肌膜可塑性必须导致深刻的变化，从而影响跨膜信号转导以及收缩力。我们已经建立了上皮样和纺锤形形态的猪血管和人内脏平滑肌培养物，并确定了它们的质膜特性。来自两种来源的上皮样细胞均含有较高的胆固醇与甘油磷脂比例，并且表达与脂质相关的膜联蛋白的范围较少。这些发现表明上皮样细胞的膜分离效率降低。此外，与纺锤形细胞相比，胆固醇更容易从上皮样细胞中提取甲基-β-环糊精，其合成更容易受到洛伐他汀的抑制。上皮样细胞无法处理血管活性代谢产物，例如血管紧张素或核苷酸，进一步表明收缩特性受损。表型可塑性超出了平滑肌细胞标记基因的丧失。质膜发生了深刻的功能变化，与循环缩短不相容，但在血管疾病的发展中可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES) and binge eating disorder (BED) and their related behavioral and psychological correlates in persons who sought bariatric surgery. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES:A consecutive series of 215 persons with extreme obesity (82% women, 70% European American) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory and a semistructured interview as part of a pre-surgery behavioral/psychological assessment. Diagnoses for NES and BED were based on graded diagnostic criteria. RESULTS:Percentages of participants who met diagnostic criteria for NES by interview were 1.9% for the strictest definition and 8.9% across all definitions of NES. After interview, full DSM-TR criteria for BED were met by 4.2%; an additional 1.4% reported binge eating at least once per week. Self-reported prevalence of NES and BED were higher. Those with NES or BED had significantly more symptoms of depression and a greater history of psychological complications than the remaining sample. DISCUSSION:The prevalence rates of NES and BED among this population of bariatric surgery candidates were lower than expected based on previous reports. Findings and hypotheses regarding lowered prevalence rates are discussed.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An inverse relationship between age and human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence has been reported in many developed countries, but information on this relationship is scarce in many other parts of the world. We carried out a cross-sectional study of sexually active women from the general population of 15 areas in 4 continents. Similar standardised protocols for women's enrolment, cervical specimen collection and PCR-based assays for HPV testing were used. HPV prevalence in different age groups was compared by study area. 18,498 women aged 15-74 years were included. Age-standardised HPV prevalence varied more than 10-fold between populations, as did the shape of age-specific curves. HPV prevalence peaked below age 25 or 35, and declined with age in Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Argentina, Korea and in Lampang, Thailand and Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. This was not the case in Songkla, Thailand nor Hanoi, Vietnam, where HPV prevalence was low in all age groups. In Chile, Colombia and Mexico, a second peak of HPV prevalence was detected among older women. In the poorest study areas in Asia (Shanxi, China and Dindigul, India), and in Nigeria, HPV prevalence was high across all age groups. The substantial differences observed in age-specific curves of HPV prevalence between populations may have a variety of explanations. These differences, however, underline that great caution should be used in inferring the natural history of HPV from age-specific prevalences.

背景与目标： : 在许多发达国家，已经报道了年龄与人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 患病率之间的反比关系，但是在世界许多其他地区，有关这种关系的信息很少。我们对来自4大洲15个地区的普通人群的性活跃女性进行了横断面研究。使用了类似的标准化方案，用于女性入组，宫颈标本收集和基于PCR的HPV检测方法。按研究区域比较了不同年龄组的HPV患病率。包括18,498名15-74岁的妇女。年龄标准化的HPV患病率在人群之间的变化超过10倍，年龄特定曲线的形状也是如此。HPV的患病率在25岁或35岁以下达到峰值，在意大利，荷兰，西班牙，阿根廷，韩国以及泰国南邦和越南胡志明市，随着年龄的增长而下降。泰国宋卡和越南河内的情况都不是这样，那里所有年龄组的HPV患病率都很低。在智利，哥伦比亚和墨西哥，在老年妇女中发现了HPV患病率的第二个高峰。在亚洲最贫困的研究地区 (中国山西和印度Dindigul) 和尼日利亚，HPV的患病率在所有年龄组中都很高。在人群之间HPV患病率的年龄特异性曲线中观察到的实质性差异可能有多种解释。然而，这些差异强调，在从年龄特异性患病率推断HPV的自然史时应格外小心。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mucin-type glycoproteins carrying sialylLeA antigens (SL-GP) were isolated from the ascites fluid of a patient with colorectal cancer. SL-GP bound to E-selectin on endothelial cells in Ca2+- and sialylLeA antigen-dependent manners. To examine the metabolic change in E-selectin caused by ligation, endothelial cells were labeled with 32P-phosphate or 35S-Met and 35S-Cys. Phosphorylation at one or more serine residues of E-selectin was elevated by ligation with SL-GP but not with sialylLeA hexasaccharide. Pulse-labeling of E-selectin with 35S-Met and 35S-Cys in the presence of SL-GP indicated that the degradation of E-selectin was accelerated by SL-GP ligation, but labeling after pre-ligation with SL-GP revealed an increase in the synthesis of E-selectin. The synthesis may reflect compensation for the E-selectin degraded on pre-ligation. These results indicate that the overall metabolism of E-selectin was enhanced by the ligation of SL-GP, with degradation and synthesis being apparently balanced.

背景与目标： 从大肠癌患者的腹水中分离出携带唾液酸抗原 (sl-gp) 的粘蛋白型糖蛋白。SL-GP以Ca2 + 和唾液酸抗原依赖的方式与内皮细胞上的E-选择素结合。为了检查由连接引起的E-选择素的代谢变化，内皮细胞用32p磷酸盐或35S-Met和35S-Cys标记。通过与SL-GP连接而不是与唾液酸六糖连接，E-选择素的一个或多个丝氨酸残基的磷酸化升高。在SL-GP存在下，用35S-Met和35S-Cys对E-选择素进行脉冲标记表明，SL-GP连接可加速E-选择素的降解，但用SL-GP预连接后标记显示E-选择素的合成增加。合成可能反映了对预连接时降解的E-选择素的补偿。这些结果表明，SL-GP的连接增强了E-选择素的整体代谢，降解和合成明显平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wound healing is a complex process resulting from an interplay of processes including coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and epithelialization. The chemokine family has been shown to contain members that are potent regulators of many of these pathways. Because we have previously shown that chemokines "pool" in biologic wound dressings, we studied the levels of CXC and CC chemokines, along with key inflammatory mediators, serially from a group of patients undergoing therapy for chronic venous leg ulcers. After 8 weeks, all patients had marked clinical healing of their ulcers (median 63.3% reduction in size) with two of 10 completely healed. Wound fluids extracted from dressings showed high levels of platelet factor-4 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein, with a trend toward increases in the ratio of the sums of the angiogenic versus angiostatic CXC chemokines (p = 0.082) in the tissues collected from the center of the ulcers during wound closure. Neutrophil-activating peptide-2 and interleukin-8 accounted for the most changes in wound fluid angiogenic chemokines, with significant differences both as compared with baseline levels and with patients' plasma level noted at various time points between weeks 0 and 8. The level of angiostatic chemokines, interferon-y inducible protein 10 and platelet-activating-4, fell most significantly between weeks 0 and 3 as compared with plasma levels. The observed shift toward angiogenic CXC chemokines suggests that effective healing in chronic venous insufficiency ulcers appears to "move" the ulcer bed toward a state more conducive to epithelialization,characteristic of the proliferative phase of wound healing. CC chemokines were also elevated at baseline in the wound fluid samples as compared with the patients' plasma levels. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (3 and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels decreased with healing, whereas there were significant increases in the tissue levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a over the first 4 weeks of therapy (p< or = 0.05 for both). Coincident with these changes was a steady increase in the ratio of interleukin-1 R/interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein in the ulcer center tissues, which also correlated with healing (p < 0 .05) as compared with a decreasing ratio at the ulcer edge, and a biphasic response in the wound fluids. These findings suggest that advanced wound care techniques help move the ulcer from a chronic inflammatory state into one more characteristic of the late inflammatory/early proliferative phase of wound healing. Chemokines may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic venous ulcers through their effects on angiogenesis and/or the progression of inflammatory reactions at the site of injury.

背景与目标： 伤口愈合是一个复杂的过程，由凝血、炎症、血管生成和上皮形成等过程的相互作用产生。趋化因子家族已被证明包含许多这些途径的有效调节剂。因为我们以前已经表明趋化因子在生物伤口敷料中 “聚集”，所以我们连续研究了一组接受慢性静脉腿部溃疡治疗的患者的CXC和CC趋化因子以及关键炎症介质的水平。8周后，所有患者的溃疡临床愈合明显 (中位63.3% 缩小)，其中10例中有2例完全愈合。从敷料中提取的伤口液显示出高水平的血小板因子-4和干扰素-γ 诱导蛋白，在伤口闭合期间从溃疡中心收集的组织中，血管生成与血管抑制CXC趋化因子 (p = 0.082) 的总和比率呈增加趋势。中性粒细胞激活肽-2和interleukin-8占伤口流体血管生成趋化因子的最大变化，与基线水平和患者血浆水平相比，在第0周和第8周之间的不同时间点存在显着差异。与血浆水平相比，血管抑制趋化因子，干扰素y诱导蛋白10和血小板活化4的水平在第0周和第3周之间下降最明显。观察到的向血管生成CXC趋化因子的转变表明，慢性静脉功能不全溃疡的有效愈合似乎使溃疡床 “移至” 更有利于上皮形成的状态，这是伤口愈合增生期的特征。与患者血浆水平相比，伤口液体样品中的CC趋化因子在基线时也升高。巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1 (3) 和受激活调节，正常T表达和分泌 (RANTES) 水平随愈合而降低，而在治疗的前4周内，单核细胞趋化蛋白-1和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1 a的组织水平显着增加 (两者p <或 = 0.05)。与这些变化同时发生的是，interleukin-1 R/interleukin-1受体拮抗剂蛋白的比例在溃疡中心组织，与溃疡边缘的比率降低相比，这也与愈合相关 (p <0.05)，和伤口液体中的双相反应。这些发现表明，先进的伤口护理技术有助于将溃疡从慢性炎症状态转移到伤口愈合的晚期炎症/早期增生期的另一个特征。趋化因子可能通过其对血管生成的影响在慢性静脉溃疡的发病机理中发挥关键作用和/或损伤部位炎症反应的进展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Submitochondrial particles prepared from rat liver during hepatic regeneration exhibit a depressed ATPase activity which is correlated with a decrease in F1 subunit content as shown by SDS-PAGE. Use of an antibody directed against the F1 portion of the H+-ATPase complex demonstrated that there is a definite decrease in the amount of beta-subunit of F1 in both submitochondrial particles and mitochondria from rat liver 24 h after partial hepatectomy.

背景与目标： : 在肝再生过程中从大鼠肝脏制备的亚线粒体颗粒表现出降低的ATPase活性，这与F1亚基含量的降低有关，如sdds-PAGE所示。使用针对H-ATPase复合物的F1部分的抗体表明，部分肝切除术后24小时，大鼠肝脏的线粒体颗粒和线粒体中F1的 β 亚基数量均明显减少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Trabecular bone strength diminishes as a result of osteoporosis and altered biomechanical loading at the vertebral and spinal levels. The spine consists of the anterior, middle and posterior columns and the load supported by the anterior and middle columns will differ across different regions of the spine. Stress shielding of the anterior column can contribute to bone loss and increase the risk of wedge fracture. There is a lack of quantitative data related to regional spinal bone mineral density distribution over time. We hypothesize that there is an increase in the posterior-to-anterior vertebral body bone mineral density ratio and a decrease in whole-body bone mineral density over time. METHODS:Bone mineral density was measured in 33 subjects using quantitative computed tomography scans for L1-L3 vertebrae, region (anterior and posterior vertebral body), and time (baseline and 6 years after). FINDINGS:Lumbar bone mineral density decreased significantly (Δ: ~15%) from baseline to the 6th year visit. Individual vertebra differences over time (L1: ~14%, L2: ~14%, L3: ~17%) showed statistical significance. Anterior bone mineral density change was significantly greater than in the posterior vertebral body region (Δ anterior: ~18%; Δ posterior: ~13%). Posterior-to-anterior bone mineral density ratio was significantly greater in the 6th year compared to baseline values (mean (SD), 1.33 (0.2) vs. 1.23 (0.1)). INTERPRETATION:This study provides longitudinal quantitative measurement of bone mineral density in vertebrae as well as regional changes in the anterior and posterior regions. Understanding bone mineral density distribution over time may help to decrease the risk of wedge fractures if interventions can be developed to bring spine loading to its normal state.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive study of 38 demented patients and 15 control subjects, 11 of 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 8 of 11 patients with vascular dementia had significant periventricular hyperintensities. Memory and language testing in the early investigation of dementia is useful to distinguish patients with or without periventricular hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Patients without periventricular hyperintensities are worse on memory and conceptualization tests than patients with periventricular hyperintensities, who tend to be worse on comprehension and attention tests. These differences in cognitive pattern are present between patients with different pathogenesis who are otherwise matched for dementia severity. Language and some nonverbal cognitive deficits correlate with the extent of cortical and ventricular atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.

背景与目标： : 在对38名痴呆患者和15名对照受试者的前瞻性磁共振成像和认知研究中，27例阿尔茨海默氏病患者中的11例和11例血管性痴呆患者中的8例具有明显的脑室周围高信号。在痴呆症的早期研究中进行记忆和语言测试可用于在磁共振成像上区分有无脑室周围高信号的患者。没有脑室周围高强度的患者在记忆和概念化测试上比脑室周围高强度的患者更差，后者在理解和注意力测试上往往更差。这些认知模式的差异存在于具有不同发病机理的患者之间，这些患者在痴呆严重程度上是匹配的。语言和某些非语言认知缺陷与阿尔茨海默氏病的皮质和心室萎缩程度相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To our knowledge, the relationship between gallbladder volume and cystic duct function has not been studied. We hypothesized that changes in gallbladder volume would influence cystic duct resistance. The effect of gallbladder volume changes on cystic duct resistance to both prograde (emptying) and retrograde (filling) steady-state flow was tested in 12 dogs under basal cholecystokinin-stimulated conditions utilizing a multiport catheter with a highly compliant balloon placed within the gallbladder fundus. Gallbladder volume was regulated by varying balloon volume from empty to just beyond physiologic distention. Cystic duct resistance was not affected by balloon volume under basal or stimulated conditions or by the direction of perfusate flow. This study demonstrated no relationship between gallbladder volume and cystic duct resistance and did not demonstrate a cystic duct sphincter mechanism at physiologic gallbladder volumes.

背景与目标： : 据我们所知，胆囊体积与胆囊管功能之间的关系尚未得到研究。我们假设胆囊体积的变化会影响胆囊管阻力。在12只狗中，在基础胆囊收缩素刺激的条件下，使用多端口导管在胆囊内放置了高度顺应性球囊，测试了胆囊体积变化对胆囊管对顺行 (排空) 和逆行 (充盈) 稳态血流的阻力的影响。胆囊底。胆囊体积通过改变从空的球囊体积到超出生理扩张来调节。在基础或刺激条件下，囊管阻力不受球囊体积或灌注液流动方向的影响。这项研究表明胆囊体积与胆囊管阻力之间没有关系，也没有显示生理性胆囊体积的胆囊管括约肌机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the prevalence of oral diseases and their impact on oral-health-related quality of life in people with severe mental illness undertaking community-based psychiatric care. METHODS:A survey was conducted at eight outpatient psychiatric care clinics in Tower Hamlets, London, UK. One hundred and twelve consecutive patients with mental illness were invited to participate in this study. They were clinically examined and asked to complete the oral health impact profile (OHIP) questionnaire. RESULTS:The response rate was 79% (n = 89); 57 (64%) males and 58 persons over 45 years of age (65%) participated in this survey. Overall OHIP score was 25.4 (95% CI 23.3, 27.4), 70 (78%) were smokers and 45 (51%) had been to the dentist in the last two years. Forty-seven (53%) respondents had caries in at least one tooth, 60 (67%) had 21 teeth and more, and 14 (16%) used dentures. Advanced periodontal treatment was indicated in 42 (55%) of patients and 52.8% (n = 47) patients reported current pain. CONCLUSION:Overall, this survey found that oral health has a great impact on patients with severe mental illness being treated in the community setting and their oral health is poorer than the national adult general population. Future research should consider the causes that relate to the poorer oral health in this population and potential health promotion mechanisms in this population to encourage an upstream approach to health.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, several electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived indices corresponding to both ventricular depolarization and repolarization were evaluated during acute myocardial ischemia in an experimental model of myocardial infarction produced by 40 min coronary balloon inflation in 13 pigs. Significant changes were rapidly observed from minute 4 after the start of coronary occlusion, achieving their maximum values between 11 and 22 min for depolarization and between 9 and 12 min for repolarization indices, respectively. Subsequently, these maximum changes started to decrease during the latter part of the occlusion. Depolarization changes associated with the second half of the QRS complex showed a significant but inverse correlation with the myocardium at risk (MaR) estimated by scintigraphic images. The correlation between MaR and changes of the downward slope of the QRS complex, [Formula: see text], evaluated at the two more relevant peaks observed during the occlusion, was r = -0.75, p < 0.01 and r = -0.79, p < 0.01 for the positive and negative deflections observed in [Formula: see text], temporal evolution, respectively. Repolarization changes, analyzed by evaluation of ST segment elevation at the main observed positive peak, also showed negative, however non-significant correlation with MaR: r = -0.34, p = 0.28. Our results suggest that changes evaluated in the latter part of the depolarization, such as those described by [Formula: see text], which are influenced by R-wave amplitude, QRS width and ST level variations simultaneously, correlate better with the amount of ischemia than other indices evaluated in the earlier part of depolarization or during the ST segment.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，在13头猪的40分钟冠状动脉球囊充气产生的心肌梗死实验模型中，评估了急性心肌缺血期间对应于心室去极化和复极化的几种心电图 (ECG) 衍生指标。从冠状动脉闭塞开始后的第4分钟开始迅速观察到显着变化，分别在去极化11至22分钟和复极化指数9至12分钟之间达到最大值。随后，在闭塞的后期，这些最大变化开始减少。与QRS复合物的后半部分相关的去极化变化与闪烁显像估计的危险心肌 (MaR) 呈显着但呈负相关。在闭塞期间观察到的两个更相关的峰处评估的MaR与QRS复合体向下斜率的变化之间的相关性为r = -0.75，p <0.01和r = -0.79，对于在 [公式: 参见文本] 中观察到的正偏转和负偏转，分别为p <0.01。通过评估主要观察到的正峰处的ST段抬高来分析复极化变化，也显示出负的，但与MaR无关: r = -0.34，p = 0.28。我们的结果表明，在去极化的后半部分评估的变化，例如 [公式: 参见文本] 所描述的变化，同时受到R波振幅，QRS宽度和ST电平变化的影响，与在去极化早期或ST段期间评估的其他指标相比，与缺血量的相关性更好。