BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VBST) neurons are involved in maternal behavior, but the neural sites to which the maternally relevant neurons project have not been determined. Since MPOA and VBST neurons express Fos during maternal behavior, we used a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure to detect both Fos and a retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in order to determine where these Fos neurons project. On Day 4 postpartum, fully maternal females were separated from their litters. On Day 5, WGA was iontophoretically injected into one of the following regions known to receive MPOA and/or VBST input: Lateral septum, medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral field, or periaqueductal gray. On Day 7, females received a 2-h test with either pups or candy, after which they were perfused and their brains were processed for the detection of Fos and WGA. As expected, females tested with pups had more Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA and VBST than did females tested with candy. After WGA injections into several brain sites, the number of double-labeled cells observed in the MPOA and VBST was greater for the maternal females when compared to the non-maternal females. Therefore, these results pinpointed neural circuits that were activated during maternal behavior. For the maternal females, Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA projected most strongly to the medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus and to the lateral septum, while Fos-containing neurons in the VBST projected most strongly to the retrorubral field, ventral tegmental area, and medial hypothalamus. Although relatively few MPOA and VBST neurons which expressed Fos during maternal behavior projected to the periaqueductal gray, these Fos-expressing neurons made up a relatively large proportion of the MPOA and VBST projection to the periaqueductal gray. This study suggests that MPOA and VBST efferents project to a variety of regions to promote full maternal responsiveness.

背景与目标： : 视前区 (MPOA) 和纹状体 (VBST) 神经元的腹床核参与母体行为，但尚未确定与母系相关的神经元投射到的神经部位。由于MPOA和VBST神经元在母体行为中表达Fos，因此我们使用双标记免疫细胞化学程序来检测Fos和逆行示踪剂小麦胚芽凝集素 (WGA)，以确定这些Fos神经元的投射位置。产后第4天，将完全的产妇与产仔分开。在第5天，将WGA离子电渗注射到以下已知接受MPOA和/或VBST输入的区域之一: 外侧隔膜，腹内侧核水平的下丘脑内侧，外侧habenula，腹侧被盖区，脑后野，或导水管周围灰色。在第7天，雌性接受了2小时的幼崽或糖果测试，然后对其进行灌注，并对其大脑进行处理以检测Fos和WGA。正如预期的那样，与用糖果测试的雌性相比，用幼崽测试的雌性在MPOA和VBST中具有更多的含Fos的神经元。在将WGA注射到多个大脑部位后，与非母体女性相比，在MPOA和VBST中观察到的双标记细胞数量更多。因此，这些结果确定了在母体行为期间激活的神经回路。对于母体女性，MPOA中含Fos的神经元最强烈地投射到腹内侧核水平的下丘脑内侧和外侧隔，而VBST中含Fos的神经元最强烈地投射到脑后野，腹侧被盖区和下丘脑内侧。尽管在投射到导水管周围灰色的母体行为中表达Fos的MPOA和VBST神经元相对较少，但这些表达Fos的神经元在MPOA和VBST投射到导水管周围灰色的比例相对较大。这项研究表明，MPOA和VBST传出剂投射到各个地区，以促进孕产妇的全面反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The nature of the primary genetic defects in ob/ob and db/db mice are unknown. Both the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutations produce similar, multicomponent obese-hyperinsulinemic syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mouse. In an attempt to find differences between these mutations in neuroendocrine function affecting the islets of Langerhans or the pituitary, tissue content of four neuropeptides that are known to be capable of influencing the rate of insulin secretion was examined in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. In the first study, C57BL/6Job/ob and control males were studied at 3, 4, and 11 weeks of age. In the second study, db/db mice of both sexes and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ), which differ markedly in the severity of expression of the diabetes phenotype, were studied at 3 weeks of age, before the development of hyperglycemia and secondary consequences thereof. Immunoreactive peptides were measured in acetic acid extracts of pancreas and pituitary. No differences between male ob/ob and db/db mice of the C57BL/6J strain were found. Marked sex differences in lean control mice were found at 3 weeks of age in pancreatic Met-enkephalin-LI and galanin-LI (with two- to threefold higher content in males). Low pancreatic content (50% to 70% lower than in control mice) of galanin-LI, Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI was associated with hyperinsulinemia in male B6 ob/ob and db/db mice at 3 weeks of age, though not in B6 db/db females and not in BKs db/db mice of either sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： : ob/ob和db/db小鼠的主要遗传缺陷的性质未知。当维持在相同的小鼠品系中时，肥胖 (ob) 和糖尿病 (db) 突变都会产生相似的多成分肥胖-高胰岛素血症综合征。为了寻找影响朗格汉斯或垂体胰岛的神经内分泌功能的这些突变之间的差异，在肥胖 (ob/ob) 和糖尿病 (db/db) 小鼠中检查了四种已知能够影响胰岛素分泌速率的神经肽的组织含量。在第一项研究中，在3、4和11周龄对C57BL/6Job/ob和对照男性进行了研究。在第二项研究中，研究了两种性别和两种近交系 (C57BL/6J和C57BL/KsJ) 的db/db小鼠，它们在糖尿病表型表达的严重程度上明显不同，在3周龄之前发生高血糖及其继发后果。在胰腺和垂体的乙酸提取物中测量了免疫反应性肽。在C57BL/6J品系的雄性ob/ob和db/db小鼠之间没有发现差异。在3周龄时，在胰腺Met-脑啡肽-LI和galanin-LI中发现瘦对照小鼠的明显性别差异 (男性含量高2至3倍)。galanin-LI，Met-脑啡肽-LI和Leu-脑啡肽-LI的低胰腺含量 (50% 70% 低于对照小鼠) 与3周龄雄性B6 ob/ob和db/db小鼠的高胰岛素血症有关，虽然不是在B6 db/db雌性中，也不是在BKs db/db小鼠中。(摘要截断在250个单词)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Musical training has emerged as a useful framework for the investigation of training-related plasticity in the human brain. Learning to play an instrument is a highly complex task that involves the interaction of several modalities and higher-order cognitive functions and that results in behavioral, structural, and functional changes on time scales ranging from days to years. While early work focused on comparison of musical experts and novices, more recently an increasing number of controlled training studies provide clear experimental evidence for training effects. Here, we review research investigating brain plasticity induced by musical training, highlight common patterns and possible underlying mechanisms of such plasticity, and integrate these studies with findings and models for mechanisms of plasticity in other domains.

背景与目标： : 音乐训练已成为研究人脑中与训练相关的可塑性的有用框架。学习演奏乐器是一项高度复杂的任务，涉及几种模态和高阶认知功能的相互作用，并导致行为，结构和功能在从数天到数年内的时间范围内发生变化。虽然早期的工作侧重于音乐专家和新手的比较，但最近越来越多的受控训练研究为训练效果提供了明确的实验证据。在这里，我们回顾了研究由音乐训练引起的大脑可塑性的研究，强调了这种可塑性的常见模式和可能的潜在机制，并将这些研究与其他领域的可塑性机制的发现和模型相结合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has shown experimental and clinical efficacy in a range of neuromodulatory models, even when delivered at low intensity (i.e. subthreshold for action potential generation). After central nervous system (CNS) injury, studies suggest that reactive astrocytes and microglia can have detrimental but also beneficial effects; thus modulating glial activity, for example through application of rTMS, could potentially be a useful therapeutic tool following neurotrauma. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the effect of low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) on GFAP (astrocyte), IBA1 (microglial), and CS56 (proteoglycan) expression in a unilateral penetrating cortical stab injury model of glial scarring in young adult and aged male and female C57BL6/J mice. Mice received contralateral low frequency, ipsilateral low frequency, ipsilateral high frequency or sham LI-rTMS (4-5mT intensity), for two weeks following injury. There was no significant difference in the overall volume of tissue containing GFAP positive (+) astrocytes, IBA1+ microglia, or proteoglycan expression, between sham and LI-rTMS-treated mice of all ages and sex. Importantly however, the density of GFAP+ astrocytes and IBA1+ microglia immediately adjacent to the injury was significantly reduced following ipsilateral low and high frequency stimulation in adult and aged females (p≤0.05), but was significantly increased in adult and aged males (p≤0.05). LI-rTMS effects were generally of greater magnitude in aged mice compared to young adult mice. These results suggest that sex differences need to be factored into therapeutic rTMS protocols. In particular, more work analyzing frequency and intensity specific effects, especially in relation to age and sex, is required to determine how rTMS can best be used to modify glial reactivity and phenotype following neurotrauma.

背景与目标： 重复经颅磁刺激 (rTMS) 是一种非侵入性的脑刺激形式，即使在低强度 (即动作电位产生的亚阈值) 下，也已在一系列神经调节模型中显示出实验和临床功效。中枢神经系统 (CNS) 损伤后，研究表明反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞可能具有有害但有益的作用; 因此，例如通过应用rTMS调节神经胶质活性，可能是神经创伤后有用的治疗工具。免疫组织化学用于测量低强度rTMS (LI-rTMS) 对年轻成年和老年C57BL6/J小鼠单侧穿透性皮质瘢痕损伤模型中GFAP (星形胶质细胞)，IBA1 (小胶质细胞) 和CS56 (蛋白聚糖) 表达的影响。损伤后两周，小鼠接受对侧低频，同侧低频，同侧高频或假LI-rTMS (4-5mT强度)。在所有年龄和性别的sham和LI-rTMS治疗的小鼠之间，含有GFAP阳性 () 星形胶质细胞，IBA1小胶质细胞或蛋白聚糖表达的组织的总体积均无显着差异。然而，重要的是，在同侧低频和高频刺激后，与损伤紧邻的GFAP + 星形胶质细胞和IBA1 + 小胶质细胞的密度在成年和老年女性中显著降低 (p ≤ 0.05)，但在成年和老年男性中显著增加 (p ≤ 0.05)。与年轻的成年小鼠相比，老年小鼠的LI-rTMS效应通常更大。这些结果表明，需要将性别差异纳入治疗性rTMS方案。特别是，需要更多的工作来分析频率和强度的特定影响，尤其是与年龄和性别有关的影响，以确定rTMS如何最好地用于改变神经创伤后的神经胶质反应性和表型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender-specific associations between prenatal smoking and birthweight, and neonate intensive health care were studied. Cross-sectional data from 11,583 newborns in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008 early childhood data sets were used. Change in infant birthweight and likelihood of receiving neonatal intensive care by prenatal smoking exposure were assessed. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the influence of prenatal smoking on birthweight and likelihood of receiving intensive neonatal health care. Compared with infants from nonsmoking mothers, prenatal smoking associated with significant decrease in infant birthweight, -203.0 g ± 32.5, P < 0.001. The change in birthweight differed between infant boys, -220.2 g ± 44.5, and girls, -184.1 g ± 38.8. Newborns exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to have low birthweight, odds ratio 1.46, P < 0.03, and to receive neonatal intensive health care, odds ratio 1.20; P < 0.04. It is imperative that prenatal counseling emphasizes prenatal maternal smoking.

背景与目标： : 研究了产前吸烟与出生体重之间的性别特异性关联，以及新生儿重症监护。使用了连续国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 2003-2008幼儿数据集中的11,583个新生儿的横断面数据。评估了婴儿出生体重的变化以及通过产前吸烟暴露接受新生儿重症监护的可能性。多变量回归模型用于评估产前吸烟对出生体重的影响以及接受重症新生儿保健的可能性。与非吸烟母亲的婴儿相比，产前吸烟与婴儿出生体重显着降低有关，-203.0g ± 32.5，P <0.001。婴儿男孩 (-220.2g ± 44.5) 和女孩 (-184.1g ± 38.8) 的出生体重变化不同。暴露于产前吸烟的新生儿更有可能出生体重低，比值比1.46，P <0.03，并接受新生儿重症监护，比值比1.20; P <0.04。产前咨询必须强调产前母亲吸烟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possibility that endocrine factors may influence the clinical course of malignant melanoma is suggested by the superior survival data of women. In preclinical models we observed a higher rate of colony formation by human melanoma cells in male compared to female SCID mice, but only in the case of the liver and not in other organs. The gender difference could be seen at an early phase of colony formation. On the other hand, in our human melanoma cell lines we failed to detect steroid receptor protein expression, and treatment with sex hormones did not considerably influence their in vitro behavior. Investigating the possible contribution of host cells to the observed gender difference, we performed in vivo blocking experiments applying pretreatment of the animals with Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride and the NK cell inhibitor anti-asialo GM1 antibody. While Kupffer cell blockade enhanced melanoma liver colonization equally in the two sexes, a more prominent increase was observed in female than in male mice in the case of NK cell inhibition. Further supporting the importance of NK cells in the lower liver colonization efficiency of melanoma cells in females, gender difference in colony formation was lost in NSG mice lacking NK activity. Although in humans no organ selectivity of gender difference in melanoma progression has been observed according to data in the literature, our results possibly indicate a contribution of natural host defense mechanisms to gender difference in survival of patients with melanoma or other tumor types as well.

背景与目标： : 女性的优越生存数据表明内分泌因素可能会影响恶性黑色素瘤的临床进程。在临床前模型中，与雌性SCID小鼠相比，我们观察到雄性黑素瘤细胞的集落形成率更高，但仅在肝脏而不是其他器官的情况下。性别差异可以在菌落形成的早期阶段看到。另一方面，在我们的人类黑素瘤细胞系中，我们未能检测到类固醇受体蛋白的表达，并且用性激素治疗不会显着影响其体外行为。研究宿主细胞对观察到的性别差异的可能贡献，我们进行了体内阻断实验，应用了Kupffer细胞抑制剂氯化g和NK细胞抑制剂抗asialo GM1抗体对动物进行预处理。尽管Kupffer细胞阻滞在两种性别中平等地增强了黑素瘤的肝脏定植，但在NK细胞抑制的情况下，雌性小鼠的增加比雄性小鼠的增加更为明显。进一步支持NK细胞在雌性黑色素瘤细胞较低的肝脏定植效率中的重要性，在缺乏NK活性的NSG小鼠中，集落形成的性别差异消失了。尽管根据文献中的数据，在人类中没有观察到黑素瘤进展中性别差异的器官选择性，但我们的结果可能表明自然宿主防御机制对黑素瘤或其他肿瘤类型患者生存中的性别差异也有贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Imidacloprid was sprayed on mango cv. Dashehari at 0.3 mL L(-1) of water during pre-bloom stage with 6-8 cm panicle size (first week of March) to control hopper and carbosulfan was sprayed at 2.0 mL L(-1) of water in the trees of mango hybrid (H-1000) during fruit development stage (first week of May) to control leaf webber. Residues of both the insecticides were analysed in peel, pulp and fruit at different stages of fruit development and maturity. The initial residues of imidacloprid, after 30 days of spraying, were 1.21, 0.56 and 1.77 mg kg(-1) in peel, pulp and whole fruit, respectively. The residues persisted in peel for 60 days and in pulp for 50 days and dissipated with a half-life of 38 days. Mature Dashehari fruits at harvest (after 85 days of spraying) were free from imidacloprid residues. Carbosulfan in mango peel dissipated from 5.30 mg kg(-1) (after 1 h of spraying) to 0.05 mg kg(-1) at the time of harvest (after 45 days of spraying). Carbosulfan residue in pulp was very low (0.08 mg kg(-1)) after 1 h of spraying, which increased gradually to 0.90 mg kg(-1) after 10 days and finally came down to 0.04 mg kg(-1) after 26 days of spraying. The insecticide residue was not detected in the pulp at the time of harvest. The residues persisted in pulp for 26 days and in peel for 45 days and degraded with a half-life of 7 days. The dissipation of both imidacloprid and carbosulfan followed first order rate kinetics in whole fruit (peel + pulp). Therefore, the safe pre-harvest intervals were suggested to be 55 days for imidacloprid and 46 days for carbosulfan before consumption of mango fruits after spraying of these insecticides.

背景与目标： : 吡虫啉喷洒在芒果上。在开花前阶段以0.3 mL L(-1) 的水进行Dashehari，穗大小为6-8厘米 (3月的第一周) 以控制料斗，并在果实发育阶段 (第一个) 的芒果杂种 (H-1000) 的树木中喷洒2.0 mL L(-1) 的水5月的一周) 来控制叶韦伯。在果实发育和成熟的不同阶段，分析了两种杀虫剂在果皮，果肉和果实中的残留。喷洒30天后，吡虫啉的初始残留量分别为1.21，0.56和1.77 mg kg(-1)，在果皮，果肉和整个水果中。残留物在果皮中持续60天，在纸浆中持续50天，并消散，半衰期为38天。收获时成熟的Dashehari果实 (喷洒85天后) 不含吡虫啉残留物。芒果果皮中的硫丹从5.30 mg kg(-1) (喷雾1小时后) 消散至收获时 (喷雾45天后) 的0.05 mg kg(-1)。喷洒1小时后，纸浆中的硫丹碳残留量非常低 (0.08 mg kg(-1))，10天后逐渐增加到0.90 mg kg(-1)，最后在喷洒26天后降至0.04 mg kg(-1)。收获时未在果肉中检测到杀虫剂残留物。残留物在纸浆中持续26天，在果皮中持续45天，半衰期为7天。吡虫啉和硫丹的耗散均遵循整个果实 (果皮果肉) 的一级速率动力学。因此，建议在喷洒这些杀虫剂后食用芒果果实之前，吡虫啉的安全收获前间隔为55天，而硫丹的安全收获前间隔为46天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with heterotrimeric G proteins and initiate a wide variety of signaling pathways. The molecular nature of GPCR-G protein interactions in the clinically important thromboxane A2 (TxA(2)) receptor (TP) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) receptor (IP) is poorly understood. The TP activates its cognate G protein (Gαq) in response to the binding of thromboxane, while the IP signals through Gαs in response to the binding of prostacyclin. Here, we utilized a combination of approaches consisting of chimeric receptors, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis to precisely study the specificity of G protein coupling. Multiple chimeric receptors were constructed by replacing the TP intracellular loops (ICLs) with the ICL regions of the IP. Our results demonstrate that both the sequences and lengths of ICL2 and ICL3 influenced G protein specificity. Importantly, we identified a precise ICL region on the prostanoid receptors TP and IP that can switch G protein specificities. The validities of the chimeric technique and the derived molecular model were confirmed by introducing clinically relevant naturally occurring mutations (R60L in the TP and R212C in the IP). Our findings provide new molecular insights into prostanoid receptor-G protein interactions, which are of general significance for understanding the structural basis of G protein activation by GPCRs in basic health and cardiovascular disease.

背景与目标： : g蛋白偶联受体 (gpcr) 与异三聚体g蛋白相互作用，并启动多种信号通路。临床上重要的血栓烷A2 (TxA(2)) 受体 (TP) 和前列环素 (PGI(2)) 受体 (IP) 中gpcr-g蛋白相互作用的分子性质知之甚少。TP响应血栓烷的结合而激活其同源g蛋白 (G α q)，而IP响应前列环素的结合而通过G α s发出信号。在这里，我们结合了由嵌合受体，分子建模和定点诱变组成的方法来精确研究g蛋白偶联的特异性。通过用IP的ICL区域替换TP细胞内环 (ICL) 来构建多个嵌合受体。我们的结果表明，ICL2和ICL3的序列和长度均影响g蛋白的特异性。重要的是，我们在前列腺素受体TP和IP上确定了一个精确的ICL区域，可以切换g蛋白特异性。通过引入临床相关的自然发生突变 (TP中的R60L和IP中的R212C)，证实了嵌合技术和衍生分子模型的有效性。我们的发现为前列腺素受体-g蛋白相互作用提供了新的分子见解，这对于理解GPCRs在基础健康和心血管疾病中激活g蛋白的结构基础具有普遍意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-regulation processes and violent contexts play an important role in predicting adolescents' aggressive behavior; less clear is how all three constructs are linked to each other over time. The present study examined the longitudinal relations among adolescents' self-reported effortful control (EC), exposure to community violence, both as a witness and as a victim, and aggressive behavior. Participants were 768 Italian adolescents (358 males) living in a high-risk context, with a mean age at T1 of 11 years in the younger cohort and 14 years in the older cohort. In a four-wave cross-lagged panel design, low EC was a strong predictor of aggressive behavior across each time point, whereas aggressive behavior was found to positively predict adolescents' violence exposure both as witnesses and victims. Some evidence of transactional relations was also found between adjustment problems and exposure to community violence and between EC and externalizing problems. Moreover, EC was indirectly related to exposure to violence through externalizing problems, and mediated the relation of witnessing community violence to aggression, thus supporting the view that top-down regulatory processes play a complex role in the development of violence and other externalizing problems. The importance of considering interventions that take in account these complex relations is discussed.

背景与目标： : 自我调节过程和暴力环境在预测青少年的攻击行为中起着重要作用; 不太清楚的是随着时间的推移，所有三个结构如何相互联系。本研究调查了青少年自我报告的努力控制 (EC)，作为证人和受害者暴露于社区暴力以及攻击行为之间的纵向关系。参与者为768名生活在高风险环境中的意大利青少年 (358名男性)，在T1时，年轻队列的平均年龄为11岁，而老年队列的平均年龄为14岁。在四波交叉滞后面板设计中，低EC是每个时间点攻击行为的有力预测指标，而攻击行为被发现可以积极预测青少年作为证人和受害者的暴力暴露。在调整问题和社区暴力暴露之间以及欧共体和外部化问题之间，也发现了一些交易关系的证据。此外，欧共体通过外部化问题与暴力接触间接相关，并调解了目睹社区暴力与攻击的关系，从而支持自上而下的监管程序在暴力和其他外部化问题的发展中起着复杂作用的观点。讨论了考虑这些复杂关系的干预措施的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.

背景与目标： : 这篇综述描述了青少年自杀行为流行病学，病理生理学，危险因素，治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一，青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题，并且在过去几十年中观察到青少年自杀率上升。被认为是导致年轻人自杀行为最近上升的一个重要危险因素是青少年酗酒增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系很复杂，多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年的自杀行为很重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的合并症精神病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。家里有酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀风险。对应激激素，脑神经递质，遗传因素，行为措施和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了启示。理想情况下，接受酒精使用障碍和同时发生自杀的诊断的青少年的治疗应遵循解决这两种情况的综合方案。值得对酗酒和/或滥用药物的青少年自杀的心理和神经生物学机制进行进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally low frequency of the behaviour in the wild with the high rates obtained in previous experiments, we tested three conditions where dunking varied between 0 and 70%. Dunking was very rare when it had been made unnecessary by pre-soaking the food, water was far from the dry items offered and only one food item was given, focusing all competitive interactions and theft attempts on a single individual. In contrast, dunking rate was high when food was not pre-soaked, water was close to dry food and more than one item (and hence target for competition and theft) was given. These experiments confirm that dunking rates, like other proto-tool-like food-processing techniques, depend on the costs and benefits of the situation where they are used.

背景与目标： : 在巴巴多斯的野生加勒比grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) 中，浸泡是将干粮在水中软化以加快食用时间的行为，通常是非常罕见的行为。当在最大程度地减少种内竞争和盗窃风险的条件下将大量干燥物品反复放置在站立的水源附近时，可以通过实验提高其频率。为了使野外行为的正常频率与先前实验中获得的高比率相协调，我们测试了三个条件，其中扣篮在0到70% 之间变化。当预先浸泡食物而变得不必要时，扣篮是非常罕见的，水远离提供的干物品，只提供了一种食物，将所有竞争互动和盗窃企图集中在一个人身上。相反，当未预先浸泡食物，水接近干粮并且给出了多个物品 (因此是竞争和盗窃的目标) 时，扣篮率很高。这些实验证实，与其他类似原始工具的食品加工技术一样，灌篮率取决于使用它们的情况的成本和收益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-compliance with oral self-care recommendations, despite education and motivation, is a major problem in preventive dentistry. Forming concrete if-then action plans has been successful in changing self-care behavior in other areas of preventive medicine. This is the first trial to test the effects of a brief planning intervention on interdental hygiene behavior. Two hundred thirty-nine participants received a packet of floss, information, and a flossing guide. They were randomly assigned to a control or an intervention group. The intervention took 1.16 minutes and consisted of forming a concrete plan of where, when, and how to floss. Baseline measures and two-week and two-month follow-ups included self-report, residual floss, and theory of planned behavior variables. The intervention significantly affected flossing in that group at two-week and two-month follow-ups, as compared with the control group. This study provides evidence for the effects of a concise intervention on oral self-care behavior.

背景与目标： : 尽管受过教育和动机，但不遵守口腔自我保健建议是预防牙科的主要问题。制定具体的if-then行动计划已成功地改变了预防医学其他领域的自我护理行为。这是第一个测试简短计划干预对齿间卫生行为影响的试验。两百三十九名参与者收到了一包牙线，信息和牙线指南。他们被随机分配到对照组或干预组。干预花费了1.16分钟，包括在哪里，何时以及如何使用牙线形成具体计划。基线测量以及两周和两个月的随访包括自我报告，残留牙线和计划行为变量理论。与对照组相比，该干预在两周和两个月的随访中显着影响了该组的牙线。这项研究为简明干预对口腔自我护理行为的影响提供了证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Criminal Sentiments Scale (CSS) purports to measure attitudes and values pertaining to and in support of criminal conduct (Andrews & Bonta, 2003). A sample of 72 sex offenders treated in a high intensity sex offender program completed the CSS pre- and post-treatment and was followed up for approximately 3 years. The CSS demonstrated high internal consistency. Correlational and ROC analyses indicated that the CSS is a robust predictor of non-sexual violent and non-violent recidivism. The CSS also correlated significantly with the General Statistical Information on Recidivism Scale which assesses non-sexual recidivism risk. Similar analyses showed that the CSS did not predict sexual recidivism nor did it correlate with a tool that assesses sexual recidivism risk-the Static 99. The CSS scores changed significantly in the predicted direction following treatment. The present results suggest that the CSS is an internally consistent tool for the assessment of criminal sentiments among sex offenders and that it predicts non-sexual but not sexual recidivism.

背景与目标： : 犯罪情绪量表 (CSS) 旨在衡量与犯罪行为有关并支持犯罪行为的态度和价值观 (Andrews & Bonta，2003)。在高强度性犯罪者计划中接受治疗的72名性犯罪者的样本完成了CSS的治疗前和治疗后，并进行了大约3年的随访。CSS显示出很高的内部一致性。相关分析和ROC分析表明，CSS是非性暴力和非暴力累犯的可靠预测指标。CSS还与累犯量表上的一般统计信息显着相关，该量表评估了非性累犯风险。类似的分析表明，CSS不能预测性累犯，也不能与评估性累犯风险的工具-静态99相关。治疗后，CSS得分在预测方向上发生了显着变化。目前的结果表明，CSS是一种内部一致的工具，用于评估性犯罪者的犯罪情绪，并且可以预测非性行为，而不是性累犯。