BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A study was conducted to determine whether following exposure of male mice to high temperatures, the ability of their spermatozoa to fertilise ova was reduced, especially during the period before the males became completely infertile. Male mice placed in a microclimate chamber at 36 degrees C for two periods, each of 12 h on successive days, were less able to fertilise control females in vivo when mated and, even in those females that became pregnant, litter size was reduced. However, these effects were associated with falls in testis weight and numbers of spermatozoa in the testis and epididymis. To determine whether the effect on fertility was a result of the decreased spermatozoa numbers, spermatozoa were collected from the epididymides of heated and control males. Equal numbers of motile spermatozoa from an unselected sample or those subjected to a swim-up procedure to separate those that were motile from the immotile ones in the sample were then mixed in vitro with oocytes from superovulated normal females. Similar numbers of spermatozoa from both control and heated males bound to the zona pellucida but smaller percentages of the oocytes were fertilised by spermatozoa from the heated males and fewer of these spermatozoa penetrated the ova. The effects were first seen 7 days after the heat exposure and became more obvious after 10 or 14 days.

背景与目标： : 进行了一项研究，以确定雄性小鼠暴露于高温后，其精子受精卵子的能力是否降低，尤其是在雄性完全不育之前。在36摄氏度的小气候室中放置两个周期的雄性小鼠，每次连续12小时，交配时在体内受精对照雌性的能力较小，即使在怀孕的雌性中，产仔数也减少了。然而，这些影响与睾丸重量下降以及睾丸和附睾中精子数量下降有关。为了确定对生育力的影响是否是精子数量减少的结果，从加热和对照男性的附睾中收集了精子。然后将来自未选择样品的等量运动精子或经过游泳程序以将样品中运动的精子与未运动的精子分开的精子与超排卵正常雌性的卵母细胞在体外混合。与透明带结合的对照雄性和受热雄性的精子数量相似，但受热雄性的精子受精的卵母细胞百分比较小，而这些精子穿透卵子的数量较少。这种影响首先在暴露于热后7天出现，并在10或14天后变得更加明显。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Multiple traits of stress resistance were investigated in the epedaphic springtail Orchesella cincta. Second generation adults from five laboratory populations were compared with respect to resistance to extreme temperatures and desiccation, and traits relevant to climatic adaptation. Populations were collected along a 2000-km latitudinal gradient ranging from Denmark to southern Italy and reared under the same standard laboratory conditions. Traits investigated were resistance to high and low temperature, desiccation resistance, body size and water loss rate (WLR). Results showed genetically based differences in resistance to high and low temperature, desiccation, WLR, water pool and body size between populations. Individuals from the most northern population had the highest desiccation-and cold shock resistance, and the lowest heat shock resistance. Females were significantly more desiccation resistant than males. The results of cold shock resistance showed a positive increase with lowest environmental temperature recorded at the sites of population origin, whereas heat shock resistance showed a positive increase with highest recorded temperature at the sites of population origin. Desiccation resistance increased towards the most southern and northern population, suggesting that both low and high temperature extremes affect desiccation resistance. Body mass, water pool and WLR showed interpopulation as well as sex specific variation. This provides evidence for geographical variation in stress resistance of springtails related to climatic conditions.

背景与目标： : 在epedaphic springtail Orchesella cincta中研究了抗逆性的多种特征。比较了来自五个实验室种群的第二代成年人对极端温度和干燥的抵抗力以及与气候适应有关的特征。从丹麦到意大利南部，沿2000公里的纬度梯度收集种群，并在相同的标准实验室条件下饲养。研究的特征是耐高低温，耐干性，体型和失水率 (WLR)。结果显示，人群之间对高温和低温，干燥，WLR，水池和体型的抗性存在基于遗传的差异。来自最北部人口的个体具有最高的抗干燥性和抗冷休克性，而最低的抗热休克性。女性的耐干燥性明显高于男性。抗冷休克性的结果显示，在人口来源的地点记录的最低环境温度为正增加，而在人口来源的地点记录的最高温度下，抗热休克性为正增加。对最南部和北部人口的干燥抗性增加，表明低温和高温极端都会影响干燥抗性。体重，水池和WLR显示出种群间以及性别特异性变异。这为与气候条件有关的springtails抗逆性的地理变化提供了证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES) and binge eating disorder (BED) and their related behavioral and psychological correlates in persons who sought bariatric surgery. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES:A consecutive series of 215 persons with extreme obesity (82% women, 70% European American) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory and a semistructured interview as part of a pre-surgery behavioral/psychological assessment. Diagnoses for NES and BED were based on graded diagnostic criteria. RESULTS:Percentages of participants who met diagnostic criteria for NES by interview were 1.9% for the strictest definition and 8.9% across all definitions of NES. After interview, full DSM-TR criteria for BED were met by 4.2%; an additional 1.4% reported binge eating at least once per week. Self-reported prevalence of NES and BED were higher. Those with NES or BED had significantly more symptoms of depression and a greater history of psychological complications than the remaining sample. DISCUSSION:The prevalence rates of NES and BED among this population of bariatric surgery candidates were lower than expected based on previous reports. Findings and hypotheses regarding lowered prevalence rates are discussed.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The work of the main European research teams in the field of thermal factors was coordinated in order to improve significantly the Required Sweat Rate model published as an international standard. Many significant modifications were brought, in particular concerning the effects of forced convection, body movements and exercise and the prediction of the skin temperature as a function of the rectal temperature and in case of severe conditions of radiation, humidity and clothing. The criteria for acceptable work durations in hot environments were updated concerning the maximum increase in core temperature and the acceptable water loss. The revised model, called Predicted Heat Strain model, was validated through a set of lab and field experiments involving stable and fluctuating conditions with high and low radiation, humidity and air velocity. It is meanwhile adopted as an ISO and CEN standard. In addition, a strategy was developed to assess the risks of heat disorders in any working situation. It is based on the three highest stages of the SOBANE strategy: an "Observation" method for improving simply the thermal conditions of work; an "Analysis" method to evaluate the magnitude of the problem and optimise the choice of solutions and an "Expert" method for in depth analysis of the working situation when needed.

背景与目标： : 协调了欧洲主要研究小组在热因素领域的工作，以显着改善作为国际标准发布的所需汗率模型。进行了许多重大修改，特别是在强迫对流，身体运动和运动的影响以及皮肤温度随直肠温度的变化以及在辐射，湿度和衣服的严酷条件下的预测方面。更新了在高温环境中可接受的工作持续时间的标准，涉及岩心温度的最大升高和可接受的水损失。修订后的模型称为预测热应变模型，已通过一系列实验室和现场实验进行了验证，这些实验涉及高辐射和低辐射，湿度和空气速度的稳定和波动条件。同时被采用为ISO和CEN标准。此外，还制定了一项战略，以评估任何工作情况下的热病风险。它基于SOBANE策略的三个最高阶段: 一种 “观察” 方法，用于简单地改善工作的热条件; 一种 “分析” 方法，用于评估问题的严重性并优化解决方案的选择，以及一种 “专家” 方法，用于在需要时深入分析工作情况。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood psychiatric disorder. Despite intensive research efforts, the aetiology of ADHD remains unknown. Current evidence suggests that the aetiology of ADHD is heterogeneous, comprising of multiple factors. Recently, it has been proposed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophic factor family, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD. This hypothesis is supported by recent genetic studies in ADHD. Drawing on findings from studies into the drugs for ADHD relating to central BDNF expression, hyperactivity in BDNF knockout mice, BDNF effects in midbrain dopaminergic function and the close association between BDNF and the dopamine transporter (an important molecule for ADHD pathogenesis), it is proposed here that decreased central BDNF, particularly in the midbrain region, may play an important role in the pathogenesis ADHD. This hypothesis may have some implications for clinical findings in ADHD (for example, the co-morbidity between ADHD and major depression), and provide a new direction for the development of medication for ADHD treatment.

背景与目标： : 注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一种常见的儿童精神疾病。尽管进行了大量研究，但ADHD的病因仍然未知。目前的证据表明，ADHD的病因是异质的，由多种因素组成。最近，有人提出，神经营养因子家族的成员脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 可能与ADHD的发病机理有关。该假设得到了ADHD最近的遗传研究的支持。根据对ADHD药物的研究结果，该药物与中枢BDNF表达，BDNF基因敲除小鼠的活动过度，BDNF在中脑多巴胺能功能中的作用以及BDNF与多巴胺转运蛋白 (ADHD发病机理的重要分子) 之间的密切联系有关，在这里提出降低中枢BDNF，特别是在中脑区域，可能在ADHD的发病机理中起重要作用。该假设可能对ADHD的临床发现 (例如，ADHD与重度抑郁症之间的合并症) 具有一定的意义，并为ADHD治疗药物的发展提供了新的方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although the role of oxidative stress in maternal aging and infertility has been suggested, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study is designed to determine the relationship between mitochondrial function and spindle stability in metaphase II (MII) oocytes under oxidative stress. MII mouse oocytes were treated with H2O2 in the presence or absence of permeability transition pores (PTPs) blockers cyclosporin A (CsA). In addition, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), F0/F1 synthase inhibitor oligomycin A, the mitochondria uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 4-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) or thapsigargin plus 2.5 mM Ca2+ (Th+2.5 mM Ca2+) were used in mechanistic studies. Morphologic analyses of oocyte spindles and chromosomes were performed and mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) and cytoplasmic ATP content within oocytes were also assayed. In a time- and H2O2 dose-dependent manner, disruption of meiotic spindles was found after oocytes were treated with H2O2, which was prevented by pre-treatment with NAC. Administration of H2O2 led to a dissipation of DeltaPsim, an increase in [Ca2+]c and a decrease in cytoplasmic ATP levels. These detrimental responses of oocytes to H2O2 treatment could be blocked by pre-incubation with CsA. Similar to H2O2, both oligomycin A and FCCP dissipated DeltaPsim, decreased cytoplasmic ATP contents and disassembled MII oocyte spindles, while high [Ca2+]c alone had no effects on spindle morphology. In conclusion, the decrease in mitochondria-derived ATP during oxidative stress may cause a disassembly of mouse MII oocyte spindles, presumably due to the opening of the mitochondrial PTPs.

背景与目标： : 尽管已经提出了氧化应激在孕产妇衰老和不育中的作用，但其潜在机制尚未完全了解。本研究旨在确定氧化应激下中期II (MII) 卵母细胞线粒体功能与纺锤体稳定性之间的关系。在存在或不存在通透性过渡孔 (ptp) 阻滞剂环孢菌素A (CsA) 的情况下，用H2O2处理MII小鼠卵母细胞。此外，在机理研究中使用了抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸 (NAC)，F0/F1合酶抑制剂寡霉素A，线粒体解偶联羰基氰化物4-三氟-甲氧基苯腙 (FCCP) 或thapsigargin加2.5 mM Ca2 (Th 2.5 mM Ca2)。进行了卵母细胞纺锤体和染色体的形态学分析，并测定了卵母细胞内线粒体膜电位 (DeltaPsim)，胞质游离钙浓度 ([Ca2] c) 和胞质ATP含量。以时间和H2O2剂量依赖性的方式，在用H2O2处理卵母细胞后发现了减数分裂纺锤体的破坏，而NAC预处理可以防止这种破坏。施用H2O2导致DeltaPsim消散，[Ca2] c增加和细胞质ATP水平降低。卵母细胞对H2O2处理的这些有害反应可以通过与CsA预孵育来阻断。与H2O2相似，寡霉素A和FCCP都消散了DeltaPsim，降低了细胞质ATP含量并分解了MII卵母细胞纺锤体，而单独的高 [Ca2] c对纺锤体形态没有影响。总之，氧化应激过程中线粒体衍生的ATP的减少可能会导致小鼠MII卵母细胞纺锤体的分解，这可能是由于线粒体PTPs的打开所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relation between measures of pain threshold and symptoms of distress to determine if fibromyalgia is a discrete construct/ disorder in the clinic.

METHODS:627 patients seen at an outpatient rheumatology centre from 1993 to 1996 underwent tender point and dolorimetry examinations. All completed the assessment scales for fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, global severity, pain, functional disability, and a composite measure of distress constructed from scores of sleep disturbance, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and global severity-the rheumatology distress index (RDI).

RESULTS:In regression analyses, the RDI was linearly related to the count of tender points (r2 = 0.30). Lesser associations were found between the RDI and dolorimetry measurements (r2 = 0.08). The RDI was more strongly correlated with the two measures of pain threshold than any of the individual fibromyalgia symptom variables. In partial correlation analyses, all of the information relating to symptom variables was contained in the tender point count, and dolorimetry was not independently related to symptoms.

CONCLUSION:Tender points are linearly related to fibromyalgia variables and distress, and there is no discrete enhancement or perturbation of fibromyalgia or distress variables associated with very high levels of tender points. Although fibromyalgia is a recognisable clinical entity, there seems to be no rationale for treating fibromyalgia as a discrete disorder, and it would seem appropriate to consider the entire range of tenderness and distress in clinic patients as well as in research studies. The tender point count functions as a 'sedimentation rate' for distress, and is a better measure than the dolorimetry score.

背景与目标： 目的 : 研究疼痛阈值的测量与痛苦症状之间的关系，以确定纤维肌痛是否是临床中的离散结构/疾病。
方法 : 在门诊风湿病中心1993年的627名患者1996年接受了压痛点和度日检查。全部完成乏力，睡眠障碍，焦虑，抑郁，整体严重程度，疼痛，功能障碍的评估量表，以及由睡眠障碍，乏力，焦虑，抑郁，和全球严重程度-风湿病困扰指数 (RDI)。
结果 : 在回归分析中，RDI与压痛点的计数呈线性关系 (r2 = 0.30)。在RDI和测年测量之间发现较小的关联 (r2 = 0.08)。与任何单个纤维肌痛症状变量相比，RDI与两种疼痛阈值的相关性更强。在偏相关分析中，与症状变量有关的所有信息都包含在压痛点计数中，并且度量法与症状没有独立关系。
结论 : 压痛点与纤维肌痛变量和困扰呈线性关系，并且没有与非常高的压痛点相关的纤维肌痛或窘迫变量的离散增强或扰动。尽管纤维肌痛是可识别的临床实体，但似乎没有理由将纤维肌痛作为一种离散性疾病进行治疗，并且在临床患者以及研究中考虑整个范围的压痛和困扰似乎是合适的。招标点计数起遇险的 “沉降率” 的作用，并且比dolorimetry评分更好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Increased ammonia accumulation in the brain due to liver dysfunction is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Fatal outcome of rapidly progressing (acute) HE is mainly related to cytotoxic brain edema associated with astrocytic swelling. An increase of brain ammonia in experimental animals or treatment of cultured astrocytes with ammonia generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the target tissues, leading to oxidative/nitrosative stress (ONS). In cultured astrocytes, ammonia-induced ONS is invariably associated with the increase of the astrocytic cell volume. Interrelated mechanisms underlying this response include increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis which is partly coupled to the activation of NMDA receptors and increased generation of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidase. ONS and astrocytic swelling are further augmented by excessive synthesis of glutamine (Gln) which impairs mitochondrial function following its accumulation in there and degradation back to ammonia ("the Trojan horse" hypothesis). Ammonia also induces ONS in other cell types of the CNS: neurons, microglia and the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC). ONS in microglia contributes to the central inflammatory response, while its metabolic and pathophysiological consequences in the BCEC evolve to the vasogenic brain edema associated with HE. Ammonia-induced ONS results in the oxidation of mRNA and nitration/nitrosylation of proteins which impact intracellular metabolism and potentiate the neurotoxic effects. Simultaneously, ammonia facilitates the antioxidant response of the brain, by activating astrocytic transport and export of glutathione, in this way increasing the availability of precursors of neuronal glutathione synthesis.

背景与目标： : 由于肝功能障碍，大脑中氨积累的增加是肝性脑病 (HE) 发病机理的主要原因。快速进展 (急性) HE的致命结果主要与星形细胞肿胀相关的细胞毒性脑水肿有关。实验动物中脑氨的增加或用氨处理培养的星形胶质细胞会在目标组织中产生活性氧和氮，从而导致氧化/亚硝化应激 (ONS)。在培养的星形胶质细胞中，氨诱导的ONS总是与星形细胞体积的增加有关。此响应的相关机制包括增加的一氧化氮 (NO) 合成，这部分与NMDA受体的激活以及NADPH氧化酶增加的活性氧生成有关。谷氨酰胺 (Gln) 的过度合成进一步加剧了ONS和星形细胞的肿胀，谷氨酰胺 (Gln) 在其中积累并降解回氨后会损害线粒体功能 (“特洛伊木马” 假说)。氨还在中枢神经系统的其他细胞类型中诱导ONS: 神经元，小胶质细胞和脑毛细血管内皮细胞 (BCEC)。小胶质细胞中的ONS有助于中枢炎症反应，而其在BCEC中的代谢和病理生理后果则演变为与HE相关的血管源性脑水肿。氨诱导的ONS导致mRNA的氧化和蛋白质的硝化/亚硝基化，从而影响细胞内代谢并增强神经毒性作用。同时，氨通过激活星形细胞的运输和谷胱甘肽的出口来促进大脑的抗氧化反应，从而增加了神经元谷胱甘肽合成前体的可用性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles, currently the extracts from leaves of cynara scolymus has been discovered to treat metabolic disorders and has been stated by multitudinous scientists according to a good source of polyphenols compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol leaves extract of C. scolymus in alloxan induced stress oxidant, hepatic-kidney dysfunction and histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas of different experimental groups of rats. METHODS:We determinate the antioxidant activity by ABTS .+ and antioxidant total capacity (TAC) of all extracts of C. scolymus leaves, the inhibition of α-amylase activity in vitro was also investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Diabetic rats were orally and daily administrated of ethanol extract from C. scolymus at two doses (200-400 mg/kg, b.w) or (12 mg/kg, b.w) with anti-diabetic reference drug, Acarbose for one month. Ethanol extract of C. scolymus effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and histological study. RESULTS:The results indicated that the ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus showed the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS .+ (499.43g± 39.72 Trolox/g dry extract) and (128.75 ± 8.45 mg VC /g dry extract) for TAC and endowed the powerful inhibition in vitro of α-amylase activity with IC50=72,22 ug/uL. In vivo, the results showed that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the α-amylase levels in serum of diabetic rats, respectively associated with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in blood glucose rate of 42,84% and 37,91% compared to diabetic groups after 28 days of treatment, a significant lowered of plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch) by 18,11% and triglyceride (TG) by 60,47%, significantly and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) by 37,77%, compared to diabetic rats, moreover, the administration of ethanol extract appears to exert anti-oxidative activity demonstrated by the increase of CAT, SOD and GSH activities in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats. This positive effect of the ethanol extract from C. scolymus was confirmed by histological study. CONCLUSION:These observed strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus has anti-hyperglycemic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Opioid use disorder (OUD) frequently begins in adolescence and young adulthood. Intervening early with pharmacotherapy is recommended by major professional organizations. No prior national studies have examined the extent to which adolescents and young adults (collectively termed youth) with OUD receive pharmacotherapy. Objective:To identify time trends and disparities in receipt of buprenorphine and naltrexone among youth with OUD in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants:A retrospective cohort study was conducted using deidentified data from a national commercial insurance database. Enrollment and complete health insurance claims of 9.7 million youth, aged 13 to 25 years were analyzed, identifying individuals who received a diagnosis of OUD between January 1, 2001, and June 30, 2014, with final follow-up date December 31, 2014. Analysis was conducted from April 25 to December 31, 2016. Time trends were identified and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine sociodemographic factors associated with medication receipt. Exposures:Sex, age, race/ethnicity, neighborhood education and poverty levels, geographic region, census region, and year of diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures:Dispensing of a medication (buprenorphine or naltrexone) within 6 months of first receiving an OUD diagnosis. Results:Among 20 822 youth diagnosed with OUD (0.2% of the 9.7 million sample), 13 698 (65.8%) were male and 17 119 (82.2%) were non-Hispanic white. Mean (SD) age was 21.0 (2.5) years at the first observed diagnosis. The diagnosis rate of OUD increased nearly 6-fold from 2001 to 2014 (from 0.26 per 100 000 person-years to 1.51 per 100 000 person-years). Overall, 5580 (26.8%) youth were dispensed a medication within 6 months of diagnosis, with 4976 (89.2%) of medication-treated youth receiving buprenorphine and 604 (10.8%) receiving naltrexone. Medication receipt increased more than 10-fold, from 3.0% in 2002 (when buprenorphine was introduced) to 31.8% in 2009, but declined in subsequent years (27.5% in 2014). In multivariable analyses, younger individuals were less likely to receive medications, with adjusted probability for age 13 to 15 years, 1.4% (95% CI, 0.4%-2.3%); 16 to 17 years, 9.7% (95% CI, 8.4%-11.1%); 18 to 20 years, 22.0% (95% CI, 21.0%-23.0%); and 21 to 25 years, 30.5% (95% CI, 30.0%-31.5%) (P < .001 for difference). Females (7124 [20.3%]) were less likely than males (13 698 [24.4%]) to receive medications (P < .001), as were non-Hispanic black (105 [14.8%]) and Hispanic (1165 [20.0%]) youth compared with non-Hispanic white (17 119 [23.1%]) youth (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance:In this first national study of buprenorphine and naltrexone receipt among youth, dispensing increased over time. Nonetheless, only 1 in 4 commercially insured youth with OUD received pharmacotherapy, and disparities based on sex, age, and race/ethnicity were observed.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate temperament and character traits using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) in comparison with healthy control subjects (HC), and to verify if comorbidity with disruptive behavioral disorders and being currently depressed influence JTCI scores. METHODS:A case-control study comprising 41 MDD children/adolescents matched to 40 HC by gender and age (8-17years). All participants were assessed diagnostically with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL). Temperament and character traits were measured with the parent and child versions of JTCI, and depression was evaluated with the Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS). RESULTS:According to child and parent data, MDD subjects had significantly higher scores on harm avoidance and novelty seeking, and lower scores on reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness compared with HC. According to parent data only, MDD subjects significantly differed from HC on self-transcendence (lower spirituality scores and higher fantasy scores). Comorbidity with disruptive behavioral disorders exerted influence on almost all dimensions, in general increasing the mean differences between MDD and HC subjects. Also, being currently depressed did not influence the results, except for reward dependence according to parent data. LIMITATIONS:The cross-sectional nature of the study and its limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS:MDD children/adolescents have a different temperament and character profile compared to HC subjects. This study supports previous findings of trait-like characteristics of harm avoidance and self-directedness.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rooibos leaves and fine stems (Aspalathus linearis; Fabaceae) are increasingly enjoyed as herbal tea, largely in fermented (oxidised) red-brown form, but also in unfermented (unoxidised) green form. Rooibos is rich in antioxidant polyphenols, with the dihydrochalcone, aspalathin, as a major active ingredient. We used Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism to investigate the effect of rooibos extracts against oxidative stress in vivo. In a high glucose environment, C. elegans treated with rooibos extract exhibited an extended lifespan. Furthermore, green rooibos was a more potent antioxidant than red rooibos, probably due to its substantially higher aspalathin content. In addition, rooibos decreased acute oxidative damage caused by the superoxide anion radical generator, juglone, with aspalathin playing a major role in improving the survival rate of C. elegans. Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that aspalathin targets stress and ageing related genes, reducing the endogenous intracellular level of ROS. These findings suggest that rooibos increases stress resistance and promotes longevity under stress, probably mediated via a regulation of the DAF-16/FOXO insulin-like signalling pathway, supporting some of the health claims put forward for rooibos tea.

背景与目标： : Rooibos的叶子和细茎 (Aspalathus linearis; Fabaceae) 作为凉茶越来越受到欢迎，主要以发酵 (氧化) 的红棕色形式，但也以未发酵 (未氧化) 的绿色形式。Rooibos富含抗氧化剂多酚，其中二氢查耳酮，aspalathin是主要的活性成分。我们使用秀丽隐杆线虫作为模型生物，研究了rooibos提取物对体内氧化应激的影响。在高葡萄糖环境中，用rooibos提取物处理的秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命延长。此外，绿色rooibos是比红色rooibos更有效的抗氧化剂，这可能是由于其aspalathin含量高得多。此外，rooibos降低了由超氧阴离子自由基发生器juglone引起的急性氧化损伤，而aspalathin在提高秀丽隐杆线虫的存活率中起着重要作用。实时定量PCR结果表明，aspalathin靶向应激和衰老相关基因，降低了细胞内ROS的内源性水平。这些发现表明，rooibos可能通过调节DAF-16/FOXO胰岛素样信号通路介导，可以提高应激抵抗力并促进应激状态下的寿命，从而支持rooibos茶提出的一些健康要求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mitochondrial dysfunction is the most prominent source of oxidative stress in acute and chronic kidney disease. NLRX1 is a receptor of the innate immune system that is ubiquitously expressed and localized in mitochondria. We investigated whether NLRX1 may act at the interface of metabolism and innate immunity in a model of oxidative stress. Using a chimeric mouse model for renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, we found that NLRX1 protects against mortality, mitochondrial damage, and epithelial cell apoptosis in an oxidative stress-dependent fashion. We found that NLRX1 regulates oxidative phosphorylation and cell integrity, whereas loss of NLRX1 results in increased oxygen consumption, oxidative stress, and subsequently apoptosis in epithelial cells during ischemia-reperfusion injury. In line, we found that NLRX1 expression in human kidneys decreased during acute renal ischemic injury and acute cellular rejection. Although first implicated in immune regulation, we propose that NLRX1 function extends to the control of mitochondrial activity and prevention of oxidative stress and apoptosis in tissue injury.

背景与目标： : 线粒体功能障碍是急性和慢性肾脏疾病中氧化应激的最突出来源。NLRX1是先天免疫系统的受体，广泛表达并定位在线粒体中。我们研究了NLRX1是否可能在氧化应激模型中作用于代谢和先天免疫的界面。使用嵌合小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型，我们发现NLRX1以氧化应激依赖性方式保护死亡率，线粒体损伤和上皮细胞凋亡。我们发现NLRX1调节氧化磷酸化和细胞完整性，而NLRX1的丢失会导致缺血再灌注损伤期间的耗氧量增加，氧化应激以及上皮细胞的凋亡。我们发现，在急性肾缺血损伤和急性细胞排斥反应期间，人肾脏中NLRX1的表达降低。尽管首先涉及免疫调节，但我们建议NLRX1功能扩展到控制线粒体活性以及预防组织损伤中的氧化应激和凋亡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study utilized longitudinal data from a high-risk community sample (N = 377; 166 trauma-exposed; 202 males; 175 females; 73% non-Hispanic Caucasian) to test pretrauma measures of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms as unique prospective predictors of type of trauma exposure and PTSD over and above the influence of correlated family adversity (a composite of family conflict, stress, and parental psychopathology). Data were analyzed with logistic and multinomial logistic regressions. Results indicated that females, but not males, with higher levels of internalizing (OR = 2.91) and externalizing (OR = 2.37) symptoms during adolescence were significantly more likely to be exposed to assaultive violence (over and above family adversity). In fact, males with higher levels of internalizing symptoms were significantly less likely to be exposed to assaultive violence (OR = 0.54). Neither internalizing nor externalizing symptoms uniquely predicted exposure to traumatic events that did not involve assaultive violence. Among trauma-exposed participants, the unique association between internalizing symptoms and later PTSD yielded an odds ratio of 1.79 (p = .07) over and above the influences of family adversity, type of trauma exposure, and gender. Assaultive violence exposure fully mediated the association between females' externalizing symptoms and future PTSD. Findings may help inform the prevention of both assaultive violence exposure and PTSD.

背景与目标： : 本研究利用了来自高风险社区样本的纵向数据 (N = 377; 166创伤暴露; 202男性; 175女性; 73% 非西班牙裔高加索人) 测试青少年内在化和外在化症状的创伤前措施，作为创伤暴露类型和创伤后应激障碍的独特前瞻性预测因子，超越相关家庭逆境 (家庭冲突、压力和父母心理病理学的组合) 的影响。数据采用logistic和多项logistic回归分析。结果表明，女性而不是男性，在青春期具有较高水平的内在化 (或 = 2.91) 和外在化 (或 = 2.37) 症状的女性更容易遭受攻击性暴力 (超过家庭逆境)。事实上，具有较高水平内化症状的男性暴露于攻击性暴力的可能性显著降低 (OR = 0.54)。内部化或外部化症状都不能唯一地预测暴露于不涉及攻击性暴力的创伤事件。在创伤暴露的参与者中，内在化症状与后来的PTSD之间的独特关联产生了1.79的优势比 (p = .07)，超出了家庭逆境，创伤暴露类型和性别的影响。攻击性暴力暴露充分介导了女性外在症状与未来创伤后应激障碍之间的关联。研究结果可能有助于预防攻击性暴力暴露和PTSD。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although skin picking has been documented in the medical literature since the 19th century, only now is it receiving serious consideration as a DSM psychiatric disorder in discussions for DSM-5. Recent community prevalence studies suggest that skin picking disorder appears to be as common as many other psychiatric disorders, with reported prevalences ranging from 1.4% to 5.4%. Clinical evaluation of patients with skin picking disorder entails a broad physical and psychiatric examination, encouraging an interdisciplinary approach to evaluation and treatment. Approaches to treatment should include cognitive-behavioral therapy (including habit reversal or acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy) and medication (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, N-acetylcysteine, or naltrexone). Based on clinical experience and research findings, the authors recommend several management approaches to skin picking disorder.

背景与目标： : 尽管自19世纪以来，医学文献中已经记录了皮肤采摘，但直到现在，在DSM-5讨论中，它才被视为DSM精神疾病。最近的社区患病率研究表明，皮肤采摘障碍似乎与许多其他精神疾病一样普遍，据报道患病率从1.4% 到5.4% 不等。对皮肤采摘障碍患者的临床评估需要进行广泛的身体和精神检查，从而鼓励采用跨学科的方法进行评估和治疗。治疗方法应包括认知行为疗法 (包括习惯逆转或接受增强行为疗法) 和药物 (5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂，N-乙酰半胱氨酸或纳曲酮)。根据临床经验和研究结果，作者推荐了几种皮肤采摘障碍的管理方法。