BACKGROUND & AIMS: :R1H tumors were irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy X rays using varying sizes of treatment fields. Damage to tumor cells and tumor stroma was determined separately by analysis of growth delay to ten times treatment volume (GD10vo) and net growth delay. GD10vo comprises irradiation effects on tumor parenchymal cells and on tumor stroma, whereas net growth delay only measures effects on tumor parenchymal cells. Stromal damage was observed to increase with increasing field size; the effect on the tumor parenchymal cells, however, was independent of the field size. An increase of GD10vo of 13 days per cm increase of field size diameter was observed. From this the velocity of neovascularization of the irradiated tumor bed was calculated to be 0.30 to 0.38 mm per day.

背景与目标： : 使用不同大小的治疗场，用15 Gy x射线的单剂量照射R1H肿瘤。通过分析生长延迟至十倍治疗量 (GD10vo) 和净生长延迟，分别确定对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤基质的损害。GD10vo包括对肿瘤实质细胞和肿瘤基质的辐射作用，而净生长延迟仅测量对肿瘤实质细胞的影响。观察到基质损伤随着视野大小的增加而增加; 然而，对肿瘤实质细胞的影响与视野大小无关。观察到每增加cm的场尺寸直径，GD10vo增加13天。由此计算出照射肿瘤床的新血管形成速度为每天0.30至0.38毫米。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Size perception is known to influence our usual interactions with environment. Numerous studies highlighted that during the visual presentation of an object, the properties of manual actions vary as a function of this object's size. In order to better understand the dynamic variations of relationships between size perception and action, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in two phases. During a previous implicit learning phase, a manual response (right or left) was specifically associated with the appearance of a large or small stimulus. During further test phase, participants were required to prepare a response while discriminating the color of a stimulus (GO/No GO task). We observed that the response execution was faster when the size of the stimulus was congruent with the size that had been associated to this response (during implicit learning phase). These results suggest that when a response usually co-occurs with visual stimuli characterized by a specific size pattern, the response and the size pattern become integrated. Any subsequent preparation and execution of this action are therefore influenced by the reactivation of this visual pattern. This result brings out new insights on how sensorimotor interactions may modulate the ability to anticipate perceptive size variations in the environment.

背景与目标： : 众所周知，大小感知会影响我们通常与环境的互动。大量研究强调，在对象的视觉呈现过程中，手动动作的属性随对象大小的变化而变化。为了更好地理解大小感知和动作之间关系的动态变化，我们使用了一个由两个阶段组成的实验范例。在先前的内隐学习阶段，手动响应 (右或左) 与大或小刺激的出现特别相关。在进一步的测试阶段，要求参与者在区分刺激颜色的同时准备响应 (GO/No GO任务)。我们观察到，当刺激的大小与与该响应相关的大小一致时 (在隐式学习阶段)，响应执行更快。这些结果表明，当响应通常与以特定大小模式为特征的视觉刺激同时发生时，响应和大小模式将成为一体。因此，此操作的任何后续准备和执行都受到此视觉模式重新激活的影响。该结果为感觉运动相互作用如何调节预测环境中感知大小变化的能力带来了新的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Postnatal developmental stages of lung parenchyma in rhesus monkeys is about one-third that of humans. Alveoli in humans are reported to be formed up to 8 yr of age. We used design-based stereological methods to estimate the number of alveoli (N(alv)) in male and female rhesus monkeys over the first 7 yr of life. Twenty-six rhesus monkeys (13 males ranging in age from 4 to 1,920 days and lung volumes from 41.7 to 602 cm(3), 13 females ranging in age from 22 to 2,675 days and lung volumes from 43.5 to 380 cm(3)) were necropsied and lungs fixed, isotropically oriented, fractionated, sampled, embedded, and sectioned for alveolar counting. Parenchymal, alveolar, alveolar duct core air, and interalveolar septal tissue volumes increased rapidly during the first 2 yr with slowed growth from 2 to 7 yr. The rate of change was greater in males than females. N(alv) also showed consistent growth throughout the study, with increases in N(alv) best predicted by increases in lung volume. However, mean alveolar volume showed little relationship with age, lung volume, or body weight but was larger in females and showed a greater size distribution than in males. Alveoli increase in number but not volume throughout postnatal development in rhesus monkeys.

背景与目标： : 恒河猴肺实质的出生后发育阶段约为人类的3分之1。据报道，人类的肺泡形成于8岁以下。我们使用基于设计的体视学方法来估算雄性和雌性恒河猴在生命的前7年中肺泡 (N(alv)) 的数量。26只恒河猴 (13只雄性，年龄从4天到1,920天，肺体积从41.7天到602厘米 (3)，13只雌性，年龄从22天到2,675天，肺体积从43.5天到380厘米 (3)) 被尸检和肺固定，各向同性，分级，采样、嵌入和切片进行肺泡计数。在最初的2年中，实质，肺泡，肺泡导管核心空气和肺泡间隔组织的体积迅速增加，从2到7年的生长减慢。男性的变化率大于女性。在整个研究中，N(alv) 也显示出持续的增长，其中N(alv) 的增加最好由肺体积的增加来预测。然而，平均肺泡体积与年龄，肺体积或体重几乎没有关系，但女性肺泡体积较大，并且其大小分布大于男性。恒河猴在整个出生后发育过程中肺泡数量增加，但体积没有增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Genotypes at five previously described polymorphic sites at the apolipoprotein(a) gene locus have been determined for the members of 27 families as well as for unrelated white Caucasian and Asian-Indian subjects, and their relationship with isoform size and plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations investigated. There was strong linkage disequilibrium between sites at the 5'-region of the gene and also between this region and a site in the coding sequence for Kringle 4-37 on the other side of the polymorphic Kringle 4 repeat region. There was no evidence that changes at any of the sites had any direct effect upon lipoprotein(a) concentration. However, certain haplotypes were present almost exclusively on apolipoprotein(a) alleles within a restricted range of sizes and associated lipoprotein(a) concentrations. After correcting for the effect of allele size, there were clear differences between the lipoprotein(a) concentrations associated with alleles of different haplotypes, suggesting that there may be genetically distinct groups of apolipoprotein alleles of different size and different levels of expression. Factors that regulate expression apparently exchange at a rate similar to the rate of change of Kringle 4 repeat number.

背景与目标： 已确定了27个家庭的成员以及无关的白种人和亚洲印第安人受试者的载脂蛋白 (a) 基因位点的五个先前描述的多态性位点的基因型，以及它们与同工型大小和血浆脂蛋白 (a) 浓度的关系。基因5' 区的位点之间以及该区域与多态性Kringle 4重复区另一侧的Kringle 4-37编码序列中的位点之间存在强烈的连锁不平衡。没有证据表明任何部位的变化对脂蛋白 (a) 浓度有任何直接影响。然而，某些单倍型几乎仅存在于载脂蛋白 (a) 等位基因上，其大小和相关脂蛋白 (a) 浓度范围有限。校正等位基因大小的影响后，与不同单倍型等位基因相关的脂蛋白 (a) 浓度之间存在明显差异，表明可能存在不同大小和不同表达水平的载脂蛋白等位基因的遗传不同组。调节表达的因子显然以与Kringle 4重复数的变化率相似的速率交换。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombin formation. Thrombin not only plays a central role in thrombus formation and platelet activation, but also in the induction of inflammatory processes. We assessed the hypothesis that melagatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, attenuates plaque progression and promotes stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS:Melagatran (500 micromol/kg/d) or control diet was administered to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n=54) with advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Treatment reduced lesion progression in brachiocephalic arteries (P<0.005). Morphometric analysis confirmed that thrombin inhibition promoted plaque stability and resulted in thicker fibrous caps (28.4+/-14.2 microm versus 20.8+/-12.0 microm; P<0.05), increased media thickness (29.3+/-9.6 microm versus 24.4+/-6.7 microm; P<0.05), and smaller necrotic cores (73,537+/-41,301 microm2 versus 126,819+/-51,730 microm2; P<0.0005). Electro mobility shift assays revealed reduced binding activity of nuclear factor kappaB (P<0.05) and activator protein-1 (P<0.05) in aortas of treated mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated reduced staining for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (P<0.05). Melagatran had no significant effect on early lesion formation in C57BL/6J mice. CONCLUSIONS:The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran reduces lesion size and may promote plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, possibly through reduced activation of proinflammatory transcription factors and reduced synthesis of MMP-9.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The environmental mobility of newly deposited radionuclides in surface soil is driven by complex biogeochemical relationships, which have significant impacts on transport pathways. The partition coefficient (Kd) is useful for characterizing the soil-solution exchange kinetics and is an important factor for predicting relative amounts of a radionuclide transported to groundwater compared to that remaining on soil surfaces and thus available for transport through erosion processes. Measurements of Kd for 238U are particularly useful because of the extensive use of 238U in military applications and associated testing, such as done at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Site-specific measurements of Kd for 238U are needed because Kd is highly dependent on local soil conditions and also on the fine soil fraction because 238U concentrates onto smaller soil particles, such as clays and soil organic material, which are most susceptible to wind erosion and contribute to inhalation exposure in off-site populations. We measured Kd for uranium in soils from two neighboring semiarid forest sites at LANL using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-based protocol for both whole soil and the fine soil fraction (diameters<45 microm). The 7-d Kd values, which are those specified in the EPA protocol, ranged from 276-508 mL g-1 for whole soil and from 615-2249 mL g-1 for the fine soil fraction. Unexpectedly, the 30-d Kd values, measured to test for soil-solution exchange equilibrium, were more than two times the 7-d values. Rates of adsorption of 238U to soil from solution were derived using a 2-component (FAST and SLOW) exponential model. We found significant differences in Kd values among LANL sampling sites, between whole and fine soils, and between 7-d and 30-d Kd measurements. The significant variation in soil-solution exchange kinetics among the soils and soil sizes promotes the use of site-specific data for estimates of environmental transport rates and suggests possible differences in desorption rates from soil to solution (e.g., into groundwater or lung fluid). We also explore potential relationships between wind erosion, soil characteristics, and Kd values. Combined, our results highlight the need for a better mechanistic understanding of soil-solution partitioning kinetics for accurate risk assessment.

背景与目标： : 新沉积的放射性核素在表层土壤中的环境迁移率是由复杂的生物地球化学关系驱动的，这些关系对运输途径有重大影响。分配系数 (Kd) 可用于表征土壤溶液交换动力学，并且是预测输送到地下水的放射性核素与残留在土壤表面的放射性核素的相对量相比的重要因素，因此可用于通过侵蚀过程进行运输。238U的Kd测量特别有用，因为238U在军事应用和相关测试中广泛使用，例如在洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室 (LANL) 进行的。需要对238U进行特定地点的Kd测量，因为Kd高度依赖于当地土壤条件，也高度依赖于精细的土壤分数，因为238U集中在较小的土壤颗粒上，例如粘土和土壤有机材料，这些颗粒最容易受到风蚀的影响并有助于异地人群的吸入暴露。我们使用基于美国环境保护局 (EPA) 的协议，针对整个土壤和细土部分 (直径 <45微米)，测量了LANL两个相邻的半干旱森林站点土壤中铀的Kd。EPA协议中指定的7-d Kd值的范围为整个土壤的g-1为276-508 mL，而细土部分的g-1为615-2249 mL。出乎意料的是，为测试土壤溶液交换平衡而测得的30 d Kd值是7-d值的两倍以上。使用2组分 (快速和慢速) 指数模型得出溶液中238U对土壤的吸附率。我们发现LANL采样点之间，整个土壤和细土之间以及7-d和30d Kd测量值之间的Kd值存在显着差异。土壤之间的土壤溶液交换动力学和土壤大小的显着变化促进了使用特定地点的数据来估算环境迁移速率，并暗示了从土壤到溶液 (例如，进入地下水或肺液) 的解吸速率可能存在差异。我们还探讨了风蚀，土壤特征和Kd值之间的潜在关系。结合起来，我们的结果强调了需要对土壤溶液分配动力学进行更好的机械理解，以进行准确的风险评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Bone loss and periosteal expansion is found after menopause. The accelerated early postmenopausal bone loss is not permanent but if the same accounts for the periosteal expansion is unknown. METHODS:Bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal structure of the distal forearm were followed from menopause and on average 24 years (range 18-28) by single-photon absorptiometry at 12 occasions in a population-based sample of 81 Caucasian women with no medication or disease affecting bone metabolism. A Strength Index based on areal BMD and bone structure was calculated. Postmenopausal serum-estradiol levels and incident distal radius fractures were registered. Data are presented as means with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS:The annual BMD loss in three periods, 0-8, 8-16 and 16-28 years after menopause, was 2.0% (1.6, 2.4), 1.0% (0.6, 1.4) and 1.0% (0.7, 1.3), respectively. The annual periosteal expansion was 1.0% (0.8, 1.3), 0.0% (-0.3, 0.3) and 0.0% (-0.2, 0.2), respectively. Mean post-menopausal oestrogen levels correlated moderately with annual loss in aBMD (r=0.51, p<0.001) but less with the annual changes in bone width (r= -0.22, p=0.06). CONCLUSION:Postmenopausal periosteal expansion in the distal forearm seems to occur only in the first postmenopausal decade.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Samples sizes are calculated for case-control studies where 1:1 matching has been employed, and where the goal is the interval estimation of the odds ratio. The optimal sample size is defined to be the smallest value for which a 100(1 - alpha)% confidence interval for the log odds ratio will not exceed a specified width 2 delta with specified probability (1 - gamma). This approach is similar in spirit to the power-based approach for sample size determination when significance testing is the goal. Tables of sample sizes are presented for various choices of parameters. We also find considerable disagreement with a published method based on expected numbers of discordant pairs.

背景与目标： : 为案例对照研究计算样本大小，其中采用了1:1匹配，目标是比值比的区间估计。最佳样本量被定义为最小值，对数优势比的100(1-α) % 置信区间将不超过具有指定概率 (1-γ) 的指定宽度2增量。当显著性测试是目标时，这种方法在精神上类似于基于功率的方法来确定样本量。给出了各种参数选择的样本大小表。我们还发现，基于不一致对的预期数量，与已发布的方法存在很大分歧。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is not known how the volume of the cell nucleus is set, nor how the ratio of nuclear volume to cell volume (N/C) is determined. Here, we have measured the size of the nucleus in growing cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of mutant yeast strains spanning a range of cell sizes revealed that the ratio of average nuclear volume to average cell volume was quite consistent, with nuclear volume being approximately 7% that of cell volume. At the single cell level, nuclear and cell size were strongly correlated in growing wild-type cells, as determined by three different microscopic approaches. Even in G1-phase, nuclear volume grew, although it did not grow quite as fast as overall cell volume. DNA content did not appear to have any immediate, direct influence on nuclear size, in that nuclear size did not increase sharply during S-phase. The maintenance of nuclear size did not require continuous growth or ribosome biogenesis, as starvation and rapamycin treatment had little immediate impact on nuclear size. Blocking the nuclear export of new ribosomal subunits, among other proteins and RNAs, with leptomycin B also had no obvious effect on nuclear size. Nuclear expansion must now be factored into conceptual and mathematical models of budding yeast growth and division. These results raise questions as to the unknown force(s) that expand the nucleus as yeast cells grow.

背景与目标： : 尚不知道如何设置细胞核的体积，也不知道如何确定核体积与细胞体积的比率 (N/C)。在这里，我们测量了发芽酵母酿酒酵母生长细胞中核的大小。对跨越一系列细胞大小的突变酵母菌株的分析表明，平均核体积与平均细胞体积的比率相当一致，核体积约为细胞体积的7%。在单细胞水平上，由三种不同的显微镜方法确定，在生长的野生型细胞中，核和细胞大小密切相关。即使在G1-phase中，核体积也有所增长，尽管它的增长速度不如整体细胞体积快。DNA含量似乎对核大小没有任何直接的直接影响，因为核大小在S期没有急剧增加。维持核大小不需要连续生长或核糖体生物发生，因为饥饿和雷帕霉素治疗对核大小几乎没有直接影响。除其他蛋白质和rna外，用letomycin B阻止新的核糖体亚基的核输出也对核大小没有明显影响。现在必须将核扩张纳入发芽酵母生长和分裂的概念和数学模型中。这些结果引起了人们对随着酵母细胞生长而扩大细胞核的未知力的质疑。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cystatin C is a low-molecular-weight protein that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and catabolized after reabsorption by the proximal tubular cells in healthy subjects. Urinary cystatin C is a potential biomarker for tubular damage including acute kidney injury (AKI) in the acute phase when patients are submitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS:The aim of this study was to perform a method validation of urinary analysis of cystatin C by particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) on a high-throughput chemical analyzer. Total assay time was 10 min. The antigen excess, linearity, lower limit of quantification (LoQ), recovery, assay precision, stability, and interference caused by hemoglobin were evaluated. RESULTS:The LoQ was calculated to 0.020 mg/l with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 10%. No hook effect was observed and the assay was linear over the studied interval less than 0.020-0.950 mg/l with a regression of R² = 0.9994. The assay had a recovery between 93-100% and the assay precision had a total CV of less than 3.5%. Cystatin C was stable for 3 days in room temperature and 14 days in +4C. The assay did not show any major interference with hemoglobin at a hemoglobin concentration of 10 g/L. The reference interval for urine cystatin C was less than 0.166 mg/l. CONCLUSION:The urinary cystatin C PETIA showed good precision and performance characteristics including short test turnaround times that are necessary qualifications for a biomarker at a routine laboratory.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previously, expected satiety (ES) has been measured using software and two-dimensional pictures presented on a computer screen. In this context, ES is an excellent predictor of self-selected portions, when quantified using similar images and similar software. In the present study we sought to establish the veracity of ES as a predictor of behaviours associated with real foods. Participants (N=30) used computer software to assess their ES and ideal portion of three familiar foods. A real bowl of one food (pasta and sauce) was then presented and participants self-selected an ideal portion size. They then consumed the portion ad libitum. Additional measures of appetite, expected and actual liking, novelty, and reward, were also taken. Importantly, our screen-based measures of expected satiety and ideal portion size were both significantly related to intake (p<.05). By contrast, measures of liking were relatively poor predictors (p>.05). In addition, consistent with previous studies, the majority (90%) of participants engaged in plate cleaning. Of these, 29.6% consumed more when prompted by the experimenter. Together, these findings further validate the use of screen-based measures to explore determinants of portion-size selection and energy intake in humans.

背景与目标： : 以前，已使用软件和计算机屏幕上显示的二维图片来测量预期的饱腹感。在这种情况下，当使用相似的图像和相似的软件进行量化时，ES是自选部分的出色预测因子。在本研究中，我们试图建立ES的准确性，作为与真实食物相关的行为的预测指标。参与者 (N = 30) 使用计算机软件评估他们的ES和三种熟悉食物的理想部分。然后提出了一碗真正的一种食物 (面食和酱汁)，参与者自行选择了理想的份量。然后，他们随意消费该部分。还采取了其他食欲，预期和实际喜好，新颖性和奖励措施。重要的是，我们基于屏幕的预期饱腹感和理想份量的测量都与摄入量显着相关 (p<.05)。相比之下，喜好的度量指标相对较差 (p>.05)。此外，与先前的研究一致，大多数 (90%) 参与者从事板材清洁。其中，当实验者提示时，29.6% 消耗更多。总之，这些发现进一步验证了使用基于屏幕的措施来探索人体部分大小选择和能量摄入的决定因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is an unresolved debate in the scientific community about the shape of the quasistatic displacement pulse produced by nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in an elastic solid with quadratic nonlinearity. Early analytical and experimental studies suggested that the quasistatic pulse exhibits a right-triangular shape with the peak displacement of the leading edge being proportional to the length of the tone burst. In contrast, more recent theoretical, analytical, numerical, and experimental studies suggested that the quasistatic displacement pulse has a flat-top shape where the peak displacement is proportional to the propagation distance. This study presents rigorous mathematical analyses and numerical simulations of the quasistatic displacement pulse. In the case of semi-infinite solids, it is confirmed that the time-domain shape of the quasistatic pulse generated by a longitudinal plane wave is not a right-angle triangle. In the case of finite-size solids, the finite axial dimension of the specimen cannot simply be modeled with a linear reflection coefficient that neglects the nonlinear interaction between the combined incident and reflected fields. More profoundly, the quasistatic pulse generated by a transducer of finite aperture suffers more severe divergence than both the fundamental and second order harmonic pulses generated by the same transducer.

背景与目标： : 关于在具有二次非线性的弹性固体中由非线性声波传播产生的准静态位移脉冲的形状，科学界存在尚未解决的争论。早期的分析和实验研究表明，准静态脉冲呈直角三角形，前缘的峰值位移与音调爆发的长度成正比。相反，最近的理论，分析，数值和实验研究表明，准静态位移脉冲具有平顶形状，其中峰值位移与传播距离成正比。这项研究对准静态位移脉冲进行了严格的数学分析和数值模拟。在半无限固体的情况下，证实了由纵向平面波产生的准静态脉冲的时域形状不是直角三角形。在有限尺寸固体的情况下，不能简单地使用线性反射系数来建模样品的有限轴向尺寸，该线性反射系数忽略了组合入射场和反射场之间的非线性相互作用。更深刻地说，由有限孔径的换能器产生的准静态脉冲比由同一换能器产生的基波和二阶谐波脉冲遭受更严重的发散。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intra-group social stability is important for the long-term productivity and health of social organisms. We evaluated the effect of group size on group stability in the face of repeated social perturbations using a cooperatively breeding fish, Neolamprologus pulcher In a laboratory study, we compared both the social and physiological responses of individuals from small versus large groups to the repeated removal and replacement of the most dominant group member (the breeder male), either with a new male (treatment condition) or with the same male (control condition). Individuals living in large groups were overall more resistant to instability but were seemingly slower to recover from perturbation. Members of small groups were more vulnerable to instability but recovered faster. Breeder females in smaller groups also showed greater physiological preparedness for instability following social perturbations. In sum, we discover both behavioral and physiological evidence that living in larger groups helps to dampen the impacts of social instability in this system.

背景与目标： : 群体内部社会稳定对社会有机体的长期生产力和健康至关重要。在实验室研究中，我们使用合作繁殖的鱼类Neolamprologus pulcher评估了面对反复社会扰动的群体规模对群体稳定性的影响，我们比较了小组和大组个体的社会和生理反应，以及大多数优势组成员 (育种者男性) 的反复移除和替换，无论是新的男性 (治疗条件) 还是相同的男性 (控制条件)。总体而言，生活在大群体中的个体对不稳定的抵抗力更强，但从扰动中恢复的速度似乎较慢。小团体的成员更容易受到不稳定的影响，但恢复得更快。较小群体的育种者雌性在社会扰动后也表现出更大的生理准备，以应对不稳定。总而言之，我们发现了行为和生理证据，表明生活在较大的群体中有助于减轻该系统中社会不稳定的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:We aimed to establish which of sitting height (SH) and total height (Ht) is most appropriately used in the scaling of adult body mass (BM), waist circumference (WC), and forced vital capacity (FVC), considering likely explanations and proposing a suitable index for each. METHODS:Data were from the US Third National Health and Nutrition Survey for white and black American women and men aged 20 to 50 years. Statistical analysis involved mainly correlation coefficients, the multiple regression of BM, WC, or FVC on SH and leg length (LL), and fitting of allometric regression equations relating each of BM, WC, and FVC to SH or Ht. RESULTS:BM and WC correlated more strongly with SH than with Ht, and FVC correlated more strongly with Ht. Associations with LL were negative for WC, negative or nonsignificant for BM, and positive for FVC. Using round-number exponents for Ht and SH, the allometric relationships indicated that appropriate indices are BM/SH3 , WC/SH, and FVC/Ht2 . CONCLUSIONS:Contrary to usual practice, BM and WC are better scaled in relation to SH than to Ht. FVC is slightly better scaled in relation to Ht, as is conventional. Interpretations involve the small influence of LL on BM and the influence both of gluteo-femoral fatness on measured SH and of childhood health and nutrition on adult LL, WC, and FVC. It is evident that SH should be measured more often for research purposes.

背景与目标：