BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Folva) to partial root-zone drying (PRD) were investigated in potted plants in a greenhouse (GH) and in plants grown in the field under an automatic rain-out-shelter. In the GH, irrigation was applied daily to the whole root system (FI), or to one-half of the root system while the other half was dried, for 9 d. In the field, the plants were drip irrigated either to the whole root system near field capacity (FI) or using 70% water of FI to one side of the roots, and shifted to the other side every 5-10 d (PRD). PRD plants had a similar midday leaf water potential to that of FI, whereas in the GH their root water potential (Psi(r)) was significantly lowered after 5 d. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) was more sensitive to PRD than photosynthesis (A) particularly in the field, leading to greater intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) (i.e. A/g(s)) in PRD than in FI plants on several days. In PRD, the xylem sap abscisic acid concentration ([ABA](xylem)) increased exponentially with decreasing Psi(r); and the relative [ABA](xylem) (PRD/FI) increased exponentially as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) in the drying side decreased. In the field, the leaf area index was slightly less in PRD than in FI treatment, while tuber biomass was similar for the two treatments. Compared with FI, PRD treatment saved 30% water and increased crop water use efficiency (WUE) by 59%. Restrictions on leaf area expansion and g(s) by PRD-induced ABA signals might have contributed to reduced water use and increased WUE.

背景与目标： : 研究了马铃薯 (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Folva) 对部分根区干燥 (PRD) 的生理响应在温室 (GH) 的盆栽植物和在自动雨淋下在田间种植的植物中进行遮蔽。在GH中，每天对整个根系 (FI) 或根系的一半进行灌溉，而另一半则干燥9 d。在田间，将植物滴灌到整个根系近场容量 (FI) 或使用70% 的FI水到根的一侧，并每5-10 d (PRD) 转移到另一侧。PRD植物的正午叶水势与FI相似，而在GH中，其根水势 (Psi(r)) 在5 d后显着降低。气孔导度 (g(s)) 对PRD比对光合作用更敏感 (a)，尤其是在田间，导致PRD的固有用水效率 (WUE) (即A/g(s)) 比FI工厂在几天内更高。在PRD中，木质部汁液脱落酸浓度 ([ABA](xylem)) 随Psi(r) 的降低呈指数增长; 随着干燥侧可蒸腾土壤水 (FTSW) 的比例降低，相对 [ABA](木质部) (PRD/FI) 呈指数增长。在田间，PRD的叶面积指数略低于FI处理，而两种处理的块茎生物量相似。59% 年，与FI相比，PRD处理可节省30% 水分，提高作物水分利用效率 (WUE)。PRD诱导的ABA信号对叶面积扩张和g(s) 的限制可能有助于减少用水量和增加WUE。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The authors' goal was to test the hypothesis that the antidepressant effect of total sleep deprivation can be maintained by initially avoiding sleep during a supposedly "critical" time period in the early morning.

METHOD:They studied 33 inpatients with major depression, melancholic type, all of whom responded positively to total sleep deprivation. Twelve of the patients were men and 21 were women; their mean age was 46.7 years (SD = 13.7). After total sleep deprivation, the patients started a sleep schedule from 5:00 p.m. to 12:00 midnight, which then was shifted back by 1 hour each day until a sleep time of 11:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. was reached.

RESULTS:Twenty (61%) of the 33 patients who responded to total sleep deprivation with an improved state of mood maintained this improvement during sleep phase advance therapy. Drug-free and medicated patients did not differ from each other.

CONCLUSIONS:The rapid amelioration of mood observed with total sleep deprivation can be preserved with a succeeding phase shift of the sleep period.

背景与目标： 目的 : 作者的目标是检验以下假设: 完全睡眠剥夺的抗抑郁作用可以通过最初在清晨的一个所谓的 “关键” 时期避免睡眠来维持。
方法 : 他们研究了33名患有抑郁症，忧郁型的住院患者，他们都对完全睡眠不足有积极的反应。12名患者为男性，21名患者为女性; 他们的平均年龄为46.7岁 (SD = 13.7)。完全睡眠剥夺后，患者开始从下午5:00到午夜12:00的睡眠计划，然后每天向后转移1小时，直到达到下午11:00上午6:00的睡眠时间。
结果 : 33名对完全睡眠剥夺有改善的情绪状态有反应的患者中有20名 (61% 名) 在睡眠阶段提前治疗期间保持了这种改善。无药物和药物治疗的患者彼此之间没有差异。
结论 : 完全睡眠剥夺所观察到的情绪迅速改善可以通过睡眠期的后续相移来保持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We reviewed six cases of primary sarcomas requiring scapulectomy within the past 13 years in the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. Five of these patients returned for evaluation of disease status, evaluation of functional defects as determined by muscle group testing, and assessment of daily living skills and limitations. We demonstrated excellent shoulder function with partial scapulectomy and significant impairment with the additional loss of the glenoid fossa. In addition, we developed a thorough method of postoperative evaluation. Involvement of rehabilitation therapists before and after operatively is integral to this process in preparation for surgery and subsequent treatment.

背景与目标： : 在过去的13年中，我们在马里兰州贝塞斯达的国家癌症研究所外科分支机构中回顾了6例需要进行肩胛骨切除术的原发性肉瘤病例。这些患者中有五名返回以评估疾病状况，评估通过肌肉群测试确定的功能缺陷以及评估日常生活技能和局限性。我们通过部分肩胛骨切除术证明了出色的肩部功能，并通过关节盂窝的额外损失而明显受损。此外，我们开发了一种彻底的术后评估方法。在手术和后续治疗的准备过程中，康复治疗师在手术前后的参与是必不可少的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to explore how the level of shiftwork exposure during an individual's working life might be related to subjectively reported sleep quality and timing during retirement. Telephone interviews regarding past employment and sleep timing and quality (among other variables) were conducted using a pseudo-random age-targeted sampling process. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using a telephone version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Timing of reported habitual bedtimes and rise-times were assessed using the Sleep Timing Questionnaire. Questions measuring morningness and subjective health were also given. Retired seniors (aged >65 years, n = 1113) were studied. Analysis was by analysis of variance, with shiftwork exposure in three bins [0 (n = 387), 1-15 (n = 371) and >15 years (n = 355)], gender (n = 634 male, 479 female) and former occupation [in two broad categories, 'managerial' (n = 437) versus 'other' (n = 676)] as factors. In retired shiftworkers, relative to retired day workers, past exposure to shiftwork was associated with higher (worse) PSQI scores by 1.0 units (1-15 years) and 0.6 units (>15 years) (main effect P = 0.005). There were also main effects of gender and former occupation (males and managerials reporting better sleep), but neither variable interacted with shiftwork exposure. The timing of current mean habitual bedtimes and rise-times (and also the variance around them) were very similar for the three shiftwork exposure groups. The shiftwork exposure effect did not appear to be mediated by either morningness or current health. Prior exposure to shiftwork would appear to be related to currently reported sleep problems during retirement.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是探讨个人工作期间的轮班工作暴露水平可能与主观报告的睡眠质量和退休时间有关。使用伪随机年龄目标抽样过程进行了有关过去工作，睡眠时间和质量 (以及其他变量) 的电话采访。使用电话版本的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评估主观睡眠质量。使用睡眠时间问卷评估报告的习惯性就寝时间和上升时间的时间。还给出了衡量早晨和主观健康的问题。研究了退休老年人 (年龄> 65岁，n = 1113)。通过方差分析进行分析，在三个区间 [0 (n = 387)，1-15 (n = 371) 和> 15岁 (n = 355)]，性别 (n = 634男性，479女性) 和以前的职业 [在两个大类中，作为因素的 “管理” (n = 437) 与 “其他” (n = 676)]。在退休的轮班工人中，相对于退休的日间工人，过去暴露于轮班工作与1.0单位 (1-15岁) 和0.6单位 (>15岁) 的PSQI得分较高 (较差) 相关 (主要影响P = 0.005)。性别和以前的职业也有主要影响 (男性和管理人员报告睡眠更好)，但这两个变量都与轮班暴露相互作用。对于三个轮班暴露组，当前平均习惯性就寝时间和上升时间 (以及它们周围的变化) 的时间非常相似。轮班工作暴露效应似乎不是由早上或当前的健康状况介导的。先前接触轮班工作似乎与退休期间目前报告的睡眠问题有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Steier, Joerg, Nic Cade, Ben Walker, John Moxham, and Caroline Jolley. Observational study of neural respiratory drive during sleep at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 18:242-248, 2017. AIMS:Ventilation at altitude changes due to altered levels of pO2, pCO2 and the effect on blood pH. Nocturnal ventilation is particularly exposed to these changes. We hypothesized that an increasing neural respiratory drive (NRD) is associated with the severity of sleep-disordered breathing at altitude. METHODS:Mountaineers were studied at sea level (London, United Kingdom), and at altitude at the Aconcagua (Andes, Argentina). NRD was measured as electromyogram of the diaphragm (EMGdi) overnight by a transesophageal multi-electrode catheter; results were reported for sea level, 3,380 m, 4,370 m, and 5,570 m. RESULTS:Four healthy subjects (3 men, age 31(3)years, body mass index 23.6(0.9)kg/m2, neck circumference 37.0(2.7)cm, forced expiratory volume in 1 second 111.8(5.1)%predicted, and forced vital capacity 115.5(6.3)%predicted) were studied. No subject had significant sleep abnormalities at sea level. Time to ascent to 3,380 m was 1 day, to 4,370 m was 5 days, and the total nights at altitude were 21 days. The oxygen desaturation index (4% oxygen desaturation index [ODI] 0.8(0.4), 22.0 (7.2), 61.4 (26.9), 144.9/hour, respectively) and the EMGdi (5.2 (1.9), 12.8 (5.1), 14.1 (3.4), 18.5%, respectively) increased with the development of periodic breathing at altitude, whereas the average SpO2 declined (97.5 (1.3), 84.8 (0.5), 81.0 (4.1), 68.5%, respectively). The average EMGdi correlated well with the 4%ODI (r = 0.968, p = 0.032). CONCLUSION:NRD sleep increases at altitude in relation to the severity of periodic breathing.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate outcomes among early-stage breast cancer patients after conservative surgery and full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy electrons (ELIOT) by applying the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) recommendations for partial breast irradiation (APBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS:One-thousand eight-hundred and twenty-two patients were stratified into the three GEC-ESTRO categories of "good candidates", "possible candidates" and "contraindication" in order to assess outcomes. RESULTS:All the 1822 cases except 7 could be classified according to GEC-ESTRO groups: 573 patients met the criteria to be included in the "good candidates" group, 468 patients in the "possible candidates" group and 767 patients in the "contraindication" group. Median and mean follow-up length was 3.5 years (range 0-10.5 years) and 3.8 years (SD 2.2), respectively. The 5-year rate of in-breast tumor reappearances for "good candidates", "possible candidates" and "contraindication" groups were 1.9%, 7.4% and 7.7%, respectively (p 0.001). While the regional node relapse showed no difference, the rate of distant metastases was significantly different in the "contraindication" group compared to the other two categories, having a significant impact on survival. CONCLUSIONS:Among the ELIOT population, the GEC-ESTRO recommendations enabled the selection of the good candidates with a low rate of local recurrence, but failed to differentiate the "possible candidates" and the "contraindication" groups.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with sleep disturbance in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients across China. A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy at 20 AIDS clinics. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was self-administered by subjects. Socio-demographic characteristics, medical history and HIV-related clinical data were collected. 4103 patients had complete data for analysis. Sleep disturbances were observed in 43.1% of patients. Associated factors in multivariable analysis included psychological factors: anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.44-4.00; P < 0.001), depression (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.70-2.57; P < 0.001), and both anxiety and depression (OR, 5.90; 95% CI, 4.86-7.16; P < 0.001); sociodemographic factors: MSM (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.04-1.52; P = 0.018), being single (OR, 1.45; 95%CI 1.21-1.74; P < 0.001), higher education (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03-1.53; P = 0.025); and clinical factors: suboptimal adherence (OR,1.51; 95% CI,1.23-1.85; P < 0.001), regimen-switching (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.12-3.35; P = 0.018), and antidepressant use (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.47-2.67; P = 0.044). Prevalence of sleep disturbance is high in this large Chinese cohort. Associated factors appear related to psychological and social-demographic factors. Health workers may consider routinely assessing sleep disturbances among HIV-infected patients, especially in the first three months after HIV diagnosis, and referring for mental health services, which may positively impact adherence to treatment.

背景与目标： : 这项研究评估了中国大量HIV感染患者的患病率和与睡眠障碍相关的因素。在20个艾滋病诊所对接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的HIV感染患者进行了横断面研究。匹兹堡睡眠质量指数由受试者自行管理。收集了社会人口统计学特征，病史和与HIV相关的临床数据。4103患者有完整的数据进行分析。在43.1% 患者中观察到睡眠障碍。多变量分析的相关因素包括心理因素: 焦虑 (优势比 [OR]，3.13; 95% 置信区间 [CI]，2.44-4.00; P  <  0.001)，抑郁 (OR，2.09; 95% CI，1.70-2.57; P  <  0.001)，焦虑和抑郁 (OR，5.90; 95% CI，4.86-7.16; P  <  0.001); 社会人口统计学因素: MSM (OR，1.26; 95% CI，1.04-1.52; P   =   0.018)，单身 (OR，1.45; 95% CI 1.21-1.74; P  <  0.001)，高等教育 (OR， 1.25; 95% CI，1.03-1.53; P   =   0.025); 和临床因素: 次优依从性 (OR，1.51; 95% CI，1.23-1.85; P <  0.001)，方案转换 (OR，1.94; 95% CI，1.12-3.35; P   =   0.018) 和抗抑郁药的使用 (或，1.98; 95% CI，1.47-2.67; P   =   0.044)。在这个庞大的中国人群中，睡眠障碍的患病率很高。相关因素似乎与心理和社会人口因素有关。卫生工作者可以考虑定期评估HIV感染患者的睡眠障碍，尤其是在HIV诊断后的前三个月，并推荐精神卫生服务，这可能会对治疗依从性产生积极影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment package to reduce chronic sleep problems in children with Angelman Syndrome. Participants were five children, 2-11 years-of-age. Parents maintained sleep diaries to record sleep and disruptive nighttime behaviors. Actigraphy was added to provide independent evaluations of sleep-wake activity. The treatment package targeted the sleep environment, the sleep-wake schedule, and parent-child interactions during sleep times. Treatment was introduced sequentially, across families, and evaluated in an interrupted time series, multiple baseline design. Data show that prior to treatment, baseline rates of nighttime disruptive behavior were stable or increasing and none of the participants were falling to sleep independently. With the introduction of treatment, all participants quickly learned to initiate sleep independently. Gradual reductions were reported in disruptive behaviors and these improvements were sustained over time. Results were replicated with two participants when treatment was withdrawn and reinstated. Changes in disruptive bedtime behaviors and in sleep onset were found to be statistically significant. Parents indicated high satisfaction with the treatment. A behavioral treatment package was found to be effective with five children with long histories of significant sleep-related behavior problems. These results suggest that behavioral treatment may be a reasonable way to address sleep problems in some children with Angelman Syndrome.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是评估行为治疗方案在减少Angelman综合征儿童慢性睡眠问题方面的有效性。参与者为5名2-11岁的儿童。父母维护睡眠日记以记录睡眠和破坏性夜间行为。增加了活动描记法，以提供对睡眠-觉醒活动的独立评估。治疗包针对睡眠环境，睡眠-觉醒时间表以及睡眠时间内的亲子互动。治疗是按顺序引入的，跨家庭，并在中断的时间序列，多基线设计中进行评估。数据显示，在治疗之前，夜间破坏性行为的基线率稳定或增加，并且没有参与者独立入睡。随着治疗的引入，所有参与者很快学会了独立启动睡眠。据报道，破坏性行为逐渐减少，这些改善随着时间的推移而持续。当撤回治疗并恢复治疗时，两名参与者重复了结果。发现破坏性就寝行为和睡眠发作的变化具有统计学意义。父母对治疗表示高度满意。发现行为治疗方案对五名长期患有严重睡眠相关行为问题的儿童有效。这些结果表明，行为治疗可能是解决某些Angelman综合征儿童睡眠问题的合理方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), chemicals commonly used as flame-retardants in consumer products, are emerging persistent organic pollutants that are ubiquitous in the environment. In this study, we report a PBDE-respiring isolate - Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain GY50, which debrominates the most toxic tetra- and penta-BDE congeners (∼1.4 µM) to diphenyl ether within 12 days with hydrogen as the electron donor. The complete genome sequence revealed 26 reductive dehalogenase homologous genes (rdhAs), among which three genes (pbrA1, pbrA2 and pbrA3) were highly expressed during PBDE debromination. After 10 transfers of GY50 with trichloroethene or 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as the electron acceptor instead of PBDEs, the ssrA-specific genome island (ssrA-GI) containing pbrA1 and pbrA2 was deleted from the genome of strain GY50, leading to two variants (strain GY52 with trichloroethene, strain GY55 with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) with identically impaired debromination capabilities (debromination of penta-/tetra-BDEs ceased at di-BDE 15). Through analysis of Illumina paired-end sequencing data, we identified read pairs that probably came from variants that contain ssrA-GI deletions, indicating their possible presence in the original strain GY50 culture. The two variant strains provide real-time examples on rapid evolution of organohalide-respiring organisms. As PBDE-respiring organisms, GY50-like strains may serve as key players in detoxifying PBDEs in contaminated environments.

背景与目标： : 多溴联苯醚 (PBDEs) 是消费品中常用作阻燃剂的化学品，是环境中普遍存在的新兴持久性有机污染物。在这项研究中，我们报告了一个PBDE呼吸分离物-Dehalococcoides mccartyi菌株GY50，该菌株在12天内以氢为电子供体将毒性最大的四溴化和五溴化同系物 (〜1.4 µ m) 脱溴为二苯醚。完整的基因组序列揭示了26个还原脱卤酶同源基因 (rdha)，其中三个基因 (pbrA1，pbrA2和pbrA3) 在PBDE脱溴过程中高度表达。用三氯乙烯或2,4，6-三氯苯酚作为电子受体而不是多溴二苯醚对GY50进行10次转移后，从菌株GY50的基因组中删除了含有pbrA1和pbrA2的ssrA特异性基因组岛 (ssrA-GI)，导致两个变体 (具有三氯乙烯的菌株GY52，具有2,4的菌株GY55，6-三氯苯酚) 的脱溴能力同样受损 (五溴/四溴二苯醚的脱溴在二溴二苯醚15时停止)。通过对Illumina配对末端测序数据的分析，我们确定了可能来自包含ssrA-GI缺失的变体的读取对，表明它们可能存在于原始菌株GY50培养物中。这两个变体菌株提供了有关有机卤化物呼吸生物快速进化的实时示例。作为多溴二苯醚呼吸的生物，GY50-like菌株可能是污染环境中多溴二苯醚解毒的关键角色。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of our study was to investigate different aspects of sleep, namely the sleep-wake cycle and sleep stages, in the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS), and minimally conscious state (MCS). A 24-h polysomnography was performed in 20 patients who were in a UWS (n=10) or in a MCS (n=10) because of brain injury. The data were first tested for the presence of a sleep-wake cycle, and the observed sleep patterns were compared with standard scoring criteria. Sleep spindles, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep were quantified and their clinical value was investigated. According to our results, an electrophysiological sleep-wake cycle was identified in five MCS and three VS/UWS patients. Sleep stages did not always match the standard scoring criteria, which therefore needed to be adapted. Sleep spindles were present more in patients who clinically improved within 6 months. Slow wave sleep was present in eight MCS and three VS/UWS patients but never in the ischemic etiology. Rapid eye movement sleep, and therefore dreaming that is a form of consciousness, was present in all MCS and three VS/UWS patients. In conclusion, the presence of alternating periods of eyes-open/eyes-closed cycles does not necessarily imply preserved electrophysiological sleep architecture in the UWS and MCS, contrary to previous definition. The investigation of sleep is a little studied yet simple and informative way to evaluate the integrity of residual brain function in patients with disorders of consciousness with possible clinical diagnostic and prognostic implications.

背景与目标： : 我们研究的目的是调查植物人状态/无反应清醒综合症 (VS/UWS) 和最低意识状态 (MCS) 中睡眠的不同方面，即睡眠-觉醒周期和睡眠阶段。对20名因脑损伤而处于UWS (n = 10) 或MCS (n = 10) 的患者进行了24小时多导睡眠图检查。首先测试数据是否存在睡眠-觉醒周期，并将观察到的睡眠模式与标准评分标准进行比较。对睡眠纺锤体，慢波睡眠和快速眼动睡眠进行了量化，并研究了它们的临床价值。根据我们的结果，在5名MCS和3名VS/UWS患者中鉴定出一个电生理睡眠-觉醒周期。睡眠阶段并不总是符合标准评分标准，因此需要进行调整。在6个月内临床改善的患者中，睡眠纺锤体的发生率更高。8名MCS和3名VS/UWS患者存在慢波睡眠，但在缺血性病因中从未存在。在所有MCS和三名VS/UWS患者中都存在快速的眼动睡眠，因此做梦是一种意识形式。总之，与先前的定义相反，存在交替的睁眼/闭眼周期并不一定意味着UWS和MCS中保留了电生理睡眠结构。对睡眠的研究很少，但是简单而有用的方法可以评估意识障碍患者残留脑功能的完整性，并可能具有临床诊断和预后意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIM:Little is known about the relation between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) episodes and sleep interruptions in infants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between GER and the incidence of sleep interruptions in infants. METHODS:Study patients included 24 infants (younger than 1 year) referred for multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal pH monitoring with simultaneous polysomnography. Exclusion criteria were a previous fundoplication and studies lasting <20 hours. Tests were clinically indicated to investigate suspicion of GER-related apnea (17, 70.8%), stridor (6, 25%), noisy breathing (2, 8.3%), and cyanotic spells (1, 4.2%). Most patients presented with significant comorbidities (19, 79.2%). RESULTS:The number of nonacid GER (NAGER) per hour was greater during sleep time than during daytime and awakening following sleep onset (median 0.27 vs 1.85 and 1.45, P<0.01). A total of 1204 (range 7-86 per infant) arousals in 24 infants was detected, 165 (13.7%) that followed GER episodes, and 43 (3.6%) that preceded GER episodes. Seven patients presented with a positive symptom association probability for arousals; 5 were exclusively because of NAGER. A positive symptom association probability for awakenings was detected in 9 patients; 4 were because of NAGER, 4 were because of AGER, and 1 was because of both NAGER and GER. Patients with awakenings related to GER presented longer mean clearance time of AGER during sleep (165.5 vs 92.8 seconds, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS:GER was a frequent cause of interrupting sleep among our infant patients, and NAGER proved to be equally important as AGER for causing arousals and awakenings in infants.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To obtain prevalence estimates of clinical features of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and identify the dimensions of the public health problem requiring further investigation for an Australian population. METHODS:The South Australian Health Omnibus Survey is an annual representative population survey of South Australians aged≥15 years, conducted via interviewer-administered questionnaire. In 2009, 3007 participants were asked the STOP-BANG instrument measure of obstructive sleep apnoea risk, which includes symptoms of loud snoring, frequent tiredness during daytime, observed apnoea, and high blood pressure (STOP), and measured body mass index, age, neck circumference and gender (BANG). Three or more positive response categorises a person at high risk for OSA. RESULTS:Snoring was reported by 49.7% of adults. Tiredness after sleep more than 3 - 4 times per week was reported by 24.8%, and during wake-time by 27.7% of adults, with 8.8% reporting having fallen asleep while driving. Over half of the surveyed men (57.1%, n=566) and 19.3% (n=269) of the women were classified at high-risk of OSA with the STOP-BANG measure. In multivariable models, high risk was associated with less education, lower income, and residence in a regional rather than metropolitan area. CONCLUSION:The high prevalence of adults at risk for OSA suggests that the capacity currently available within the healthcare system to investigate and diagnose OSA is likely to be inadequate, particularly outside urban areas. This highlights an important public health problem that requires further detailed study and trials of new models of care.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The phototransformation pathways of protochlorophyllide forms were studied in 8-14-day-old leaves of dark-germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using white, 632.8 nm He-Ne laser and 654 nm laser diode light. The photon flux density (PFD) values (0.75-360 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), the illumination periods (20 ms-10 s) and the temperature of the leaves (between -60 °C and room temperature) were varied. The 77 K fluorescence spectra of partially phototransformed leaves showed gradual accumulation or even the dominance of the 675 nm emitting chlorophyllide or chlorophyll form at room temperature with 632.8 nm of PFD less than 200 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) or with 654 nm of low PFD (7.5 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) up to 1 s. Longer wavelength (685 or 690 nm) emitting chlorophyllide forms appeared at illuminations under -25 °C with both laser lights or at room temperature when the PFD values were higher or the illumination period was longer than above. We concluded that the formation of the 675 nm emitting chlorophyllide form does not indicate the direct photoactivity of the 633 nm emitting protochlorophyllide form; it can derive from 644 and 657 nm forms via instantaneous disaggregation of the newly-produced chlorophyllide complexes. The disaggregation is strongly influenced by the molecular environment and the localization of the complex.

背景与目标： : 使用白色，632.8 nm He-Ne激光和654 nm激光二极管光，在8-14日龄的深色发芽小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.) 的叶片中研究了原叶绿素形式的光转化途径。光子通量密度 (PFD) 值 (0.75-360 μ mol光子m(-2) s(-1))，光照周期 (20 ms-10 s) 和叶片温度 (-60 °C和室温之间) 变化。部分光转化的叶片的77 k荧光光谱显示，在室温下，632.8 nm的PFD小于200 μ mol光子m(-2) s(-1) 或654 nm的低PFD (7.5 μ mol光子m(-2) s(-1)) 最多1 s。当PFD值较高或照射周期长于以上时，在-25 °C下用两种激光照射下或在室温下，发射叶绿素形式出现更长的波长 (685或690 nm)。我们得出的结论是，发射675 nm的叶绿素形式的形成并不表明发射633 nm的原叶绿素形式的直接光活性; 它可以通过新产生的叶绿素复合物的瞬时分解从644和657 nm形式衍生而来。分解受到分子环境和复合物定位的强烈影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterized sleep-regulatory substance. To study receptor mechanisms for the sleep-promoting effects of TNF, sleep patterns were determined in control and TNF 55 kDa receptor knock-out (TNFR-KO) mice with a B6 x 129 background after intraperitoneal injections of saline or murine TNFalpha. The TNFR-KO mice had significantly less baseline sleep than the controls. TNFalpha dose-dependently increased non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) in the controls but did not influence sleep in TNFR-KO mice. Although TNFR-KO mice failed to respond to TNFalpha, they had an increase in NREMS and a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep after interleukin-1beta treatment. These results indicate that TNFalpha affects sleep via the 55 kDa receptor and provide further evidence that TNFalpha is involved in physiological sleep regulation. Current results also extend the list of species to mice in which TNFalpha and interleukin-1beta are somnogenic.

背景与目标： 肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) 是一种特征明确的睡眠调节物质。为了研究TNF促进睡眠作用的受体机制，在腹膜内注射生理盐水或鼠TNFalpha后，在对照和具有B6 x 129背景的TNF 55 kda受体敲除 (TNFR-KO) 小鼠中确定睡眠模式。TNFR-KO小鼠的基线睡眠明显少于对照组。TNFalpha剂量依赖性地增加了对照组的非快速眼动睡眠 (nrem)，但不影响TNFR-KO小鼠的睡眠。尽管TNFR-KO小鼠对TNFalpha没有反应，但在interleukin-1beta治疗后，它们的nrem增加，快速眼动睡眠减少。这些结果表明TNFalpha通过55 kDa受体影响睡眠，并进一步证明TNFalpha参与生理睡眠调节。当前的结果还将物种列表扩展到TNFalpha和interleukin-1beta具有致梦性的小鼠。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The hormone melatonin plays a key role in the proper functioning of the circadian timing system (CTS). Exogenous melatonin has been shown to be beneficial in cases of CTS dysfunction and sleep disturbances. The aim of our study was to relate 24-h melatonin excretion to objective sleep measures. METHODS:A total of 67 individuals were included in the study: 29 healthy subjects (16 women, 13 men; mean age 62.4 y, range 24-86) and 38 outpatients with neuropsychiatric sleep-related disturbances (25 women, 13 men; mean age 46.5 y, range 21-69). Over two consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory, polysomnographic (PSG) recordings were made and urine samples were collected at predefined intervals. RESULTS:Our data failed to show any age-controlled partial correlation between 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) parameters and PSG parameters in either of the two groups. CONCLUSION:Measuring endogenous melatonin does not seem to be an adequate way to evaluate sleep quality. This could be due to the fact that the size of the pineal gland and the amount of melatonin produced vary 20-fold between individuals.

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