BACKGROUND & AIMS: :　　BACKGROUND: Thitarodes larvae are the host of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Low temperature is the main environmental limitation for larvae growth. OBJECTIVE:To better understand the cold adaption process in T. pui larvae, the expression patterns of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TpTPS), heat shock protein 70 (TpHSP70), and heat shock protein 90 (TpHSP90) were investigated upon short and long-term exposure to 0°C. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The 6th instar T. pui larvae were collected in July 2013. TpTPS was firstly sequenced and expression patterns of TpTPS, TpHSP70 and TpHSP90 were investigated using quantitative PCR. RESULTS:Full-length cDNA of TpTPS was 3,012 bp, with an open reading frame of 2,472 bp and an encoding protein of 823 amino acids. TpTPS up-regulation was induced by cold exposure. TpHSP70 expression is altered by cold exposure, but remained low. TpHSP90 expression was obviously up regulated in long-term cold stimulation. CONCLUSION:All three genes (TpTPS, TpHSP70 and TpHSP90) have likely contributed to cold tolerance in T. pui larvae, TpTPS and TpHSP90 potentially being more important.

背景与目标： ：背景：噻虫幼虫是毛虫真菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis的宿主。低温是幼虫生长的主要环境限制。
目的：为了更好地了解普氏幼虫的冷适应过程，研究了短时和短时海藻糖6-磷酸合酶（TpTPS），热休克蛋白70（TpHSP70）和热休克蛋白90（TpHSP90）的表达模式。长期暴露于0°C。
材料与方法：2013年7月收集了6龄幼虫T.pui幼虫。首先对TpTPS进行了测序，并通过定量PCR研究了TpTPS，TpHSP70和TpHSP90的表达模式。
结果：TpTPS全长cDNA为3,012 bp，开放阅读框为2,472 bp，编码蛋白为823个氨基酸。 TpTPS的上调是由冷暴露引起的。 TpHSP70表达因冷暴露而改变，但保持较低水平。在长期冷刺激下，TpHSP90表达明显上调。
结论：所有三个基因（TpTPS，TpHSP70和TpHSP90）都可能有助于对T. pui幼虫的耐寒性，TpTPS和TpHSP90可能更重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A cultivar of fruiting bodies of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (FBOS; OCS02) was analyzed for nutrients, bioactive compounds, and heavy metal content to showcase its potential as a competitive, sustainable, and safe alternative to wild types and other cultivars. A previous 28-day subacute toxicity study showed that doses up to 1 g · kg-1 did not cause any adverse effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. The OCS02 cultivar contained large amounts of cordycepin, polysaccharides, and essential and semi-essential amino acids (0.66, 482.80, 99.02, and 101.04 g · kg-1, respectively) compared with levels reported in wild types and in cultivated mycelia. β-1,3/1,6-glucan content was considerably high at 342.50 g · kg-1. The potassium level (5.14 g kg-1) tied in well with the low sodium content (0.121 g · kg-1)-6 times lower than amounts in wild types. We found no detectable levels of heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. The major amino acids found in FBOS (0CS02 cultivar) were arginine, lysine, serine, and threonine at 45.20, 20.30, 18.60, and 18.20 g · kg-1, respectively. The cultivated FBOS (OCS02 cultivar) is a comparable alternative to wild-type and other cultivated strains of O. sinensis. It has potential as a nutraceutical to meet market demand.

背景与目标： ：分析了中华phi的子实体（FBOS； OCS02）的营养成分，生物活性化合物和重金属含量，以展示其作为野生型和其他品种的竞争性，可持续性和安全性替代品的潜力。先前的28天亚急性毒性研究表明，高达1 g·kg-1的剂量不会对Sprague-Dawley大鼠造成任何不良影响。与野生型和栽培菌丝体中报道的水平相比，OCS02品种包含大量的虫草素，多糖以及必需和半必需氨基酸（分别为0.66、482.80、99.02和101.04 g·kg-1）。 β-1,3/ 1,6-葡聚糖的含量很高，为342.50 g·kg-1。钾水平（5.14 g kg-1）与低钠含量（0.121 g·kg-1）-6倍相关，比野生型低。我们没有发现可检测水平的重金属，例如铅，砷，镉和汞。 FBOS（0CS02品种）中发现的主要氨基酸分别为精氨酸，赖氨酸，丝氨酸和苏氨酸，分别为45.20、20.30、18.60和18.20 g·kg-1。栽培的FBOS（OCS02品种）是野生型和其他栽培稻的可比替代品。它具有满足市场需求的营养保健品的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study deals with the challenges acquainted with in vitro culture of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. We have optimized the culture conditions for the growth of O. sinensis mycelium in semi-synthetic liquid media and determined antibacterial potential of the cultured mycelia extracts. In this study, mycelia were isolated from fruiting bodies and the isolate was identified as O. sinensis anamorph based on sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region. We investigated different culture conditions to optimize the growth of mycelia. Through this investigation, the isolated strain was observed to have its optimum growth at temperature (20°C), which yielded biomass of 12.38 g/L and pH (6.0) yielded biomass of 11.24g/L. Further to augment the production of mycelia, different carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized for mycelium growth in liquid media, out of which sucrose and corn steep powder proved to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources yielding biomass 14.01 g/L and 14.14 g/L, respectively. The evaluation of aqueous and methanolic extracts for antibacterial activity depicted that these extracts are active against all bacterial strains tested here. Aqueous extract depicted minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.312, 0.019, 0.078, 0.312, and 0.625 mg/mL and methanolic extract depicted 1.25, 0.078, 0.009, 1.25, and 0.156 mg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. These results led to optimization of enhanced biomass production of O. sinensis, which can be a better alternative approach for further physiological studies and large-scale cultivation of this mushroom for its utilization for therapeutics and nutraceutical values.

背景与目标： ：本研究解决了中华O蛇体外培养所面临的挑战。我们优化了半合成液体培养基中中华绒螯蟹菌丝体生长的培养条件，并确定了培养菌丝体提取物的抗菌潜力。在这项研究中，从子实体中分离出菌丝体，并根据内部转录间隔区的测序结果将该分离物鉴定为中华稻（O. sinensis anamorph）。我们调查了不同的培养条件，以优化菌丝体的生长。通过该研究，观察到分离的菌株在温度（20℃）下具有最佳生长，其产生的生物量为12.38g / L，pH（6.0）产生的生物量为11.24g / L。为了增加菌丝体的产量，针对液体培养基中的菌丝体生长优化了不同的碳源和氮源，其中蔗糖和玉米浆被证明是产生生物量14.01 g / L和14.14 g / L的最佳碳源和氮源。 ， 分别。对水提取物和甲醇提取物的抗菌活性进行评估表明，这些提取物对此处测试的所有细菌菌株均具有活性。水性提取物对铜绿假单胞菌，大肠杆菌，蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）为0.312、0.019、0.078、0.312和0.625 mg / mL，甲醇提取物的抑菌浓度为1.25、0.078、0.009、1.25和0.156 mg / mL。金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌。这些结果导致优化的中华稻草生物量生产的增加，这可以是用于进一步的生理学研究和对该蘑菇的大规模种植以用于治疗和营养价值的更好的替代方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Some DNA sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD) are erroneously annotated, which has lead to misleading conclusions in publications. Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis) is a fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, and more than 100 populations covering almost its distribution area have been examined by us over recent years. In this study, using the data from authentic materials, we have evaluated the reliability of nucleotide sequences annotated as O. sinensis in the INSD. As of October 15, 2012, the INSD contained 874 records annotated as O. sinensis, including 555 records representing nuclear ribosomal DNA (63.5 %), 197 representing protein-coding genes (22.5 %), 92 representing random markers with unknown functions (10.5 %), and 30 representing microsatellite loci (3.5 %). Our analysis indicated that 39 of the 397 internal transcribed spacer entries, 27 of the 105 small subunit entries, and five of the 53 large subunit entries were incorrectly annotated as belonging to O. sinensis. For protein-coding sequences, all records of serine protease genes, the mating-type gene MAT1-2-1, the DNA lyase gene, the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II, and elongation factor-1α gene were correct, while 14 of the 73 β-tubulin entries were indeterminate. Genetic diversity analyses using those sequences correctly identified as O. sinensis revealed significant genetic differentiation in the fungus although the extent of genetic differentiation varied with the gene. The relationship between O. sinensis and some other related fungal taxa is also discussed.

背景与目标： ：国际核苷酸序列数据库（INSD）中的某些DNA序列被错误地注释，这导致出版物中出现误导性结论。中华phi虫草（冬虫夏草）是一种青藏高原特有的真菌，近年来，我们已经对其覆盖分布区域的100多个种群进行了研究。在这项研究中，使用来自真实材料的数据，我们评估了在INSD中标注为O. sinensis的核苷酸序列的可靠性。截至2012年10月15日，INSD包含874条记录为中华稻的记录，包括555条代表核糖体DNA的记录（63.5％），197条代表蛋白质编码基因（22.5％），92条代表功能未知的随机标记（10.5个） ％）和30个代表微卫星基因座（3.5％）。我们的分析表明，397个内部转录间隔子条目中的39个，105个小亚基条目中的27个和53个大亚基条目中的5个被错误地注释为属于中华稻。对于蛋白质编码序列，丝氨酸蛋白酶基因，交配型基因MAT1-2-1，DNA裂解酶基因，RNA聚合酶II的两个最大亚基和延伸因子-1α基因的所有记录都是正确的，而其中的14个73个β-微管蛋白条目不确定。使用正确鉴定为中华稻的那些序列进行的遗传多样性分析显示，尽管真菌的遗传分化程度随基因而异，但真菌中的遗传分化却很明显。还讨论了中华稻和其他相关真菌类群之间的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the effects of the EtOAc extract of U. longissima which is uninvestigated previously on esophagogastric cancer induced in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin (MNNG). METHODS:The anticancer activity of EtOAc extract of U. longissima was examined in the esophagogastric adenocarcinoma models induced in rats with MNNG. EtOAc extract of U. longissima, 50 and 100 mg/kg oral doses were administered once daily for six months. MNNG induced differentiated and undifferentiated type adenocarcinomas in the esophageal and gastric tissues of rats. RESULTS:EtOAc extract of U. longissima obtained from U. longissima prevented gastric and esophageal cancerogenesis induced in rats with MNNG. EtOAc extract of U. longissima did not have a lethal effect at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. The prominent anticarcinogenic activity of EtOAc extract of U. longissima 50 and 100 mg/kg suggests that it is not toxic and it is selective to the cancer tissue. CONCLUSION:This information may shed light on clinical implementation of EtOAc extract of U. longissima in future.

背景与目标： 目的：研究以前未进行研究的长条菌（U. longissima）的乙酸乙酯提取物对N-甲基-N-硝基-N-亚硝基鸟苷（MNNG）诱导的食管胃癌的影响。
方法：在MNNG诱导的食管胃腺癌模型中，研究了长条梭菌EtOAc提取物的抗癌活性。每天一次口服长曲霉的EtOAc提取物，剂量为50和100 mg / kg，连续六个月。 MNNG诱导大鼠食管和胃组织中分化的和未分化的腺癌。
结果：从忍冬属植物中提取的忍冬属植物提取物可预防MNNG大鼠胃癌和食道癌的发生。在500、1000和2000 mg / kg的剂量下，长曲霉的EtOAc提取物没有致死作用。 U. longissima 50和100 mg / kg的EtOAc提取物具有显着的抗癌活性，表明它无毒且对癌症组织具有选择性。
结论：该信息可能为将来长双孢菌乙酸乙酯提取物的临床实施提供参考。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nucleosides are active components in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. All individual nucleoside contents in both fruiting and caterpillar bodies were significantly different among the 24 O. sinensis populations that are distributed across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. The nucleoside contents of the fruiting and caterpillar bodies show significant positive correlations with the geographical distances of O. sinensis populations, and the nucleoside contents in the O. sinensis populations with the non-dominant fungus-host haplotype associations from isolated geographical areas show significant positive correlations with the genetic distances among those populations based on nrDNA ITS and COI sequences, respectively. The fungus-host associations play important roles in the nucleoside differences of O. sinensis populations.

背景与目标： ：核苷是中华麦冬的活性成分。在青藏高原上分布的24个中华绒螯蟹种群中，子实体和毛虫体内的所有核苷含量均存在显着差异。子实体和毛虫的核苷含量与中华稻的地理距离呈显着正相关，而来自孤立地理区域的非优势真菌-宿主单倍型关联的中华稻的核苷含量也呈显着正相关。 nrDNA ITS和COI序列分别与这些种群的遗传距离相关。真菌-宿主协会在中华稻种群的核苷差异中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been used as a traditional medicine or healthy food in China for thousands of years. Hirsutella sinensis was reported as the only correct anamorph of O. sinensis. It is reported that the laboratory-grown H. sinensis mycelium has similar clinical efficacy and less associated toxicity compared to the wild O. sinensis. The research of the H. sinensis is becoming more and more important and urgent. To gain deeper insight into the biological and pharmacological mechanisms, we sequenced the genome of H. sinensis. The genome of H. sinensis (102.72 Mb) was obtained for the first time, with > 99% coverage. 10,200 protein-encoding genes were predicted based on the genome sequence. A detailed secondary metabolism analysis and structure verification of the main ingredients were performed, and the biosynthesis pathways of seven ingredients (mannitol, cordycepin, purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides, unsaturated fatty acid, cordyceps polysaccharide and sphingolipid) were predicted and drawn. Furthermore, infection process and mechanism of H. sinensis were studied and elaborated in this article. The enzymes involved in the infection mechanism were also predicted, cloned and expressed to verify the mechanism. The genes and proteins were predicted and annotated based on the genome sequence. The pathways of several active components in H. sinensis were predicted and key enzymes were confirmed. The work presented here would improve the understanding of the genetic basis of this organism, and contribute to further research, production and application of H. sinensis.

背景与目标： ：Ophiocordyceps sinensis在中国已被用作传统药物或健康食品已有数千年的历史了。据报道，中华绒螯蟹是中华稻唯一正确的变形体。据报道，与野生O. sinensis相比，实验室生长的H. sinensis菌丝体具有相似的临床功效，相关毒性较小。中华绒螯蟹的研究正变得越来越重要和紧迫。为了更深入地了解生物学和药理机制，我们对中华绒螯蟹的基因组进行了测序。首次获得中华绒螯蟹（102.72 Mb）的基因组，覆盖率> 99％。根据基因组序列预测了10,200个蛋白质编码基因。对主要成分进行了详细的二次代谢分析和结构验证，并预测和绘制了七个成分（甘露醇，虫草素，嘌呤核苷酸，嘧啶核苷酸，不饱和脂肪酸，虫草多糖和鞘脂）的生物合成途径。此外，本文还对中华绒螯蟹的感染过程和机理进行了研究和阐述。还预测，克隆和表达了与感染机制有关的酶，以验证该机制。根据基因组序列对基因和蛋白质进行预测和注释。预测了中华绒螯蟹中几种活性成分的途径，并确定了关键酶。本文介绍的工作将增进对这种生物遗传基础的理解，并有助于进一步研究，生产和应用中华绒螯蟹。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is one of the most well-known fungi in traditional Chinese medicine and is attracting attention because of its nutritious and medicinal properties. The present study aimed to produce a proteomic map to identify common O. sinensis proteins. The caterpillar body and stroma of O. sinensis collected from five locations and four fungal specimens of similar appearance were examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Five proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF--TOF/MS, and the 2-DE identification pattern was provided. OCS_04585 and β-lactamase domain-containing protein, the two abundant and characteristic proteins, were separated and purified using liquid-phase isoelectric focusing. The products were high-quality materials that can be used for future protein-function studies and immunoassay development.

背景与目标： 中华phi是中草药中最著名的真菌之一，由于其营养和药用特性而引起了人们的关注。本研究旨在产生一个蛋白质组图谱，以鉴定常见的中华稻草蛋白。通过二维电泳（2-DE）检查了从五个位置收集的中华稻草的毛虫体和间质以及四个相似外观的真菌标本。使用MALDI-TOF--TOF / MS鉴定了5种蛋白质，并提供了2-DE鉴定模式。使用液相等电聚焦法分离并纯化了OCS_04585和含β-内酰胺酶结构域的蛋白质（这两个丰富且特征性的蛋白质）。这些产品是高质量的材料，可用于将来的蛋白质功能研究和免疫测定开发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thitarodes (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) is the only genus that hosts to the Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine considered as a powerful medicinal supplement. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two species, T. damxungensis and T. pui, have been sequenced, which are 15,928 bp and 15,362 bp in size respectively, and both contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and an AT-rich region. Like other hepialoids, the gene arrangement of the mitogenomes of T. damxungensis and T. pui is identical to the ancestral arrangement but differs from those of other lepidopteran species on account of the different arrangements of trnM, trnI, and trnQ. The size of AT-rich region is 545 bp in T. damxungensis and 1030 bp in T. pui. Tandem repetition in the AT-rich region is responsible for the length difference of the A + T-rich region in both species. In Hepialidae, the phylogenetic study based on the dataset of the sequences that combined the protein-coding genes and RNA genes suggested that the species T. yunnanensis should still belong to the genus Thitarodes rather than Ahamns, which is different from the results based on the traditional phylogeny.

背景与目标： ：Thitarodes（鳞翅目，鳞翅目）是唯一容纳中华绒螯蟹（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）的属，中华绒螯蟹（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）被认为是一种有力的药物补品。在这项研究中，已对两个物种线虫（T. damxungensis）和T. pui的完整线粒体基因组（有丝分裂基因组）进行了测序，大小分别为15,928bp和15,362bp，均包含13个蛋白质编码基因（PCG）， 2个rRNA，22个tRNA和一个富含AT的区域。像其他螺旋体一样，达木雄和普p的有丝分裂基因组的基因排列与祖先排列相同，但由于trnM，trnI和trnQ的排列不同而不同于其他鳞翅目物种。达信木中AT富集区的大小为545bp，而贝母中的AT富集区的大小为1030bp。在两个物种中，富AT区域的串联重复是造成富AT区域的长度差异的原因。在螺旋藻科中，根据结合蛋白质编码基因和RNA基因的序列的数据集进行的系统发育研究表明，云南丁香球菌仍应属于Thitarodes属，而不是Ahamns属，这与基于该基因组的结果有所不同。传统的系统发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (EEOS) on neuroprotective efficacy in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR). The effects of EEOS on mortality rate, neurobehavior, grip strength, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The cerebral infarction was examined through tetrazolium chloride staining. EEOS significantly inhibited IR-induced brain production of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, ICAM-1, and COX-2. Moreover, EEOS suppressed infiltration of PMN cells. EEOS caused a significant reduction in the infarct size compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion group. The study demonstrates the neuroprotective potential of EEOS inhibition of IR through anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model of IR.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，我们研究了中华O蛇乙醇提取物（EEOS）对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注（IR）大鼠神经保护功效的影响。 EEOS对死亡率，神经行为，抓地力，多形核（PMN）细胞，白介素（IL）-1β，诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS），肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α，细胞内黏附分子1（ICAM- 1）和环氧合酶2（COX-2）通过酶联免疫吸附测定和免疫组化测定。通过氯化四唑鎓染色检查脑梗塞。 EEOS显着抑制IR诱导的大脑中IL-1β，TNF-α，iNOS，ICAM-1和COX-2的产生。此外，EEOS抑制了PMN细胞的浸润。与大脑中动脉闭塞组相比，EEOS导致了梗塞面积的显着减少。该研究证明了在大鼠IR模型中，EEOS通过抗炎活性抑制EEOS对IR的神经保护作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phomalactone, an antibacterial, insecticidal, and herbicidal compound, was produced by insect pathogenic fungi, Ophiocordyceps communis BCC 1842 and BCC 2763, in bioreactors using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Glucose and fructose were preferable for growth and phomalactone production. The highest specific growth rate (μ) of 0.012 hr(-1), the highest biomass yield (Ysx) of 0.38 g DW g(-1) sugar, the highest volumetric sugar consumption rate (qs) of 0.036 g (L hr)(-1), the maximum phomalactone concentration ([Formula: see text]) of 93.30 mg L(-1) at 127 hr, and the highest volumetric production rate of phomalactone (qp) of 0.46 ± 0.12 mg (L d)(-1) were obtained on glucose and sodium nitrate as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, by O. communis BCC 1842. In contrast, O. communis BCC 2763 gave lower phomalactone production. This mass phomalactone production is useful for the biological synthesis of a precursor for more broad-range potent analogs such as antitumor, antifungal, and others and for its further biological studies.

背景与目标： 苯甲内酯是一种抗菌，杀虫和除草的化合物，由昆虫病原性真菌Ophiocordyceps communis BCC 1842和BCC 2763在生物反应器中使用不同的碳源和氮源生产。葡萄糖和果糖对于生长和磷内酯的产生是优选的。比生长率最高（μ）为0.012 hr（-1），最高生物量产量（Ysx）为0.38 g DW g（-1）糖，最高体积糖消耗率（qs）为0.036 g（L hr） （-1），在127 hr时最大的膦内酯浓度（[公式：参见文字]）为93.30 mg L（-1），最大的膦内酯体积生成量（qp）为0.46±0.12 mg（L d） -1。）是由O. communis BCC 1842分别在葡萄糖和硝酸钠上作为唯一的碳源和氮源获得的。相反，O。communis BCC 2763产生的磷内酯较低。大量的磷内酯产生可用于前体的生物合成，以用于更广泛有效的类似物，例如抗肿瘤，抗真菌等，并用于进一步的生物学研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is widespread in arthropods. Recently, possibilities of novel Wolbachia-mediated hosts, their distribution, and natural rate have been anticipated, and the coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which has garnered attention as a serious pest of palms, was subjected to this interrogation. By adopting Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and multilocus sequence type (MLST) genotypic systems, we determined the Wolbachia infection density within host developmental stages, body parts, and tissues, and the results revealed that all the tested samples of B. longissima were infected with the same Wolbachia strain (wLog), suggesting complete vertical transmission. The MLST profile elucidated two new alleles (ftsZ-234 and coxA-266) that define a new sequence type (ST-483), which indicates the particular genotypic association of B. longissima and Wolbachia. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a higher infection density in the eggs and adult stage, followed by the abdomen and reproductive tissues, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in the infection density between sexes. Moreover, the wsp and concatenated MLST alignment analysis of this study with other known Wolbachia-mediated arthropods revealed similar clustering with distinct monophyletic supergroup B. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence, infection dynamics, and phylogeny of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in B. longissima, which demonstrated that Wolbachia is ubiquitous across all developmental stages and distributed in the entire body of B. longissima. Understanding the Wolbachia infection dynamics would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations, understand its impacts on host physiology, and exploit it as a potential biocontrol agent.

背景与目标： ：细胞内细菌Wolbachia pipientis广泛分布于节肢动物中。近来，已经预期了新型的由沃尔巴克氏体介导的寄主的可能性，它们的分布和自然发生率，并且已经引起椰子叶甲虫Brontispa longissima（Gestro）（鞘翅目：金眼科）的关注，该植物作为一种严重的棕榈害虫而受到关注。这个讯问。通过采用Wolbachia表面蛋白（wsp）和多基因座序列类型（MLST）基因型系统，我们确定了宿主发育阶段，身体部位和组织内的Wolbachia感染密度，结果表明所有被测试的B. longissima样品均被感染。具有相同的Wolbachia菌株（wLog），表明完全垂直传播。 MLST谱阐明了两个新的等位基因（ftsZ-234和coxA-266），它们定义了一个新的序列类型（ST-483），表明长双歧杆菌和Wolbachia的特定基因型关联。实时定量PCR分析表明，卵和成年阶段的感染密度较高，其次是腹部和生殖组织。但是，在两性之间的感染密度上没有观察到明显差异。此外，这项研究与其他已知的Wolbachia介导的节肢动物的wsp和连锁MLST比对分析揭示了具有相似的簇，且具有不同的单系统超群B.这是关于Wolbachia内共生菌在B中的患病率，感染动力学和系统发育的第一份综合报道。 longissima，表明Wolbachia在所有发育阶段无处不在，并分布在B. longissima的整个体内。了解沃尔巴克氏菌感染的动态将提供有用的见解，以为将来的研究建立一个框架，了解其对宿主生理的影响，并将其用作潜在的生物防治剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Herbal medicines are efficient to reduce side effects in the fight against glioblastoma, which plays a critical role within brain cancer species. The recent studies designated for testing the effects of lichens that have shown numerous anticancer activities on glioblastoma so far. In the present study, different concentrations of water extract obtained from Usnea longissima Ach. were used in order to determine cytotoxic (via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase tests), antioxidant (via total antioxidant capacity test), pro-oxidant (via total oxidant status test) and genotoxic (via 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine test) effects of them on human U87MG-glioblastoma cancer cell lines. Primary mixed glial-neuronal non-cancerous cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were also utilized to measure the effects of treatments on non-cancerous cells. Based on median inhibitory concentration values, the data belonged to non-cancerous cells (2486.71 mg/L) showed distinct towering compared to U87MG (80.93 mg/L) cells. The viability of non-cancerous and U87MG cells exposed to extract is decreased in a dose dependent manner. It was also showed that low concentrations of extract notably increased total antioxidant capacity on non-cancerous cells. In addition, various phenolic compounds in extract were detected through high-performance liquid chromatography. The recent results encourage that extract will be able to have therapeutic potential against glioblastoma.

背景与目标： 草药可有效减少对抗胶质母细胞瘤的副作用，而胶质母细胞瘤在脑癌物种中起着至关重要的作用。最近的研究指定用于测试地衣的作用，迄今为止，这些作用已显示出对胶质母细胞瘤许多抗癌活性。在本研究中，不同浓度的水提取物得自长松松萝（Usnea longissima Ach）。为了测定细胞毒性（通过3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-2,5-二苯基四唑溴化物和乳酸脱氢酶测试），抗氧化剂（通过总抗氧化剂容量测试），促氧化剂（通过总氧化剂状态测试）和遗传毒性（通过8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷测试）对人U87MG-胶质母细胞瘤癌细胞系的影响。来自Sprague-Dawley大鼠的原代神经胶质-神经元非癌细胞也被用于测量治疗对非癌细胞的影响。根据中值抑制浓度值，与U87MG（80.93 mg / L）细胞相比，属于非癌细胞（2486.71 mg / L）的数据显示出明显的参差。暴露于提取物中的非癌细胞和U87MG细胞的活力以剂量依赖性方式降低。还显示出低浓度的提取物显着增加了对非癌细胞的总抗氧化能力。此外，通过高效液相色谱法检测到了提取物中的各种酚类化合物。最近的结果鼓励该提取物将具有抗胶质母细胞瘤的治疗潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper reports cloning and characterisation of four novel low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes (designated as TzLMW-m2, TzLMW-m1, TdLMW-m1 and AlLMW-m2) from the genomic DNA of Triticum dicoccoides, T. zhukovskyi and Aegilops longissima. The coding regions of TzLMW-m2, TzLMW-m1, TdLMW-m1 and AlLMW-m2 were 1056 bp, 903 bp, 1056 bp and 1050 bp in length, encoding 350, 300, 350 and 348 amino acid residues, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences showed that the four novel genes were classified as LMW-m types and the comparison results indicated that the four genes had a more similar structure and a higher level of homology with the LMW-m genes than the LMW-s and -i types genes. However, the first cysteine residue's positions of TzLMW-m2, TdLMW-m1 and AlLMW-m2 were different from the others. Moreover, AlLMW-m2, TdLMW-m1 and TzLMW-m2 all possessed a longer repetitive domain, which was considered to be associated with good quality of wheat. The secondary structure prediction revealed that the content of beta-strand in AlLMW-m2 and TdLMW-m1 exceeded the positive control, suggesting that AlLMW-m2 and TdLMW-m1 should be considered as candidate genes that may have positive effect on dough quality. In order to investigate the evolutionary relationship of the novel genes with the other LMW-GSs, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results lead to a speculation that AlLMW-m2, TdLMW-m1 and TzLMW-m2 may be the middle types during the evolution of LMW-m and LMW-s.

背景与目标： 本文报道了来自小麦小麦（Ticticum dicoccoides）T基因组DNA的四个新的低分子量谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）基因（分别命名为TzLMW-m2，TzLMW-m1，TdLMW-m1和AlLMW-m2）的克隆和表征。 zhukovskyi和Aegilops longissima。 TzLMW-m2，TzLMW-m1，TdLMW-m1和AlLMW-m2的编码区长度分别为1056 bp，903 bp，1056 bp和1050 bp，分别编码350、300、350和348个氨基酸残基。推导的氨基酸序列表明，这四个新基因被分类为LMW-m类型，并且比较结果表明，这四个基因与LMW-s和LMW-m基因相比具有更相似的结构和与LMW-m基因更高的同源性。 -i输入基因。然而，TzLMW-m2，TdLMW-m1和AlLMW-m2的第一个半胱氨酸残基的位置彼此不同。此外，AlLMW-m2，TdLMW-m1和TzLMW-m2均具有较长的重复域，这被认为与小麦的优质品质有关。二级结构预测表明，AlLMW-m2和TdLMW-m1中β链的含量超过了阳性对照，这表明AlLMW-m2和TdLMW-m1应被视为可能对面团质量产生积极影响的候选基因。为了研究新基因与其他LMW-GS的进化关系，构建了系统进化树。结果导致人们推测AlLMW-m2，TdLMW-m1和TzLMW-m2可能是LMW-m和LMW-s进化的中间类型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A systematic study on the metabolome differences between wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and artificial cultured Cordyceps militaris was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis results showed that C. militaris grown on solid rice medium (R-CM) and C. militaris grown on tussah pupa (T-CM) evidently separated and individually separated from wild O. sinensis, indicating metabolome difference among wild O. sinensis, R-CM and T-CM. The metabolome differences between R-CM and T-CM indicated that C. militaris could accommodate to culture medium by differential metabolic regulation. Hierarchical clustering analysis was further performed to cluster the differential metabolites and samples based on their metabolic similarity. The higher content of amino acids (pyroglutamic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine and arginine), unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic acid and linoleic acid), peptides, mannitol, adenosine and succinoadenosine in O. sinensis make it as an excellent choice as a traditional Chinese medicine for invigoration or nutritional supplementation. Similar compositions with O. sinensis and easy cultivation make artificially cultured C. militaris a possible alternative to O. sinensis.

背景与目标： ：利用液相色谱-质谱法对野生中华phi虫草和人工培养的Cord虫草之间的代谢组差异进行了系统研究。主成分分析和正交投影对潜在结构的判别分析结果表明，在固态水稻培养基（R-CM）上生长的C虫和在蚕（T-CM）上生长的C虫明显与野生O分离并单独分离。中华,，说明野生中华。，R-CM和T-CM之间的代谢组差异。 R-CM和T-CM之间的代谢组差异表明，游衣藻可以通过差异代谢调节适应培养基。进一步进行了层次聚类分析，以基于差异代谢物和样品的代谢相似性进行聚类。中华绒螯蟹中较高的氨基酸（焦谷氨酸，谷氨酸，组氨酸，苯丙氨酸和精氨酸），不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸和亚油酸），肽，甘露醇，腺苷和琥珀腺苷含量高，使它成为中华绒螯蟹的极佳选择。补气或营养补品的中药。与中华稻草相似的成分和易于栽培使得人工培养的中华C草可能成为中华稻草的替代品。