BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo biodiesel synthesis in Escherichia coli, however, ethyl ester formation was dependent on an external fatty acid feedstock. In contrast to E. coli, actinomycetes may be ideal organisms for direct biodiesel synthesis because of their capacity to synthesize high levels of triacylglcerides (TAGs). In this study, we investigated the physiology and associated TAG accumulation along with the in vivo ability to catalyze ester formation from exogenous short chain alcohol sources in Gordonia sp. KTR9, a strain that possesses a large number of genes dedicated to fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. Total lipid fatty acids content increased by 75 % and TAG content increased by 50 % under nitrogen starvation conditions in strain KTR9. Strain KTR9 tolerated the exogenous addition of up to 4 % methanol, 4 % ethanol and 2 % propanol in the media. Increasing alcohol concentrations resulted in a decrease in the degree of saturation of recovered fatty acid alcohol esters and a slight increase in the fatty acid chain length. A linear dose dependency in fatty alcohol ester synthesis was observed in the presence of 0.5-2 % methanol and ethanol compared to control KTR9 strains grown in the absence of alcohols. An inspection of the KTR9 genome revealed the presence of several putative wax ester synthase/acyl-coenzyme A : diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) enzymes, encoded by atf gene homologs, that may catalyze the in vivo synthesis of fatty acid esters from short chain alcohols. Collectively, these results indicate that Gordonia sp. KTR9 may be a suitable actinomycete host strain for in vivo biodiesel synthesis.

背景与目标： : 以前的工作已经证明了在大肠杆菌中体内合成生物柴油的可行性，但是，乙酯的形成取决于外部脂肪酸原料。与大肠杆菌相反，放线菌可能是直接合成生物柴油的理想生物，因为它们具有合成高水平的三酰基玻璃酸酯 (标签) 的能力。在这项研究中，我们研究了Gordonia sp. KTR9的生理和相关TAG积累以及体内催化外源短链醇源形成酯的能力，该菌株具有大量专用于脂肪酸和脂质生物合成的基因。在氮饥饿条件下，菌株ktr9的总脂质脂肪酸含量增加75%，TAG含量增加50%。菌株KTR9耐受培养基中最多4% 甲醇、4% 乙醇和2% 丙醇的外源添加。酒精浓度的增加导致回收的脂肪酸醇酯的饱和度降低，脂肪酸链长度略有增加。与在没有醇的情况下生长的对照KTR9菌株相比，在0.5 2% 的甲醇和乙醇存在下观察到脂肪醇酯合成中的线性剂量依赖性。对KTR9基因组的检查显示，存在几种推定的蜡酯合酶/酰基辅酶a  :  二酰基甘油酰基转移酶 (WS/DGAT) 酶，这些酶由atf基因同源物编码，可以催化体内合成脂肪酸短链醇的酯。总的来说，这些结果表明Gordonia sp。KTR9可能是用于体内生物柴油合成的合适的放线菌宿主菌株。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Microbial oil is one important bio-product for its important function in energy, chemical, and food industry. Finding suitable substrates is one key issue for its industrial application. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates can be utilized by oleaginous microorganisms with two different bio-pathways ("de novo" lipid fermentation and "ex novo" lipid fermentation). To date, most of the research on lipid fermentation has focused mainly on only one fermentation pathway and little work was carried out on both "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation simultaneously; thus, the advantages of both lipid fermentation cannot be fulfilled comprehensively. RESULTS:In this study, corncob acid hydrolysate with soybean oil was used as a mix-medium for combined "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation by oleaginous yeast Trichosporon dermatis. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates (sugars and soybean oil) in the medium can be utilized simultaneously and efficiently by T. dermatis. Different fermentation modes were compared and the batch mode was the most suitable for the combined fermentation. The influence of soybean oil concentration, inoculum size, and initial pH on the lipid fermentation was evaluated and 20 g/L soybean oil, 5% inoculum size, and initial pH 6.0 were suitable for this bioprocess. By this technology, the lipid composition of extracellular hydrophobic substrate (soybean oil) can be modified. Although adding emulsifier showed little beneficial effect on lipid production, it can modify the intracellular lipid composition of T. dermatis. CONCLUSIONS:The present study proves the potential and possibility of combined "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation. This technology can use hydrophilic and hydrophobic sustainable bio-resources to generate lipid feedstock for the production of biodiesel or other lipid-based chemical compounds and to treat some special wastes such as oil-containing wastewater.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The leaves of «moderately hardy» (spinach), «very hardy» (ivy) and «extremely hardy» (spruce) plants [classification according to Levitt {1980)] show characteristic differences with respect to changes in membrane lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure which are correlated with the degree of the frost resistance achieved by each type of tissue during adaptation to sub-zero temperatures. Spinach leaves showed no increase in their total lipid content upon frost hardening. On the contrary, the amount of galactolipids decreased considerably, whereas that of phospholipids only slightly increased. No shift from the saturated palmitic acid to the three-fold unsaturated linolenic acid was observed. The membrane lipid content of ivy leaves and spruce needles increased to a similar extent during frost hardening. However, in contrast to spruce needles, a distinct preferential accumulation of the phospholipids was observed in ivy leaves, resulting in an increased PL/GL ratio. A considerable shift from saturated (palmitic) to unsaturated fatty acids was detected in both plants, due mainly to an increase in the proportion of linoleic acid in ivy and of linolenic acid in spruce. In spite of the considerable increase in lipid content, no increase in chloroplast number per cell could be detected in ivy leaves, although the length of the thylakoids was nearly doubled and the plastids appeared to be in a division stage: however, no real division could ever be observed. On the contrary, an increase in the number of chloroplasts and mitochondria was observed in spruce needles. Membrane augmentation became further evident by the many large invaginations of the chloroplast envelope formed when the frost-hardened leaves of ivy or spruce were exposed to sub-zero temperatures which they could just survive.

背景与目标： : 中度耐寒 (菠菜) 的叶子，非常耐寒 (常春藤) 和极端耐寒 (云杉) 植物 [根据Levitt {1980分类] 在膜脂质组成和叶绿体超微结构的变化方面表现出特征差异，这与每种类型的组织在适应亚-零温度。菠菜叶在霜冻硬化后总脂质含量没有增加。相反，半乳糖脂的数量大大减少，而磷脂的数量仅略有增加。没有观察到从饱和棕榈酸到三倍不饱和亚麻酸的转变。在霜冻硬化期间，常春藤叶和云杉针的膜脂质含量增加到类似的程度。然而，与云杉针相反，在常春藤叶片中观察到磷脂的明显优先积累，导致PL/GL比增加。在两种植物中检测到从饱和 (棕榈酸) 到不饱和脂肪酸的相当大的转变，主要是由于常春藤中亚油酸和云杉中亚麻酸的比例增加。尽管脂质含量显着增加，但常春藤叶片中每个细胞的叶绿体数量没有增加，尽管类囊体的长度几乎增加了一倍，并且质体似乎处于分裂阶段: 但是，无法观察到真正的分裂。相反，在云杉针中观察到叶绿体和线粒体的数量增加。当常春藤或云杉的霜冻叶片暴露于零度以下的温度下，它们可以生存时，叶绿体包膜的许多大内陷就进一步明显增加了膜。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: It has been established that oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) modifies cytokine secretion by macrophages, for example, by reducing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-(alpha) m-RNA. However, little is known about the effects of oxidized high density lipoprotein (ox-HDL). This study reports the effects of ox-HDL subfractions 2 and 3 (ox-HDL2, ox-HDL3) compared with that of ox-LDL and some products of oxidation (hydroperoxides and aldehydes) on the secretion of TNF-alpha from THP-1 human monocytes derived macrophages in vitro. HDL2, HDL3 and LDL were oxidized with 10 microM Cu++ for 12 h and/or 24 h. Native and oxidized HDL and LDL were incubated for 24 h with macrophages with or without LPS (10 ng/ml) after which TNF-alpha secretion was measured in the culture medium. Lipid hydroperoxides and apolar aldehydes were also incubated with the cells for 2 h following which the medium was replaced and TNF-alpha secretion measured after a further 22 h of incubation. An inhibition of TNF-alpha by ox-HDL2 (p < .05), ox-HDL3 (p < .05) and ox-LDL (p < .05) from THP-1 macrophages was observed in the presence and absence of LPS. This inhibition remained the same after incubation with ox-HDL 12 h and 24 h. Hydroperoxides of linoleic acid did not modify TNF-alpha secretion by cells while five out of eight aldehydes analyzed (2,4-heptadienal, hexanal, 2-nonenal, 2-octenal, 2,4-decadienal) inhibited TNF-alpha secretion (p < .05). These findings demonstrate that ox-HDL, and some of its lipid peroxidation products, plays a role in the modulation of the inflammatory response by macrophages as previously observed for ox-LDL.

背景与目标： 已经确定氧化的LDL (ox-LDL) 修饰巨噬细胞的细胞因子分泌，例如，通过减少肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF-(α) m-RNA。然而，对氧化型高密度脂蛋白 (ox-HDL) 的影响知之甚少。这项研究报告了ox-HDL亚组分2和3 (ox-HDL2，ox-HDL3) 与ox-LDL和某些氧化产物 (氢过氧化物和醛) 对体外THP-1人单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α 的影响相比。HDL2，HDL3和LDL用10 microM Cu ++ 氧化12小时和/或24小时。将天然和氧化的HDL和LDL与有或没有LPS (10 ng/ml) 的巨噬细胞孵育24小时，然后在培养基中测量TNF-α 分泌。脂质氢过氧化物和极性醛还与细胞一起孵育2小时，然后更换培养基，再孵育22小时后测量TNF-α 分泌。ox-HDL2对TNF-α 的抑制作用 (p <.05)，在存在和不存在LPS的情况下观察到来自THP-1巨噬细胞的ox-HDL3 (p < .05) 和ox-LDL (p <.05)。与ox-HDL孵育12小时和24小时后，这种抑制作用保持不变。亚油酸的氢过氧化物不会改变细胞分泌TNF-α，而五在分析的八种醛中 (2，4-庚二烯醛，己醛，2-壬烯醛，2-辛烯醛，2,4-癸烯醛) 抑制TNF-α 分泌 (p <.05)。这些发现表明ox-HDL及其某些脂质过氧化产物，如先前对ox-LDL所观察到的，在巨噬细胞调节炎症反应中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism of toxicity of organic compounds using lipid model membranes (liposomes and planar lipid membranes). The compounds studied were trialkyltin and trialkyllead chlorides, dialkyltin dichlorides and some inorganic forms of those metals. Two different (anionic and cationic) detergents were also used in the experiments to change the surface properties of liposomes. As a measure of interaction between the compounds studied and model membranes were the release of liposome bound praseodymium and the change in stability of planar membranes under the influence of those compounds. On the basis of the results obtained it was postulated that the mechanism of interaction between tin- and leadorganics and model lipid membranes is a combination of different factors featuring interacting sides. The most important properties determining the behaviour of organic compounds in the interaction were lipophilicity and polarity of different parts of the organics and the steric arrangement they can take in the medium. On the other hand, the surface potential of the lipid bilayer and the environment of the lipid molecules, that play a significant role in the availability of the lipid bilayer to the organics, were important factors in the interaction.

背景与目标： 本研究旨在阐明使用脂质模型膜 (脂质体和平面脂质膜) 对有机化合物的毒性机理。研究的化合物是三烷基锡和三烷基氯化铅，二烷基锡二氯化物以及这些金属的某些无机形式。实验中还使用了两种不同的 (阴离子和阳离子) 洗涤剂来改变脂质体的表面性质。作为研究化合物与模型膜之间相互作用的量度，脂质体结合镨的释放以及在这些化合物的影响下平面膜的稳定性变化。根据获得的结果，推测锡和铅有机物与模型脂质膜之间的相互作用机理是具有相互作用方面的不同因素的组合。决定有机化合物在相互作用中的行为的最重要特性是有机物不同部分的亲脂性和极性以及它们在介质中可以采用的空间排列。另一方面，脂质双层的表面电势和脂质分子的环境在脂质双层对有机物的可用性中起着重要作用，是相互作用的重要因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To determine the efficacy and safety of adding ezetimibe to maximally tolerated lipid lowering therapy in patients with HIV dyslipidemia. Retrospective analysis of lipid parameters was conducted for 33 patients with HIV who had been prescribed ezetimibe 10 mg per day. Mean total cholesterol was reduced 21% (p < 0.001). Mean LDL was reduced 35% (p < 0.001). Mean HDL increased 8% (p = 0.038). Mean triglyceride was reduced 34% (p = 0.006). Mean Apolipoprotein B100 was reduced 33% (p = 0.043). No adverse events occurred. Ezetimibe appears safe and effective in patients with HIV when added to maximally tolerated doses of lipid lowering therapy.

背景与目标： : 确定在HIV血脂异常患者中添加依折米布最大耐受降脂治疗的有效性和安全性。对33例每天服用依泽替米布10 mg的HIV患者进行了脂质参数的回顾性分析。平均总胆固醇21% 降低 (p <0.001)。平均LDL 35% 降低 (p <0.001)。平均HDL 8% 增加 (p = 0.038)。平均甘油三酯34% 降低 (p = 0.006)。平均载脂蛋白B100 33% 降低 (p = 0.043)。无不良事件发生。当添加到最大耐受剂量的降脂疗法中时，依折米布对HIV患者似乎是安全有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmia (LVTA) is the most prevalent electrophysiological underpinning of sudden cardiac death (SCD), a condition that occurs in response to multiple pathophysiological abnormalities. The aim of this study was to identify common lipid features of LVTA that were induced by distinct pathophysiological conditions, thereby facilitating the discovery of novel SCD therapeutic targets. Two rat LVTA-SCD models were established to mimic myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial ion channel diseases. Myocardial and serum specimens were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)-based lipidomics. The lipid profiles of the myocardial and serum specimens were similar between the models. Eleven myocardial lipid classes were altered, including downregulations of: cardiolipin, ceramide, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, and upregulations of: lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. Serum concentrations of triacylglycerol, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were also altered. Alterations of lipids in paired myocardia and sera were closely correlated. Cardiolipin 70:5, cardiolipin 74:9 and ceramide d34:2 were tested as potential biomarkers of LVTA. The results indicate that there are common LVTA lipid profiles induced by MI and myocardial ion channel diseases, potentially offering novel LVTA-SCD therapeutic targets.

背景与目标： : 致死性室性快速性心律失常 (LVTA) 是心脏性猝死 (SCD) 的最普遍的电生理基础，该疾病是针对多种病理生理异常而发生的。这项研究的目的是确定由不同的病理生理条件诱导的LVTA的常见脂质特征，从而促进新的SCD治疗靶标的发现。建立了两种大鼠lvta-scd模型，以模拟心肌梗塞 (MI) 和心肌离子通道疾病。使用基于超高效液相色谱-质谱 (uplc-ms) 的脂质组学分析心肌和血清标本。模型之间心肌和血清标本的脂质分布相似。改变了11种心肌脂质类别，包括心磷脂，神经酰胺，磷脂酰肌醇，磷脂酰乙醇胺，三酰基甘油，二酰基甘油，磷脂酰甘油，溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰丝氨酸的下调，以及溶血磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酸的上调。三酰甘油，溶血磷脂酰胆碱，磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰肌醇的血清浓度也发生了变化。成对的心肌和血清中脂质的变化密切相关。心磷脂70:5，心磷脂74:9和神经酰胺d34:2被测试为LVTA的潜在生物标志物。结果表明，MI和心肌离子通道疾病引起的常见LVTA脂质分布，可能为lvta-scd提供新的治疗靶标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology has been widely used for pathologic assessment of breast lesions. However, the examination suffers a risk of false-negative results owing to insufficient sample volumes, inaccurate sampling positions, nondefinitive cytologic features, or suboptimal cell preservation. One approach to improve its accuracy is using modern mass spectrometry to detect disease biomarkers, of which the tissue samples are collected through FNA. METHODS:The biological compounds in the FNA tissue samples were extracted and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The results were further analyzed by principal component analysis. Distribution of lipid biomarkers on tissues was explored by imaging mass spectrometry. RESULTS:Lipid profiles of the tissue samples collected by FNA were rapidly obtained through MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. Phosphatidylcholines and triacylglycerols were detected as the predominant compounds in cancerous and normal regions, respectively. The samples were clearly classified by principal component analysis, based on the differences in their lipid profiles. Different lipid patterns were clearly viewed through the molecular imaging of normal and tumorous regions of breast tissue samples. CONCLUSION:The FNA-MALDI-TOF/MS approach can provide complementary information for pathological examinations and improve the accuracy of breast cancer diagnoses. Owing to the ease of operation and automation, it is possible to efficiently screen the lipid biomarkers in a large number of tissue samples by means of MALDI-TOF/MS.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Facile fabrication of nanostructured surface is of great importance for the use of titanium (Ti) implants in biomedical field. In this study, a low-cost and easy-to-operate method called HPT (hydrothermal & pressure) here has been developed and used to fabricate the expected nanostructured surface on Ti substrates. The effects of experimental parameters on the morphology of Ti surface were investigated and characterized. The results indicated that by altering the hydrothermal pressure, NaOH concentration and treating time, surface nanostructure like nanopetals or nanoflakes could be formed on the surface of Ti substrates. The orthogonal experiments were conducted to demonstrate the optimized operation conditions. A formation mechanism of the nanostructured titanate layer was proposed, revealing that the nanostructured layer could be formed via a special upward and downward co-growth manner. In vitro cell culture showed that the HPT treated Ti substrates, especially the T-10 sample, could greatly enhance the cell-material interactions, i.e. the cell proliferation and differentiation, focal protein adhesion, and osteogenic factor expression. The HPT method paves a new way to modify the surface of Ti implants with better bioactivity and promising prospect for future biomedical applications.

背景与目标： : 纳米结构表面的简便制造对于在生物医学领域中使用钛 (Ti) 植入物非常重要。在这项研究中，已经开发了一种称为HPT (水热 & 压力) 的低成本且易于操作的方法，并将其用于在Ti衬底上制造预期的纳米结构表面。研究并表征了实验参数对Ti表面形貌的影响。结果表明，通过改变水热压力，NaOH浓度和处理时间，可以在Ti基材表面形成类似纳米颗粒或纳米薄片的表面纳米结构。进行正交实验以证明优化的操作条件。提出了纳米结构钛酸盐层的形成机理，揭示了纳米结构层可以通过特殊的向上和向下共生长方式形成。体外细胞培养表明，经HPT处理的Ti底物，尤其是T-10样品，可以大大增强细胞与物质的相互作用，即细胞增殖和分化，聚焦蛋白粘附和成骨因子的表达。HPT方法为修饰Ti植入物表面提供了一种新方法，具有更好的生物活性，并有望在未来的生物医学应用中获得广阔的前景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To maximize the biomass and lipid production for applications in food or biofuel feedstock, nine stress conditions were tested considering N and/or P limitations, light intensity & quality, for Haematococcus pluvialis SCCAP K-0084 cultivation. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), warm white light emitting diode (WWLED), and white light emitting diode (WLED) at illumination of 240 μmol photons m(-2) sec(-1) were the best stress-regulatory factors. PAR without P & low N conditions yielded high biomass with 33% lipids containing increased C16:0 and C18:0 saturated fatty acids, and reduced unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (oleic, linoleic, and α/γ-linolenic). WWLED and WLED without P conditions also yielded high biomass, but 25% lipids with increased amounts of UFAs. Red light emitting diode (RLED) without P & low N conditions yielded 46% lipids with lowest biomass. PAR and WWLED & WLED illuminated conditions were found suitable respectively for biodiesel feedstock lipids and UFA-rich lipids for multiple applications.

背景与目标： : 为了最大限度地提高用于食品或生物燃料原料的生物量和脂质产量，对雨生红球藻SCCAP K-0084培养的九个胁迫条件进行了测试，考虑了氮和/或磷的限制、光强度和质量。在240 μ mol光子m(-2) sec(-1) 的光照下，光合有效辐射 (PAR)，暖白光发光二极管 (WWLED) 和白光发光二极管 (WLED) 是最佳的胁迫调节因子。没有P & 低N条件的PAR产生高生物量，其中33% 脂质含有增加的C16:0和C18:0饱和脂肪酸，以及减少的不饱和脂肪酸 (ufa) (油酸、亚油酸和 α/γ-亚麻酸)。没有磷条件的WWLED和WLED也产生高生物量，但25% 脂质，增加了UFAs的量。没有P & 低N条件的红色发光二极管 (RLED) 产生具有最低生物量的46% 脂质。发现PAR和WWLED和WLED照明条件分别适用于多种应用的生物柴油原料脂质和富含UFA的脂质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Increased fatty acid synthesis is required to meet the demand for membrane expansion of rapidly growing cells. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is upregulated or activated in several types of cancer, and inhibition of ACLY arrests proliferation of cancer cells. Here we show that ACLY is acetylated at lysine residues 540, 546, and 554 (3K). Acetylation at these three lysine residues is stimulated by P300/calcium-binding protein (CBP)-associated factor (PCAF) acetyltransferase under high glucose and increases ACLY stability by blocking its ubiquitylation and degradation. Conversely, the protein deacetylase sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) deacetylates and destabilizes ACLY. Substitution of 3K abolishes ACLY ubiquitylation and promotes de novo lipid synthesis, cell proliferation, and tumor growth. Importantly, 3K acetylation of ACLY is increased in human lung cancers. Our study reveals a crosstalk between acetylation and ubiquitylation by competing for the same lysine residues in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis and cell growth in response to glucose.

背景与目标： : 需要增加脂肪酸合成，以满足快速生长的细胞对膜膨胀的需求。ATP-柠檬酸裂解酶 (ACLY) 在几种类型的癌症中被上调或激活，并且抑制ACLY会阻止癌细胞的增殖。在这里，我们显示ACLY在赖氨酸残基540、546和554 (3K) 处被乙酰化。在高葡萄糖下，P300/钙结合蛋白 (CBP) 相关因子 (PCAF) 乙酰转移酶刺激了这三个赖氨酸残基的乙酰化，并通过阻止其泛素化和降解来提高ACLY稳定性。相反，蛋白质脱乙酰酶sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) 脱乙酰并使ACLY不稳定。3k的取代可消除泛素化并促进从头脂质合成，细胞增殖和肿瘤生长。重要的是，在人类肺癌中，ACLY的3k乙酰化增加。我们的研究揭示了乙酰化和泛素化之间的串扰，通过竞争相同的赖氨酸残基来调节脂肪酸合成和响应葡萄糖的细胞生长。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Endocannabinoids regulate energy balance by modulating hypothalamic circuits controlling food intake and energy expenditure. However, convincing evidence has accumulated indicating that the endocannabinoid system is present also in peripheral tissues, in particular in adipose tissue. Fat cells produce (and are targets of) endocannabinoids. Adipogenesis, lipogenesis and glucose uptake are stimulated by endocannabinoids through CB(1) receptors and these effects are blocked by the CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant, suggesting that the weight-lowering effect of CB(1) receptor blockade is partly due to peripheral mechanisms. This review will focus on the role of endocannabinoids in adipose tissue metabolism, adipokine production and interactions between endocannabinoids and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors during adipogenesis.

背景与目标： : 内源性大麻素通过调节下丘脑回路控制食物摄入和能量消耗来调节能量平衡。然而，已经积累了令人信服的证据，表明内源性大麻素系统也存在于周围组织中，尤其是脂肪组织中。脂肪细胞产生 (并且是) 内源性大麻素的靶标。内源性大麻素通过CB(1) 受体刺激脂肪生成，脂肪生成和葡萄糖摄取，这些作用被CB(1) 受体拮抗剂利莫那班阻断，表明CB(1) 受体阻断的减肥作用部分是由于外围机制。本文将重点介绍内源性大麻素在脂肪组织代谢，脂肪因子产生以及内源性大麻素与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体之间的相互作用中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biomembranes are thin capacitors with the unique feature of displaying phase transitions in a physiologically relevant regime. We investigate the voltage and lateral pressure dependence of their capacitance close to their chain melting transition. Because the gel and the fluid membrane have different area and thickness, the capacitance of the two membrane phases is different. In the presence of external fields, charges exert forces that can influence the state of the membrane, thereby influencing the transition temperature. This phenomenon is called "electrostriction". We show that this effect allows us to introduce a capacitive susceptibility that assumes a maximum in the melting transition with an associated excess charge. As a consequence, voltage regimes exist in which a small change in voltage can lead to a large uptake of charge and a large capacitive current. Furthermore, we consider electromechanical behavior such as pressure-induced changes in capacitance, and the application of such concepts in biology.

背景与目标： : 生物膜是薄电容器，具有在生理相关状态下显示相变的独特特征。我们研究了它们的电容接近其链熔化转变的电压和横向压力依赖性。由于凝胶和液膜具有不同的面积和厚度，因此两种膜相的电容不同。在存在外部场的情况下，电荷施加可以影响膜状态的力，从而影响转变温度。这种现象被称为 “电致伸缩”。我们证明，这种效应使我们能够引入电容性磁化率，该磁化率假定在熔化转变中具有最大的电荷，并带有相关的过量电荷。因此，存在电压状态，其中电压的小变化会导致电荷的大吸收和大电容电流。此外，我们考虑了机电行为，例如压力引起的电容变化，以及此类概念在生物学中的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lipid is an important energy source and essential component for plasma and organelle membranes in all kinds of cells. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is a label-free and nonlinear optical technique that can be used to monitor the lipid distribution in live organisms. Here, we utilize CARS microscopy to investigate the pattern of lipid droplets in two live Caenorhabditis elegans mutants (fat-2 and fat-3). The CARS images showed a striking decrease in the size, number, and content of lipid droplets in the fat-2 mutant but a slight difference in the fat-3 mutant as compared with the wild-type worm. Moreover, a nondroplet-like structure with enhanced CARS signal was detected for the first time in the uterus of fat-2 and fat-3 mutants. In addition, transgenic fat-2 mutant expressing a GFP fusion protein of vitellogenin-2 (a yolk lipoprotein) revealed that the enhanced CARS signal colocalized with the GFP signal, which suggests that the nondroplet-like structure is primarily due to the accumulation of yolk lipoproteins. Together, this study implies that CARS microscopy is a potential tool to study the distribution of yolk lipoproteins, in addition to lipid droplets, in live animals.

背景与目标： : 脂质是各种细胞中血浆和细胞器膜的重要能量来源和必需成分。相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 (CARS) 显微镜是一种无标记的非线性光学技术，可用于监测活生物体中的脂质分布。在这里，我们利用CARS显微镜研究了两个活秀丽隐杆线虫突变体 (fat-2和fat-3) 中脂质滴的模式。CARS图像显示，与野生型蠕虫相比，fat-2突变体中脂质滴的大小，数量和含量显着减少，但fat-3突变体略有差异。此外，首次在fat-2和fat-3突变体的子宫中检测到具有增强CARS信号的非液滴状结构。此外，表达vitellogenin-2 GFP融合蛋白 (卵黄脂蛋白) 的转基因fat-2突变体揭示了增强的CARS信号与GFP信号共定位，这表明非液滴状结构主要是由于卵黄脂蛋白的积累。总之，这项研究表明，CARS显微镜是研究活动物中除脂滴外卵黄脂蛋白分布的潜在工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This study investigated the effects of comicronised fenofibrate in patients with dyslipidemia and polymetabolic syndrome X. DESIGN:After a 6-week dietary run-in phase, 37 male patients eligible on lipid criteria entered a 12-week treatment phase consisting of diet plus one capsule daily containing 200 mg of comicronised fenofibrate (Lipanthyl(R)). RESULTS:A significant reduction in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride was observed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment with fenofibrate. The improvement in the atherogenic index LDL/HDL cholesterol from a pretreatment 3.8 to 3.0 after treatment was highly statistically significant and may be judged as satisfactory. Significant changes were also observed in haemostatic factors (fibrinogen reduced by 19%, factor VII activity reduced by 18%). Fasting serum insulin levels and insulin response (area under the curve) after oral glucose load were significantly reduced by 26.8% and 18.7%, respectively, indicating an improvement of insulin sensitivity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced. Uric acid was significantly reduced by 21.6%. CONCLUSION:These favourable effects of comicronised fenofibrate both on lipid and non lipid parameters, including insulin sensitivity, may confer to this product a particular interest in the treatment of patients with polymetabolic syndrome X.

背景与目标：