The aim of the study was to use in silico and in vitro techniques to evaluate whether a triple formulation of antiretroviral drugs (tenofovir, darunavir, and dapivirine) interacted with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or exhibited any other permeability-altering drug-drug interactions in the colorectal mucosa. Potential drug interactions with P-gp were screened initially using molecular docking, followed by molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the identified drug-transporter interaction more mechanistically. The transport of tenofovir, darunavir, and dapivirine was investigated in the Caco-2 cell models and colorectal tissue, and their apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), efflux ratio (ER), and the effect of transporter inhibitors were evaluated. In silico, dapivirine and darunavir showed strong affinity for P-gp with similar free energy of binding; dapivirine exhibiting a ΔGPB value -38.24 kcal/mol, darunavir a ΔGPB value -36.84 kcal/mol. The rank order of permeability of the compounds in vitro was tenofovir < darunavir < dapivirine. The Papp for tenofovir in Caco-2 cell monolayers was 0.10 ± 0.02 × 10-6 cm/s, ER = 1. For dapivirine, Papp was 32.2 ± 3.7 × 10-6 cm/s, but the ER = 1.3 was lower than anticipated based on the in silico findings. Neither tenofovir nor dapivirine transport was influenced by P-gp inhibitors. The absorptive permeability of darunavir (Papp = 6.4 ± 0.9 × 10-6 cm/s) was concentration dependent with ER = 6.3, which was reduced by verapamil to 1.2. Administration of the drugs in combination did not alter their permeability compared to administration as single agents. In conclusion, in silico modeling, cell culture, and tissue-based assays showed that tenofovir does not interact with P-gp and is poorly permeable, consistent with a paracellular transport mechanism. In silico modeling predicted that darunavir and dapivirine were P-gp substrates, but only darunavir showed P-gp-dependent permeability in the biological models, illustrating that in silico modeling requires experimental validation. When administered in combination, the disposition of the proposed triple-therapy antiretroviral drugs in the colorectal mucosa will depend on their distinctly different permeability, but was not interdependent.

译文

:该研究的目的是使用计算机模拟和体外技术评估抗逆转录病毒药物(替诺福韦,达那那韦和达匹韦林)的三重制剂是否与P-糖蛋白(P-gp)相互作用或表现出其他改变通透性的药物药物在大肠黏膜中的相互作用。最初使用分子对接筛选与P-gp的潜在药物相互作用,然后进行分子动力学模拟,以更机械地分析已识别的药物-转运蛋白相互作用。在Caco-2细胞模型和结直肠组织中研究了Tenofovir,darunavir和dapivirine的转运,并评估了它们的表观通透性系数(Papp),流出比(ER)和转运蛋白抑制剂的作用。在计算机模拟中,达匹韦林和达那韦韦对P-gp具有很强的亲和力,并具有类似的结合自由能。达匹韦林的ΔGPB值为-38.24 kcal / mol,达拉韦韦的ΔGPB值为-36.84 kcal / mol。化合物在体外的通透性等级为替诺福韦<达鲁那韦<达匹韦林。 Caco-2细胞单层中替诺福韦的Papp为0.10±0.02×10-6 cm / s,ER =1。对于达匹韦林,Papp为32.2±3.7×10-6 cm / s,但ER = 1.3低于根据计算机分析结果预期。替诺福韦和达匹韦林的转运均不受P-gp抑制剂的影响。达那那韦的吸收渗透率(Papp = 6.4±0.9×10-6 cm / s)与浓度有关,ER = 6.3,维拉帕米将其降至1.2。与作为单一药剂给药相比,组合给药与改变通透性没有关系。总之,计算机模拟,细胞培养和基于组织的分析表明,替诺福韦不与P-gp相互作用且渗透性差,与细胞旁运输机制一致。计算机模拟预测,darunavir和dapivirine是P-gp底物,但只有darunavir在生物学模型中显示P-gp依赖性渗透性,这说明计算机模拟需要实验验证。当联合给药时,拟议的三联疗法抗逆转录病毒药物在结直肠粘膜中的分布将取决于它们明显不同的渗透性,但不是相互依赖的。

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