BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Horizontal transfer (HT) is the transmission of genetic material between non-mating species, a phenomenon thought to occur rarely in multicellular eukaryotes. However, many transposable elements (TEs) are not only capable of HT, but have frequently jumped between widely divergent species. Here we review and integrate reported cases of HT in retrotransposons of the BovB family, and DNA transposons, over a broad range of animals spanning all continents. Our conclusions challenge the paradigm that HT in vertebrates is restricted to infective long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons or retroviruses. This raises the possibility that other non-LTR retrotransposons, such as L1 or CR1 elements, believed to be only vertically transmitted, can horizontally transfer between species. Growing evidence indicates that the process of HT is much more general across different TEs and species than previously believed, and that it likely shapes eukaryotic genomes and catalyses genome evolution.

背景与目标： : 水平转移 (HT) 是遗传物质在非交配物种之间的传递，这种现象被认为在多细胞真核生物中很少发生。然而，许多转座元素 (TEs) 不仅具有HT的能力，而且经常在广泛差异的物种之间跳跃。在这里，我们回顾并整合了BovB家族的逆转录转座子和DNA转座子中报告的HT病例，这些病例遍及所有大洲。我们的结论挑战了脊椎动物中HT仅限于感染性长末端重复序列 (LTR) 逆转录转座子或逆转录病毒的范例。这增加了其他非LTR反转录转座子 (例如L1或CR1元件) 被认为仅垂直传播的可能性，可以在物种之间水平转移。越来越多的证据表明，HT的过程在不同的TEs和物种之间比以前认为的更为普遍，并且它可能会塑造真核基因组并催化基因组进化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A group of 199 healthy laboratory animals, comprising 63 guinea pigs; 58 white mice. 47 rats and 31 rabbits, was sampled for the presence of pathogenic dermatophytes. T. mentagrophytes, var. granulare, was isolated in 10% (5-guinea pigs, 6 mice, 6 rats and 2 rabbits) and M. gypseum was found in 7 animals (3 guinea pigs, 3 mice and one rat). No ringworm lesions were observed in the respective animals. This is the first report on such findings in Israel.

背景与目标： : 一组199只健康的实验动物，包括63只豚鼠; 58只白鼠。对47只大鼠和31只兔子进行了采样，以寻找致病性皮肤癣菌的存在。在10% (5-豚鼠，6只小鼠，6只大鼠和2只兔子) 中分离出T. mentagrophytes，var.Granular，并在7只动物 (3只豚鼠，3只小鼠和一只大鼠) 中发现了gypsym。在各个动物中未观察到癣病变。这是以色列关于这种调查结果的第一份报告。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The clonal diversity of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from nine different species of wild animals from distinct regions of Portugal and Spain and their content in replicon plasmids were analyzed. Among the initial 53 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates that were studied (from previous studies), 28 were selected, corresponding to different animal origins with distinct ESBL types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. These 28 isolates produced different ESBLs ascribed to the following families: CTX-M, SHV and TEM. The isolates were classified into three phylogenetic groups: B1 (n = 11), A (n = 10) and D (n = 7). The seven E. coli of phylogroup D were then typed by multilocus sequence typing and ascribed to four distinct sequence types: ST117, ST115, ST2001 and ST69. The clonal diversity and relationship between isolates was studied by PFGE. Lastly, the plasmids were analyzed according to their incompatibility group using the PCR-based-replicon-typing scheme. A great diversity of replicon types was identified, with up to five per isolate. Most of the CTX-M-1 and SHV-12 producing E. coli isolates carried IncI1 or IncN replicons. The diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in wild animals, which can be disseminated in the environment, emphasizes the environmental and health problems that we face nowadays.

背景与目标： : 分析了来自葡萄牙和西班牙不同地区的9种不同野生动物的产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL) 大肠杆菌的克隆多样性及其在复制子质粒中的含量。在最初研究的53种产生ESBL的大肠杆菌分离株中 (来自先前的研究)，选择了28种，分别对应于具有不同ESBL类型和脉冲场凝胶电泳 (PFGE) 模式的不同动物来源。这28个分离株产生了不同的ESBLs，这些ESBLs归因于以下家族: ctx-m，SHV和TEM。分离株分为三个系统发育组: B1 (n = 11)，A (n = 10) 和D (n = 7)。然后通过多基因座序列分型对系统组D的七个大肠杆菌进行分型，并归因于四种不同的序列类型: ST117，ST115，ST2001和st69。通过PFGE研究了分离株之间的克隆多样性和关系。最后，使用基于PCR的复制子分型方案根据其不相容性组分析质粒。鉴定出复制子类型的多样性，每个分离株最多5种。大多数产生大肠杆菌的CTX-M-1和SHV-12分离株都带有IncI1或IncN复制子。野生动物中产生ESBL的大肠杆菌分离物的多样性，可以在环境中传播，这强调了我们当今面临的环境和健康问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The occurrence of contact urticaria was studied in 101 laboratory technicians investigated for allergy to laboratory animals. Fourteen cases of contact urticaria caused by rat were found. Other animals causing contact urticarial reactions were mouse (7), guinea-pig (4), and cat (2). Hand eczema was not found in laboratory technicians with contact urticaria and IgE-antibodies to laboratory animals.

背景与目标： : 在101实验室技术人员中研究了接触性荨麻疹的发生，调查了对实验动物的过敏。发现14例由大鼠引起的接触性荨麻疹。引起接触性荨麻疹反应的其他动物是小鼠 (7)，豚鼠 (4) 和猫 (2)。在具有接触性荨麻疹和对实验动物的IgE抗体的实验室技术人员中未发现手湿疹。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the past few years, new technologies have arisen that enable higher efficiency of gene editing. With the increase ease of using gene editing technologies, it is important to consider the best method for transferring new genetic material to livestock animals. Microinjection is a technique that has proven to be effective in mice but is less efficient in large livestock animals. Over the years, a variety of methods have been used for cloning as well as gene transfer including; nuclear transfer, sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), and liposome-mediated DNA transfer. This review looks at the different success rate of these methods and how they have evolved to become more efficient. As well as gene editing technologies, including Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the most recent clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Through the advancements in gene-editing technologies, generating transgenic animals is now more accessible and affordable. The goals of producing transgenic animals are to 1) increase our understanding of biology and biomedical science; 2) increase our ability to produce more efficient animals; and 3) produce disease resistant animals. ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPRs combined with gene transfer methods increase the possibility of achieving these goals.

背景与目标： : 在过去的几年中，出现了新技术，可以提高基因编辑的效率。随着基因编辑技术的使用越来越容易，重要的是要考虑将新的遗传物质转移到牲畜的最佳方法。微量注射是一种技术，已被证明对小鼠有效，但对大型家畜动物效率较低。多年来，已使用多种方法进行克隆和基因转移，包括: 核转移，精子介导的基因转移 (SMGT) 和脂质体介导的DNA转移。这篇评论着眼于这些方法的不同成功率，以及它们是如何演变成更有效率的。以及基因编辑技术，包括锌指核酸酶 (ZFNs)，转录激活因子样效应核酸酶 (TALENs) 和最新的簇调节间隔短回文重复序列 (CRISPRs)。通过基因编辑技术的进步，现在更容易获得和负担得起转基因动物。生产转基因动物的目标是: 1) 增进我们对生物学和生物医学科学的了解; 2) 提高我们生产更高效动物的能力; 3) 生产抗病动物。ZFNs，TALENs和CRISPRs结合基因转移方法增加了实现这些目标的可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The glycation of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was assessed in extracts of pancreas and islets from control and hyperglycemic animal models. Glycated and nonglycated IRI were separated by affinity chromatography and quantified by radioimmunoassay. Hydrocortisone-treated Wistar rats (80 mg x kg-1 x day-1 and obese hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice showed significant increases in plasma glucose (P < 0.001), percentage glycated hemoglobin (P < 0.001), plasma IRI (P < 0.01), and total pancreatic IRI content (P < 0.01), compared with their respective controls. These diabetic groups also demonstrated significant increases (P < 0.05) in the percentage of glycated pancreatic IRI above the controls. Streptozotocin-treated (200 mg/kg) Swiss TO mice exhibited significant increases in plasma glucose (P < 0.001), glycated hemoglobin (P < 0.001), and percentage glycated pancreatic IRI (P < 0.05), compared with untreated controls, despite a marked decrease in both plasma IRI (P < 0.001) and total pancreatic IRI content (P < 0.001). Significant elevations in the percentage of glycated IRI were also observed in islets isolated from obese hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice (P < 0.001), compared with islets from lean controls, and when lean mouse islets were cultured in hyperglycemic media for 24 h (33.3 vs. 5.6 mmol/l D-glucose; P < 0.001). The contribution of glycated plus nonglycated insulin and proinsulin to the total IRI was estimated in lean and obese mouse pancreatic extracts following high-performance liquid chromatography separation. The contribution of proinsulin to the total IRI was approximately 10%. Proinsulin represented 27-28% of the total glycated IRI. These data indicate that the glycation of insulin and proinsulin occurs within the pancreatic islets and is elevated in both insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant diabetic animal models.

背景与目标： : 在对照和高血糖动物模型的胰腺和胰岛提取物中评估了免疫反应性胰岛素 (IRI) 的糖基化。通过亲和色谱分离糖化和非糖化IRI，并通过放射免疫分析法进行定量。氢化可的松处理的Wistar大鼠 (80 mg × kg-1 × day-1) 和肥胖高血糖 (ob/ob) 小鼠的血浆葡萄糖 (P <0.001)，糖化血红蛋白百分比 (P <0.001)，血浆IRI (P <0.01)，和胰腺IRI总含量 (P <0.01)，与他们各自的对照组相比，这些糖尿病组的糖化胰腺IRI的百分比也显著增加 (P <0.05)，高于对照组。链脲佐菌素治疗 (200 mg/kg) Swiss对小鼠的血浆葡萄糖显著增加 (P <0.001)，与未治疗的对照组相比，糖化血红蛋白 (P < 0.001) 和糖化胰腺IRI百分比 (P <0.05)，尽管血浆IRI (P < 0.001) 和总胰腺IRI含量 (P < 0.001) 均显著降低。与瘦肉对照组的胰岛相比，从肥胖高血糖 (ob/ob) 小鼠分离的胰岛 (P < 0.001) 中也观察到糖化IRI的百分比显著升高，当瘦鼠胰岛在高血糖培养基中培养24 h (33.3 vs. 5.6 mmol/l D-葡萄糖; P <0.001)。在高效液相色谱分离后，估计了瘦瘦和肥胖小鼠胰腺提取物中糖化加非糖化胰岛素和胰岛素原对总IRI的贡献。胰岛素原对总IRI的贡献约为10%。胰岛素原占总糖化IRI的27-28%。这些数据表明胰岛素和胰岛素原的糖基化发生在胰岛内，并且在胰岛素缺乏和胰岛素抵抗的糖尿病动物模型中均升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy of a live Francisella tularensis vaccine strain to cause nonspecific immunity toward experimental legionellosis and listeriosis was studied. Immunisation with tularemia vaccine protected over 80% and 17% of experimental animals against subsequent lethal challenge with Legionella pneumophila and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. The protection was maximal during the first month following immunisation and declined thereafter. In order to delineate the immunostimulatory moieties of the Francisella microbe, several cell wall proteins have been purified and characterized. However, isolated cell wall components failed to induce protection.

背景与目标： 研究了活的土拉弗朗西斯菌疫苗株对实验性军团菌病和李斯特菌病产生非特异性免疫的功效。用tularemia疫苗免疫分别保护了超过80% 和17% 的实验动物免受随后的嗜肺军团菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌的致命攻击。在免疫后的第一个月，保护作用最大，此后下降。为了描述Francisella微生物的免疫刺激部分，已经纯化并鉴定了几种细胞壁蛋白。然而，孤立的细胞壁成分未能诱导保护。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sound whole-seed faba beans were treated with (methyl-(14)C) fenitrothion [O, O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate] at 5 and 10 mg insecticide/kg seeds, a dose normally used in practice. During the 30 weeks of storage period, the penetration and distribution of insecticide residues were studied. The amount of surface residues, internal residues and bound insecticide residues was estimated. Surface residues were found to decrease with the increase in time of storage, whereas internal residues showed a gradual increase with time apparently not dose dependent. Grain-bound residues increased with time and reached to its maximum (14-18%) after 24 weeks of storage. Chromatographic analysis of the internal extracts revealed the presence of the parent compound together with three main metabolites which were found in both free and conjugated form. Feeding mice for 90 days with a diet mixed with total internal fenitrothion residues in stored faba beans led to a reduction in body weight gain, and an appreciable decrease in cholinesterase activity of 32% for plasma and 15% for red blood cells (RBC(S)) after two months of experiment. Also, a significant decrease was showed in both total protein and albumin concentration at the end of feeding period (90 days). Liver and kidney function, as well as lipid profile of treated mice significantly increased at the end of feeding period. After a one-month recovery period, all the examined blood parameters returned to about the control values except blood urea and serum triglyceride.

背景与目标： : 用 (甲基-(14)C) 杀nitro硫磷 [O，O-二甲基-O-(3-甲基-4-硝基苯基) 硫代磷酸酯] 以5和10 mg杀虫剂/kg种子处理全种子蚕豆，该剂量通常在实践中使用。在30周的储存期间，研究了杀虫剂残留物的渗透和分布。估算了表面残留物，内部残留物和结合的杀虫剂残留物的数量。发现表面残留物随储存时间的增加而减少，而内部残留物随时间逐渐增加，显然与剂量无关。谷物结合残留物随时间增加，并在储存24周后达到最大值 (14-18%)。内部提取物的色谱分析表明，存在母体化合物以及三种主要代谢物，它们均以游离和共轭形式存在。在两个月的实验后，用与储存的蚕豆中的总内部杀nitro离子残基混合的饮食喂养小鼠90天，导致体重增加减少，并且32% 对血浆和对红细胞 (RBC(S)) 的15% 胆碱酯酶活性明显降低。此外，在饲喂期结束时 (90天)，总蛋白和白蛋白浓度均显着降低。在喂养期结束时，治疗小鼠的肝，肾功能以及脂质分布显着增加。经过一个月的恢复期后，除血尿素和血清甘油三酸酯外，所有检查的血液参数均恢复到约对照值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:The present study evaluated the susceptibility of 27 clinical isolates of Pythium insidiosum to caspofungin in vitro and correlated the results with the therapeutic response in vivo in rabbits with experimental pythiosis. METHODS:The macrodilution method was performed in accordance with the CLSI document M38-A technique. Three reading criteria for MICs were adopted: MIC0, MIC1 and MIC2 (100%, 90% and 50% growth inhibition, respectively). The minimum fungicidal concentration was also determined. Ten rabbits inoculated with viable P. insidiosum zoospores were divided into two groups: group 1 (control) and group 2 (treated with caspofungin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day for 20 consecutive days). RESULTS:Of the isolates 51.8% had an MIC0 of 64 mg/L, 88.8% of isolates had an MIC1 between 8 and 64 mg/L and 62.9% of isolates had a minimum fungicidal concentration of 64 mg/L. In the in vivo assay, growth of subcutaneous lesions reduced during treatment, but rapidly resumed when treatment was stopped. CONCLUSIONS:The results showed that caspofungin has limited fungistatic activity against P. insidiosum. This work is the first study to analyse the susceptibility of this oomycete to inhibitors of beta-glucans of the cellular wall.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Thymohexine treatment of intact CFU-S was shown not to change their capacity to form colonies both in vivo and in vitro. Thymohexine, similarly to thymus cells, increased colony yield from rabbit antimouse brain antiserum (RAMBS)-treated bone marrow. Combined treatment with thymohexine and thymocytes did not restore colony formation by RAMB serum-treated bone marrow. Thymohexine halved the harmful effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on CFU-S, and, moreover, treatment with the peptide after 4 Gy-irradiation led to more intensive restoration of CFU-S population as compared to control.

背景与目标： 胸腺己烷处理完整的CFU-S并未改变其在体内和体外形成菌落的能力。与胸腺细胞类似，胸腺己烷增加了兔抗鼠脑抗血清 (RAMBS) 处理的骨髓的集落产量。胸腺己烷和胸腺细胞联合治疗不能通过RAMB血清处理的骨髓恢复菌落形成。百里酮可减少低剂量电离辐射对CFU-S的有害作用，此外，与对照组相比，在4 Gy辐射后用该肽处理可使CFU-S种群恢复得更加密集。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We investigated the effects of escins Ia, Ib, and IIb isolated from horse chestnut, the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L., and desacylescins I and II obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of escins on acute inflammation in animals (p.o.). Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the increase of vascular permeability induced by both acetic acid in mice and histamine in rats. Escins Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) also inhibited that induced by serotonin in rats, but escin Ia didn't. Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (200 mg/kg) inhibited the hind paw edema induced by carrageenin at the first phase in rats. Escin Ia (200 mg/kg) and escins Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 in mice, but escin Ia was weakest. Desacylescins I and II (200 mg/kg) showed no effect. With regard to the relationship between their chemical structures and activities, the acyl groups in escins were essential. Escins Ib, IIa, and IIb with either the 21-angeloyl group or the 2'-O-xylopyranosyl moiety showed more potent activities than escin Ia which had both the 21-tigloyl group and the 2'-O-glucopyranosyl moiety.

背景与目标： 我们研究了从七叶树，七叶树的种子以及通过碱性水解七叶树获得的desacylescins I和II中分离出的esscins Ia，Ib和IIb对动物急性炎症 (p.o.) 的影响。Esscins Ia，Ib，IIa和IIb (50-200 mg/kg) 抑制小鼠中乙酸和大鼠中组胺引起的血管通透性增加。Esscins Ib，IIa和IIb (50-200 mg/kg) 也抑制大鼠中5-羟色胺诱导的浓度，但esscin Ia没有。Esscins Ia，Ib，IIa和IIb (200 mg/kg) 在大鼠第一阶段抑制角叉菜胶诱导的后爪水肿。Escin Ia (200 mg/kg) 和escin Ib，IIa和IIb (50-200 mg/kg) 抑制了由化合物48/80诱导的小鼠抓挠行为，但Escin Ia最弱。Desaylescins I和II (200 mg/kg) 没有效果。关于它们的化学结构和活性之间的关系，escins中的酰基是必不可少的。具有21-当归酰基或2 '-O-吡喃木糖基部分的Escins Ib，IIa和IIb比具有21-替格洛基和2'-O-吡喃葡萄糖基的escin Ia表现出更有效的活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The ventricular myocardium contains functional beta2-adrenergic receptors that when activated increase intracellular Ca2+ transients. Because elevated Ca2+ has been implicated in the induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF), it is possible that the activation of these receptors may also provoke malignant arrhythmias.

METHODS AND RESULTS:To test this hypothesis, a 2-minute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery was made during the last minute of exercise in 28 dogs with healed anterior myocardial infarctions: 17 had VF (susceptible) and 11 did not (resistant). On a subsequent day, this test was repeated after administration of the beta2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118,551 (0.2 mg/kg). This drug did not alter the hemodynamic response to the coronary occlusion, yet it prevented VF in 10 of 11 animals tested (P<.001). However, heart rate was reduced in 6 animals. Therefore, the ICI 118,551 exercise-plus-ischemia test was repeated with heart rate held constant by ventricular pacing (n=3). ICI 118,551 still prevented VF when heart rate was maintained. Next, the effects of increasing doses of the beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist zinterol on Ca2+ transient amplitudes were examined in ventricular myocytes. Zinterol elicited significantly greater increases in Ca2+ transient amplitudes at all doses tested (10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L) in myocytes prepared from susceptible versus resistant animals. The cardiomyocyte response to isoproterenol (10(-7) mol/L) in the presence or absence of the selective beta1- (CGP-20712A, 300 nmol/L) or beta2- (ICI 118,551, 100 nmol/L) adrenergic receptor antagonist was also examined. Isoproterenol elicited larger Ca2+ transient increases in the susceptible myocytes, which were eliminated by ICI but not by CGP.

CONCLUSIONS:When considered together, these data demonstrate that canine myocytes contain functional beta2-adrenergic receptors that are activated to a greater extent in the susceptible animals. The resulting cytosolic Ca2+ transient increases may lead to afterpotentials that ultimately trigger VF in these animals.

背景与目标： 背景 : 心室心肌包含功能性beta2-adrenergic受体，当激活时，其增加细胞内Ca2瞬变。由于Ca2升高与心室纤颤 (VF) 的诱导有关，因此这些受体的激活也可能引起恶性心律失常。
方法和结果 : 为了检验这一假设，在运动的最后一分钟，对28只治愈了前壁心肌梗塞的狗进行了2分钟的左回旋冠状动脉闭塞: 17只患有VF (易感)，11只没有 (抵抗)。在随后的一天，在施用beta2-adrenergic受体拮抗剂ICI 118,551 (0.2 mg/kg) 后重复该测试。这种药物没有改变对冠状动脉闭塞的血流动力学反应，但它阻止了11只测试动物中的10只的VF (P<.001)。但是，6只动物的心率降低了。因此，通过心室起搏使心率保持恒定 (n = 3)，重复ICI 118,551运动加缺血测试。当维持心率时，ICI仍118,551阻止VF。接下来，在心室肌细胞中检查了增加剂量的beta2-adrenergic受体激动剂zinterol对Ca2瞬时振幅的影响。在由易感动物和抗性动物制备的肌细胞中，Zinterol在所有测试剂量 (10(-9) 至10(-6) mol/L) 下均引起Ca2瞬时振幅的显着增加。还检查了在存在或不存在选择性 β1- (CGP-20712A，300 nmol/L) 或 β2- (ICI 118,551，100 nmol/L) 肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂的情况下，心肌细胞对异丙肾上腺素 (10(-7) mol/L) 的反应。异丙肾上腺素在易感肌细胞中引起较大的Ca2瞬时增加，这被ICI消除，但未被CGP消除。
结论 : 一起考虑时，这些数据表明，犬肌细胞含有在易感动物中被激活的功能性beta2-adrenergic受体。由此产生的胞质Ca2瞬时增加可能导致后电位最终触发这些动物的VF。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-injurious behavior is a common problem in many developmental disorders. The neurobiology of this behavior is not well understood, but the differing behavioral manifestations and associations with different disorders suggest that the underlying biological mechanisms are heterogeneous. The behavioral and biological heterogeneity is also evident in several animal models, where different manifestations can be provoked under different experimental conditions. Identifying commonalities among the different mechanisms is likely to be helpful in the design of treatments useful for the broadest populations of patients. The current studies reveal that nifedipine suppresses self-injurious behavior in 4 unrelated animal models: acute administration of high doses of +/-BayK 8644 or methamphetamine in mice, dopamine agonist treatment in rats with lesions of dopamine pathways during early development and repeated administration of pemoline in rats. The effect of nifedipine does not appear to be due to nonspecific mechanisms, such as sedation, since other classes of behaviors are unaffected or exaggerated. These results suggest that nifedipine may target a common biological mechanism in the expression of self-injurious behavior, and they suggest it should be considered in the treatment of self-injury in humans.

背景与目标： : 自残行为是许多发育障碍的常见问题。这种行为的神经生物学尚未得到很好的理解，但是不同的行为表现和与不同疾病的关联表明潜在的生物学机制是异质的。在几种动物模型中，行为和生物学的异质性也很明显，在不同的实验条件下，可以引起不同的表现形式。确定不同机制之间的共同点可能有助于设计对最广泛的患者群体有用的治疗方法。目前的研究表明，硝苯地平可抑制4种无关动物模型的自我伤害行为: 在小鼠中急性施用高剂量的/-BayK 8644或甲基苯丙胺，在早期发育过程中多巴胺途径损伤的大鼠中进行多巴胺激动剂治疗以及反复施用匹莫林在大鼠中。硝苯地平的作用似乎不是由于非特异性机制 (例如镇静) 引起的，因为其他类别的行为不受影响或被夸大。这些结果表明，硝苯地平可能针对自我伤害行为表达中的常见生物学机制，并且建议在治疗人类自我伤害时应考虑硝苯地平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Salmonella enterica serotypes Derby, Mbandaka, Montevideo, Livingstone, and Senftenberg were among the 10 most prevalent serotypes isolated from farm animals in England and Wales in 1999. These serotypes are of potential zoonotic relevance; however, there is currently no "gold standard" fingerprinting method for them. A collection of isolates representing the former serotypes and serotype Gold Coast were analyzed using plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and ribotyping. The success of the molecular methods in identifying DNA polymorphisms was different for each serotype. Plasmid profiling was particularly useful for serotype Derby isolates, and it also provided a good level of discrimination for serotype Senftenberg. For most serotypes, we observed a number of nontypeable plasmid-free strains, which represents a limitation of this technique. Fingerprinting of genomic DNA by ribotyping and PFGE produced a significant variation in results, depending on the serotype of the strain. Both PstI/SphI ribotyping and XbaI-PFGE provided a similar degree of strain differentiation for serotype Derby and serotype Senftenberg, only marginally lower than that achieved by plasmid profiling. Ribotyping was less sensitive than PFGE when applied to serotype Mbandaka or serotype Montevideo. Serotype Gold Coast isolates were found to be nontypeable by XbaI-PFGE, and a significant proportion of them were found to be plasmid free. A similar situation applies to a number of serotype Livingstone isolates which were nontypeable by plasmid profiling and/or PFGE. In summary, the serotype of the isolates has a considerable influence in deciding the best typing strategy; a single method cannot be relied upon for discriminating between strains, and a combination of typing methods allows further discrimination.

背景与目标： 肠道沙门氏菌血清型Derby，Mbandaka，Montevideo，Livingstone和Senftenberg是1999年从英格兰和威尔士的农场动物中分离出的10种最普遍的血清型。这些血清型具有潜在的人畜共患病相关性; 但是，目前尚无针对它们的 “金标准” 指纹识别方法。使用质粒分析，脉冲场凝胶电泳 (PFGE) 和核糖分型分析了代表前血清型和血清型黄金海岸的分离株。每种血清型的分子方法在鉴定DNA多态性方面的成功是不同的。质粒分析对于血清型Derby分离株特别有用，并且还为血清型Senftenberg提供了良好的区分水平。对于大多数血清型，我们观察到许多不可分型的无质粒菌株，这代表了该技术的局限性。根据菌株的血清型，通过核糖分型和PFGE对基因组DNA进行指纹识别会产生显着的结果差异。PstI/SphI核型和XbaI-PFGE都为血清型Derby和血清型Senftenberg提供了相似的菌株分化程度，仅略低于通过质粒分析获得的菌株分化程度。当应用于血清型Mbandaka或血清型Montevideo时，核型分型不如PFGE敏感。通过XbaI-PFGE发现血清型黄金海岸分离株不可分型，并且发现其中很大一部分不含质粒。类似的情况适用于许多血清型利文斯通分离株，这些菌株无法通过质粒分析和/或PFGE进行分型。总而言之，分离株的血清型在决定最佳分型策略方面具有相当大的影响; 不能依靠单一方法来区分菌株，并且结合分型方法可以进一步区分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern of prostate and of testis of 27 wild animals showed that in several species more than 5 isoenzymes are detected, with electrophoretic mobilities different to those found in humans. The LDH-X band, found in testis from mature humans is also observed in the testis of wild animals. However, in several species more than one LDH-X is found. The results obtained demonstrate their usefulness in phylogeny. The prostate gland and testis of the chimpanzee show the greatest resemblance to man. Histological examination of the prostate glands seems to correlate with the phylogenetical classification of the mammals studied.

背景与目标： : 27种野生动物的前列腺和睾丸的乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH) 同工酶模式表明，在几种物种中检测到5种以上的同工酶，其电泳迁移率与人类不同。在野生动物的睾丸中也观察到在成熟人类的睾丸中发现的ldh-x带。但是，在几种物种中发现了一个以上的ldh-x。获得的结果证明了它们在系统发育中的有用性。黑猩猩的前列腺和睾丸与人类最相似。前列腺的组织学检查似乎与所研究哺乳动物的系统发育分类有关。