Immunotherapy for tobacco addiction may offer a safe, alternative treatment if the immunogenicity of the current nicotine vaccines can be improved. We show here that intradermal (ID) immunization induces the production of antibody directed against nicotine (NicAb) at a much higher level than conventional intramuscular (IM) immunization. The magnitude and duration of NicAb production was further increased robustly by non-inflammatory laser vaccine adjuvant (LVA), slightly inflammatory monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or a combination of MPL and CpG adjuvants. Consequently, significantly fewer vaccination doses were required to attain a high level of NicAb production for an extended period of time and reduce nicotine entry into the brain in the presence of LVA, MPL or MPL/CpG adjuvant, respectively. Yet, the potency of these adjuvants to augment ID nicotine vaccine immunogenicity came at the expense of local skin reactogenicity, with LVA causing little skin reaction and MPL/CpG stimulating overt skin irritation. These observations underscore a necessity of a balance between optimal adjuvant potency and undesired local reactogenicity. In summary, our study presents a novel approach to significantly improve nicotine vaccine immunogenicity by a combination of safe cutaneous vaccine adjuvants with ID immunization.

译文

如果可以改善当前尼古丁疫苗的免疫原性,则对烟草成瘾的免疫疗法可能提供安全的替代治疗。我们在这里显示,皮内 (ID) 免疫诱导针对尼古丁 (NicAb) 的抗体的产生比常规肌内 (IM) 免疫高得多。非炎症性激光疫苗佐剂 (LVA),轻度炎症性单磷酰脂质A (MPL) 或MPL和CpG佐剂的组合进一步显着增加了NicAb产生的幅度和持续时间。因此,在存在LVA,MPL或MPL/CpG佐剂的情况下,需要较少的疫苗接种剂量才能长时间获得高水平的NicAb产生并减少尼古丁进入大脑。然而,这些佐剂增强ID尼古丁疫苗免疫原性的效力是以局部皮肤反应原性为代价的,LVA引起的皮肤反应很小,MPL/CpG刺激明显的皮肤刺激。这些观察结果强调了在最佳佐剂效力和不希望的局部反应原性之间取得平衡的必要性。总之,我们的研究提出了一种新的方法,可以通过将安全的皮肤疫苗佐剂与ID预防接种相结合来显着提高尼古丁疫苗的免疫原性。

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