BACKGROUND & AIMS: We report on an association study between a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in the GABR beta1 gene and manic-depressive illness in a Spanish population. This gene may be an important candidate for bipolar affective disorders since severe GABergic alterations have been described in patients. Although our results do not reveal a clear evidence for association between manic-depressive illness and GABR beta1, we have found significant differences between patients and controls in the female subpopulation.

背景与目标： 我们报告了一项西班牙人群中GABR beta1基因的四核苷酸重复多态性与躁狂抑郁症之间的关联研究。该基因可能是双相情感障碍的重要候选者，因为已经在患者中描述了严重的GABergic改变。尽管我们的结果并未揭示出躁狂抑郁症与GABR beta1之间存在关联的明确证据，但我们发现女性亚群的患者与对照组之间存在显着差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human class II MHC Ag are a family of cell surface glycoproteins. Their constitutive expression is limited to B lymphocytes and thymic epithelial cells. In many other cells their expression can be induced by IFN-gamma. Conserved upstream promoter sequences regulate this tissue-specific expression of class II genes. In the DRA promoter, one of these cis-acting regulatory motifs is the X2-box to which nuclear factor X2 (NF-X2) binds. Here, we present the isolation and characterization of the full-length cDNA clone encoding NF-X2. This cDNA clone was isolated by expression cDNA cloning, and encodes the human c-Jun protein, which together with c-Fos forms the heterodimeric activator protein-1 transcription complex. Whereas c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers do not exist in B cells, they form and bind to the X2-box in class II nonexpressing cells. Thus, c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers might contribute to the repression of DRA gene expression.

背景与目标： : 人类II类MHC Ag是细胞表面糖蛋白家族。它们的组成型表达仅限于B淋巴细胞和胸腺上皮细胞。在许多其他细胞中，它们的表达可以通过IFN-γ 诱导。保守的上游启动子序列调节II类基因的这种组织特异性表达。在DRA启动子中，这些顺式作用调节基序之一是核因子X2 (NF-X2) 结合的X2-box。在这里，我们介绍了编码NF-X2的全长cDNA克隆隔离和表征。通过表达cDNA克隆分离该cDNA克隆，并编码人c 6月蛋白，该蛋白与c-Fos一起形成异二聚体激活蛋白1转录复合物。尽管b细胞中不存在c-Fos/c-6月异二聚体，但它们在II类非表达细胞中形成并结合X2-box。因此，c-Fos/c-6月异二聚体可能有助于抑制DRA基因表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To assess the technical feasibility, thrombogenicity, and biocompatibility of a new biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) anastomotic stent. METHODS:A polytetrafluoroethylene bifurcated graft was implanted in 17 pigs through a midline abdominal incision. After transverse graft incision, 17 316L stainless steel stents and 17 PLLA stents were randomly implanted at both iliac anastomotic sites and deployed with a 6-mm balloon under direct vision without angiography. Intended follow-up was 1 week in 6 pigs receiving oral acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and in 7 pigs receiving ASA/clopidogrel; 4 pigs receiving ASA/clopidogrel were followed for 6 weeks. At the end of the study, the segments containing the stents were surgically explanted and processed for histology to measure the mean luminal diameter, intimal thickness, and the vascular injury and inflammation scores. RESULTS:Initial technical success of stent placement was achieved in all animals without rupture of the suture. Two pigs died (unrelated to the stent) at 3 days after operation (1 in groups A and B). At 1 week, all PLLA stents showed thrombotic occlusion with the use of ASA alone. In contrast, all PLLA stents remained patent with concurrent administration of ASA/clopidogrel. All metal stents were patent regardless of the antiplatelet regimen. The mean luminal diameter of patent PLLA stents (4.13+/-0.17 mm) was comparable to metal stents (4.27+/-0.35 mm, p=0.78) at 1 week, but significantly diminished at 6 weeks (3.21+/-0.44 versus 4.19+/-0.18 mm, p=0.005). Histological analysis showed no signs of excessive recoil. PLLA stents induced a higher inflammation score (1.79+/-0.56) and more intimal hyperplasia (0.34+/-0.11 mm) compared to metal stents [1.27+/-0.44 mm (p<0.001) and 0.18+/-0.04 mm (p=0.006), respectively] at 6 weeks. Vascular injury was comparable between PLLA and metal stents. CONCLUSION:Biodegradable PLLA stents showed higher thrombogenicity and reduced patency compared to metal stents during early follow-up. Although ASA and clopidogrel prevented thrombotic occlusion, the increased inflammatory response and neointima formation remain major concerns of PLLA stents. A solution to this problem might be the incorporation of anti-inflammatory drugs into the PLLA stent.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been isolated and purified to homogeneity from the seeds and fruits of the Momordica charantia. This compound, MAP 30 (Momordica Anti-HIV Protein), is a basic protein of about 30 kDa. It exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of cell-free HIV-1 infection and replication as measured by: (i) quantitative focal syncytium formation on CEM-ss monolayers; (ii) viral core protein p24 expression; and (iii) viral-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in HIV-1 infected H9 cells. The doses required for 50% inhibition (ID50) in these assays were 0.83, 0.22 and 0.33 nM, respectively. No cytotoxic or cytostatic effects were found under the assay conditions. These data suggest that MAP 30 may be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. The sequence of the N-terminal 44 amino acids of MAP 30 has been determined.

背景与目标： : 已从苦瓜的种子和果实中分离并纯化出一种新的人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 抑制剂，使之同质。该化合物MAP 30 (苦味子抗HIV蛋白) 是约30 kDa的碱性蛋白。它表现出对无细胞HIV-1感染和复制的剂量依赖性抑制，通过以下方式测量 :( i) cem-ss单层上的定量局灶性合胞体形成; (ii) 病毒核心蛋白p24表达; 和 (iii) HIV-1感染的H9细胞中的病毒相关逆转录酶 (RT) 活性。在这些测定中50% 抑制所需的剂量 (ID50) 分别为0.83、0.22和0.33 nM。在测定条件下未发现细胞毒性或细胞抑制作用。这些数据表明，MAP 5月30日是治疗HIV-1感染的有用治疗剂。已确定MAP 30的N端44个氨基酸的序列。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Goat alpha-lactalbumin (GLA) contains four tryptophan (Trp) residues. In order to obtain information on the fluorescence contribution of the individual Trp residues in native GLA, we recorded the fluorescence spectra of four GLA mutants, W26F, W60F, W104F, and W118F, in each of which a single Trp residue was replaced with phenylalanine (Phe). Comparison of the fluorescence spectra of the four mutants with that of wild-type GLA indicated that, in native GLA, three Trp residues (Trp60, Trp104, and Trp118) are strongly quenched and account for the partial indirect quenching of Trp26. As a consequence, the fluorescence of wild-type GLA and of the mutants W60F, W104F, and W118F mainly results from Trp26. An inspection of the crystal structure indicated that, in addition to the disulfide bonds that are in direct contact with the indole groups of Trp60 and Trp118, backbone peptide bonds that are in direct contact with the indole groups of Trp60, Trp104, and Trp118, contribute to the direct quenching effects. Interestingly, the lack of direct quenching of Trp26 explains why the cleavage of disulfide bonds by UV light is mediated more by the highly fluorescent Trp26 than by the less fluorescent Trp104 and Trp118.

背景与目标： : 山羊 α-乳白蛋白 (GLA) 含有四个色氨酸 (Trp) 残基。为了获得有关天然GLA中单个Trp残基的荧光贡献的信息，我们记录了四个GLA突变体W26F，W60F，W104F和W118F的荧光光谱，其中每个单个Trp残基被替换为苯丙氨酸 (Phe)。将四个突变体的荧光光谱与野生型GLA的荧光光谱进行比较表明，在天然GLA中，三个Trp残基 (Trp60，Trp104和Trp118) 被强烈淬灭，并解释了trp26的部分间接猝灭。因此，野生型GLA和突变体W60F，W104F和W118F的荧光主要来自trp26。对晶体结构的检查表明，除了与Trp60和Trp118的吲哚基团直接接触的二硫键外，与Trp60，Trp104和Trp118的吲哚基团直接接触的骨架肽键有助于直接猝灭作用。有趣的是，缺乏Trp26的直接猝灭解释了为什么高荧光的Trp26比低荧光的Trp104和trp118更多地介导紫外光对二硫键的裂解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A novel classification of alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtypes (High, Low) was applied to human benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) tissue. METHODS:Human BPH specimens were examined by a radioligand binding assay method using 3H-prazosin, and those data were compared with preoperative therapies. RESULTS:(1) Scatchard analysis showed a high-affinity site (Kd:27.18 +/- 6.41 pM; Bmax:9.29 +/- 0.98 fM/mg protein; mean +/- SE) as alpha 1H, and a low-affinity site (Kd: 4088.0 +/- 744.34 pM, Bmax: 140.81 +/- 19.98 fM/mg protein) as alpha 1L subtype, for prazosin. (2) The Kd and Bmax were not different in the nontreated group (n = 5), alpha 1 blocker group (n = 5), and antiandrogen group (n = 5), in either alpha 1-high affinity or alpha 1-low affinity subtype. (3) Phenoxybenzamine had different pKi values for the above two adrenoceptor subtypes. Scatchard analysis showed that alpha 1-high affinity binding site disappeared in the presence of 1 microM of phenoxybenzamine, and the Kd and Bmax values in the presence of 1 microM of phenoxybenzamine were almost identical to the alpha 1-low affinity site of the two subtypes. CONCLUSIONS:Human BPH tissue possesses both alpha 1H- and alpha 1L-adrenoceptor subtypes according to the affinities for prazosin, and only the alpha 1H subtype can be completely inhibited by some concentration of phenoxybenzamine. Treatment by alpha 1 blocker may not change the conditions of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in prostatic tissue.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin has previously been implicated as the major virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in chickens, although definitive proof has not been reported. In this study an alpha-toxin mutant was constructed in a virulent chicken isolate and shown to retain full virulence in a chicken disease model. These results demonstrated that alpha-toxin is not an essential virulence factor in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens.

背景与目标： : 尽管尚未报道明确的证据，但以前曾将产气荚膜梭菌 α 毒素作为鸡坏死性肠炎的主要毒力因子。在这项研究中，在强毒鸡分离株中构建了一个 α 毒素突变体，并显示在鸡疾病模型中保留了完全的毒力。这些结果表明，在鸡坏死性肠炎的发病机理中，α-毒素不是必需的毒力因子。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Descriptions of primary HIV-1 infection have so far been based on Caucasians living in industrialized nations. Due to studies of leptospirosis in the predominantly black population of Barbados, serum was available for patients admitted with acute febrile illnesses to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH). By searching the medical records of 510 adult patients with known HIV-1 infection we identified 10 patients who had stored serum from an admission for an acute febrile illness that predated or coincided with their first HIV-1-positive test. Serological testing confirmed primary HIV-1 infection in 9 and was suggestive in the 10th patient. The clinical features of these 10 patients were in keeping with previous descriptions of primary HIV-1 infection but differed from leptospirosis cases seen at the QEH. One patient died during his seroconversion illness and another died 3 months after seroconversion. The findings suggest that severe primary HIV-1 infection could be a relatively uncommon occurrence, that the condition may be misdiagnosed, and that cases may not occur until the AIDS epidemic is established. :A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of 510 HIV-1-positive adult patients who had attended the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) to determine whether any had been admitted for an illness compatible with a diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. A serum bank, created from patients who had been admitted with acute febrile illnesses and investigated for leptospirosis, provided serological evidence for primary HIV-1 infection in 10 patients. Serological testing of the serum samples confirmed primary HIV-1 infection in nine patients and was suggestive in the tenth. The clinical features of the 10 patients fit the earlier descriptions of primary HIV-1 infection, but differed from the leptospirosis cases seen at the QEH. One patient died during his seroconversion illness and another died 3 months after seroconversion. These findings suggest that severe primary HIV-1 infection could be a relatively uncommon occurrence, that the condition may be misdiagnosed, and that cases may not occur until the AIDS epidemic is established.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :CD5 (Ly-1) B cells are a minor subpopulation in mouse spleen and are thought to be responsible for the production of natural autoantibodies to bromelain-treated autologous erythrocytes (Br-RBC). Here it is shown that substantial numbers of conventional, CD5-negative, splenic B cells also secrete these antibodies in CBA and (NZB x NZW)F1 mice, whereas in NZB and BALB/c mice they are all produced by the CD5 B-cell population. However, stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo preferentially activates the CD5 B-cell group to anti-Br-RBC antibody secretion.

背景与目标： : CD5 (Ly-1) b细胞是小鼠脾脏中的次要亚群，被认为负责产生针对菠萝蛋白酶处理的自体红细胞 (br-rbc) 的天然自身抗体。这里显示大量的常规CD5-negative脾b细胞也在CBA和 (NZB x NZW)F1小鼠中分泌这些抗体，而在NZB和BALB/c小鼠中，它们都是由CD5 b细胞群体产生的。然而，体内用细菌脂多糖刺激优先激活CD5 b细胞组，使其分泌抗br-rbc抗体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Female mice deficient in steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 have a decreased litter size. The average litter in homozygous deficient females is 2.7 pups vs. 8.0 pups in wild type controls. Oogenesis, fertilization, implantation, and placental morphology appear normal in the mutant animals. Fetal loss occurs between gestation days 10.75 and 11.0 commensurate with a midpregnancy surge in placental androgen production and an induction of 5alpha-reductase type 1 expression in the decidua of wild type mice. Plasma levels of androstenedione and testosterone are 2- to 3-fold higher on gestation day 9, and estradiol levels are chronically elevated by 2- to 3-fold throughout early and midgestation in the knockout mice. Administration of an estrogen receptor antagonist or inhibitors of aromatase reverse the high rate of fetal death in the mutant mice, and estradiol treatment of wild type pregnant mice causes fetal wastage. The results suggest that in the deficient mice, a failure to 5alpha-reduce androgens leads to their conversion to estrogens, which in turn causes fetal death in midgestation. These findings indicate that the 5alpha-reduction of androgens in female animals plays a crucial role in guarding against estrogen toxicity during pregnancy.

背景与目标： : 缺乏类固醇5α-还原酶1型的雌性小鼠的产仔数减少。纯合缺陷雌性的平均产仔为2.7幼仔，而野生型对照为8.0幼仔。在突变动物中，卵子发生，受精，植入和胎盘形态似乎正常。胎儿损失发生在妊娠10.75和11.0之间，与妊娠中期胎盘雄激素产生激增和野生型小鼠蜕膜中5α-还原酶1型表达的诱导相称。在妊娠第9天，雄烯二酮和睾丸激素的血浆水平高2至3倍，在整个妊娠早期和中期，敲除小鼠的雌二醇水平长期升高2至3倍。施用雌激素受体拮抗剂或芳香化酶抑制剂可逆转突变小鼠的高胎儿死亡率，而雌二醇处理野生型妊娠小鼠会导致胎儿浪费。结果表明，在缺陷小鼠中，未能减少5α-雄激素会导致其转化为雌激素，进而导致妊娠中期胎儿死亡。这些发现表明，雌性动物中雄激素的5α 减少在预防怀孕期间的雌激素毒性中起着至关重要的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the endogenous opioids are involved in the control of endothelin-1 release from the pituitary gland. To test this hypothesis we have measured the peripheral plasma concentration of ET-1 as well as the content of immunoreactive ET-1 (irET-1) in the pituitary in response to opioid receptors blockade in euhydrated and 24 h water-deprived Wistar-Kyoto rats. Placebo or naltrexone (50 micrograms/kg body wt.) were given i.v. in both groups. Trunk blood was collected to determine hematocrit, plasma sodium and ET-1 levels (RIA). Immunostaining of ET-1 in the whole pituitary glands was performed by colloidal gold labeling. The quantitative analysis of irET-1 was carried out under a light microscope using a computerized image analyzer (MultiScan). RESULTS:(1) Twenty-four-hour dehydration resulted in marked increase of peripheral concentration of ET-1. Naltrexone injection induced a significant elevation of ET-1 plasma concentration in both, dehydrated and control animals. (2) The content of irET-1 in anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary in dehydrated rats was markedly higher than in control group. (3) Naltrexone injection caused a rapid and significant reduction irET-1 within the anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes in dehydrated and control animals. CONCLUSIONS:(1) An elevation of irET-1 in the pituitary gland and peripheral circulation in dehydrated animals may play a role in maintaining of water-electrolyte balance. (2) The mu-opioid system appears to control the ET-1 release from the pituitary in normal and dehydrated animals.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We show that STAT5b is important for the in vivo accumulation of CD4+ CD25(high) T cells with regulatory cell function. A patient homozygous for a missense A630P STAT5b mutation displayed immune dysregulation and decreased numbers of CD4+ CD25(high) T cells. STAT5b(A630P/A630P) CD4+ CD25(high) T cells had low expression of forkhead box P3 and an impaired ability to suppress the proliferation of or to kill CD4+ CD25- T cells. Expression of CD25, a component of the high-affinity IL-2R, was also reduced in response to IL-2 or after in vitro propagation. The impact of the STAT5b mutation was selective in that IL-2-mediated up-regulation of the common gamma-chain cytokine receptor and perforin, and activation-induced expressions of CD154 and IFN-gamma were normal. These results indicate that STAT5b propagates an important IL-2-mediated signal for the in vivo accumulation of functional regulatory T cells.

背景与目标： : 我们显示STAT5b对于具有调节细胞功能的CD4 CD25 (高) T细胞的体内积累很重要。一名因错义A630P STAT5b突变而纯合的患者表现出免疫失调和CD4 CD25 (高) T细胞数量减少。STAT5b(A630P/A630P) CD4 CD25 (高) T细胞的叉头盒P3表达低，抑制或杀死CD4 cd25-t细胞的增殖能力受损。高亲和力IL-2R的组分CD25的表达也在响应IL-2或体外繁殖后降低。STAT5b突变的影响是选择性的，因为IL-2-mediated常见的 γ 链细胞因子受体和穿孔素的上调，并且激活诱导的CD154和IFN-γ 的表达正常。这些结果表明STAT5b传播了功能性调节性T细胞在体内积累的重要IL-2-mediated信号。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spherical pellets containing theophylline, calcium acetate and microcrystalline cellulose were extruded and spheronized, before being coated with six different pectins or alginates by interfacial complexation. The aim of this study was to discover the effect of the coatings on physico-mechanical properties that will be crucial in determining the pellets' utility as sustained release systems. An insoluble, smooth and uniformly thick coat of calcium polysaccharide was formed around the core pellets. A factorial experiment was designed to investigate the effect of pellet size and polysaccharide type and concentration on the entrapment efficiency, mechanical properties and other physical characteristics. Coated pellets were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, depending on the particular polysaccharide used, the dry coats were found to be 30-80 microm thick. The size of pellet, the type and concentration of polysaccharide influenced the yield of theophylline in the coated pellets. Although the mechanical properties of the pellets were improved by applying any of the gel coats, use of an alginate with a high content of guluronic acid or an amidated pectin coating gave the best results. This is probably because both of these have significant potential to form very stable cross-links within the gel coats.

背景与目标： : 将含有茶碱，醋酸钙和微晶纤维素的球形颗粒挤出并球形化，然后通过界面络合用六种不同的果胶或藻酸盐包被。这项研究的目的是发现涂层对物理机械性能的影响，这对于确定颗粒作为持续释放系统的效用至关重要。在核心颗粒周围形成不溶性，光滑且均匀厚的钙多糖涂层。设计了析因实验，以研究颗粒大小，多糖类型和浓度对包封效率，机械性能和其他物理特性的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜观察到包被的颗粒，根据所用的特定多糖，发现干涂层的厚度为30-80微米。颗粒的大小，多糖的类型和浓度影响包衣颗粒中茶碱的产量。尽管通过施加任何凝胶涂层可以改善颗粒的机械性能，但使用具有高含量古罗糖醛酸的藻酸盐或酰胺化的果胶涂层可提供最佳结果。这可能是因为这两者都具有在凝胶涂层内形成非常稳定的交联的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :By screening a pigeon genomic DNA library, we isolated a recombinant phage clone containing the alpha(A)-globin gene. The DNA sequence of the approximately 6kbp-long insert fragment of the phage clone was determined. The sequence suggested the existence of pigeon alpha(D)-globin gene located 3.1 kbp upstream from the alpha(A)-globin gene. The expression of the alpha(D)-globin in late embryo was also shown by the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the intact globin chain. These results show that two adult alpha-globin genes, alpha(A) and alpha(D), exist in the pigeon genome, and the alpha(D)-globin is expressed at the late embryo stage. The stage-specific expression suggests the existence of regulatory elements and factors interacting to inhibit transcription at the adult stage.

背景与目标： : 通过筛选鸽子基因组DNA文库，我们分离出含有 α (a)-珠蛋白基因的重组噬菌体克隆。确定了噬菌体克隆的约6kbp长的插入片段的DNA序列。该序列表明存在位于 α (A)-珠蛋白基因上游3.1 kbp的鸽子 α (D)-珠蛋白基因。完整珠蛋白链的N端氨基酸序列也显示了 α (D)-珠蛋白在晚期胚胎中的表达。这些结果表明，鸽子基因组中存在两个成年的 α-珠蛋白基因 α (A) 和 α (D)，并且 α (D)-珠蛋白在胚胎晚期表达。阶段特异性表达表明存在调节元件和因子相互作用以抑制成年阶段的转录。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The role of carbohydrate in the antigenic and immunogenic structure of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) glycoproteins gI and gIV was investigated. Deglycosylated proteins induced a significantly lower antibody response in rabbits than native glycoproteins suggesting that the immunogenicity of several epitopes on gI and gIV is carbohydrate-dependent. Loss of carbohydrate from gI also resulted in a significantly decreased ability to induce a serum neutralizing antibody response to BHV-1, due to modifications in three distinct carbohydrate-containing continuous epitopes. Similarly, in vitro lysis of BHV-1-infected cells was significantly reduced when antibodies raised against deglycosylated gI were employed; this was attributed to changes in two of the three carbohydrate-dependent neutralizing epitopes on gI. The oligosaccharides may be directly involved as actual components of these continuous epitopes, rather than in stabilization of the conformation of the protein. In contrast, carbohydrate removal from gIV did not have a significant effect on the capacity to stimulate a neutralizing antibody response. Accordingly, none of the neutralizing epitopes on gIV appeared to be carbohydrate-dependent. Similarly, lysis of virus-infected cells was not significantly reduced when antibodies specific for deglycosylated rather than native gIV were used. In contrast to the humoral response, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response was stronger in rabbits immunized with deglycosylated proteins than in those inoculated with native glycoproteins gI or gIV. Consequently, the carbohydrates on gI and gIV may play a dual role in the host's immune recognition and response by contributing to certain epitopes, but masking others. The implications for the development of a subunit vaccine against BHV-1 are discussed.

背景与目标： : 研究了碳水化合物在牛疱疹病毒1型 (BHV-1) 糖蛋白gI和gIV的抗原性和免疫原性结构中的作用。与天然糖蛋白相比，去糖基化蛋白诱导的兔抗体反应明显降低，这表明gI和gIV上几个表位的免疫原性是碳水化合物依赖性的。由于三个不同的含碳水化合物的连续表位的修饰，gI中碳水化合物的损失还导致诱导血清中和抗体对BHV-1的反应的能力显着降低。同样，当使用抗去糖基化gI的抗体时，BHV-1-infected细胞的体外裂解显着减少; 这归因于gI上三个碳水化合物依赖性中和表位中的两个的变化。寡糖可能直接作为这些连续表位的实际成分参与，而不是稳定蛋白质的构象。相反，从gIV中去除碳水化合物对刺激中和抗体反应的能力没有显着影响。因此，gIV上的中和表位似乎都不是碳水化合物依赖性的。同样，当使用对去糖基化而非天然gIV具有特异性的抗体时，病毒细胞的裂解也没有显着减少。与体液反应相反，用去糖基化蛋白免疫的兔子的迟发型超敏反应比用天然糖蛋白gI或gIV接种的兔子更强。因此，gI和gIV上的碳水化合物可能通过促进某些表位而在宿主的免疫识别和反应中起双重作用，但掩盖了其他表位。讨论了开发针对BHV-1的亚单位疫苗的意义。