• 【估计在美国销售的烈酒,葡萄酒和啤酒的平均酒精浓度和人均消费量: 1950 2002年。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00190.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kerr WC,Greenfield TK,Tujague J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Estimates of per capita consumption of alcohol in the United States require estimates of the mean alcohol content by volume (%ABV) of the beer, wine, and spirits sold to convert beverage volume to gallons of pure alcohol. METHODS:The mean %ABV of spirits is estimated for each year from 1950 to 2002 and for each state using the %ABV of major brands and sales of sprits types. The mean %ABV of beer and wine is extrapolated to cover this period based on previous estimates. These mean %ABVs are then applied to alcohol sales figures to calculate new yearly estimates of per capita consumption of beer, wine, spirits, and total alcohol for the United States population aged 15 and older. RESULTS:The mean %ABV for spirits is found to be lower than previous estimates and to vary considerably over time and across states. Resultant per capita consumption estimates indicate that more alcohol was consumed from beer and less from wine and spirits than found in previous estimates. CONCLUSIONS:Empirically based calculation of mean %ABV for beer, wine, and spirits sold in the United States results in different and presumably more accurate per capita consumption estimates than heretofore available. Utilization of the new estimates in aggregate time-series and cross-sectional models of alcohol consumption and related outcomes may improve the accuracy and precision of such models.
    背景与目标:
  • 【居住在夏威夷的日本男女的跌倒发生率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00430-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Davis JW,Ross PD,Nevitt MC,Wasnich RD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Japanese people in both Japan and in Hawaii have a lower incidence of hip fractures than white people in Hawaii or on the mainland of the United States. Hip fractures usually occur after a fall, and differing incidence rates of falls might contribute to the observed differences in hip fracture rates. To investigate this possibility we undertook a prospective study of falls among elderly Japanese men and women living in Hawaii using intensive surveillance methods similar to those used in studies of predominantly white populations. For our Japanese participants, the incidence rates of total falls were 139 per 1000 person years for men and 276 per 1000 person years for women. Age adjusted rate ratios of falls for predominantly white populations compared with our Japanese participants ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 for women and from 2.6 to 4.7 for men. The risk of injuries when they did fall, however, was not lower for our Japanese participants than reported for white participants. For our Japanese population, past falls, female gender, and daytime hours were associated with an increased incidence of falls.
    背景与目标: : 日本和夏威夷的日本人髋部骨折的发生率都比夏威夷或美国本土的白人低。髋部骨折通常发生在跌倒后,不同的跌倒发生率可能会导致观察到的髋部骨折发生率差异。为了调查这种可能性,我们使用了类似于以白人为主的研究中使用的强化监测方法,对居住在夏威夷的日本老年男性和女性的跌倒进行了前瞻性研究。对于我们的日本参与者,男性的总跌倒发生率为139/1000人年,女性为276/1000人年。与我们的日本参与者相比,以白人为主的年龄调整后的跌倒率比率为女性的1.8至2.3,男性的2.6至4.7。但是,我们的日本参与者跌倒时受伤的风险并不比白人参与者低。对于我们的日本人口,过去的跌倒,女性性别和白天的时间与跌倒的发生率增加有关。
  • 【亚洲和澳大利亚学生的饮酒预期,拒绝饮酒自我效能感和饮酒行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.019 复制DOI
    作者列表:Oei TP,Jardim CL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of alcohol expectancies (AE) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) in predicting alcohol consumption in Caucasians has been well studied. However, the role of AE and DRSE in Asian students is still not well understood. This study reported on this using Caucasian (n=98) and Asian (n=92) student samples. Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to measure their hazardous alcohol consumption, and the drinking expectancy profile (DEP) to assess their alcohol related expectancies and ability to resist drinking in certain situations. Results showed that Caucasians reported significantly higher confidence, higher sexual interest, and higher tension reduction expectancies than Asians. Conversely, Asians significantly expected cognitive enhancement and negative consequences more than Caucasians. Relative to Caucasians, the Asian sample also reported that they would be more able to refuse alcohol when under social pressure. Results from regression analyses showed that for the Caucasian sample, AE, DRSE and their interactions were significant predictors of alcohol consumption. For the Asian group, the only significant effect to emerge was that DRSE was negatively related to alcohol consumption. The clinical implications of the differential pattern of results between the samples are discussed in terms of self-efficacy and negative consequences of alcohol consumption, especially when dealing with university aged individuals.
    背景与目标: : 酒精预期 (AE) 和拒绝饮酒自我效能 (DRSE) 对预测白种人饮酒的影响已经得到了很好的研究。然而,AE和DRSE在亚洲学生中的作用仍然不是很清楚。这项研究使用高加索人 (n = 98) 和亚洲 (n = 92) 的学生样本进行了报道。参与者完成了酒精使用障碍识别测试 (AUDIT) 以测量其危险的酒精消耗量,并完成了预期饮酒状况 (DEP) 以评估其与酒精相关的期望值和在某些情况下抵抗饮酒的能力。结果显示,与亚洲人相比,白种人的自信心,性兴趣和减轻压力的预期更高。相反,亚洲人比白种人更期望认知能力增强和负面后果。相对于高加索人,亚洲样本还报告说,在社会压力下,他们将更有能力拒绝饮酒。回归分析的结果表明,对于高加索人样本,AE,DRSE及其相互作用是饮酒的重要预测指标。对于亚洲集团而言,唯一出现的重大影响是DRSE与酒精消费呈负相关。从自我效能和饮酒的负面影响方面讨论了样本之间结果差异模式的临床意义,尤其是在与大学年龄的人打交道时。
  • 【酒精治疗利用: 国家酒精和相关疾病流行病学调查的结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cohen E,Feinn R,Arias A,Kranzler HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Epidemiological studies consistently show low rates of alcohol treatment utilization among individuals with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, there is not as great consistency in the characteristics that predict alcohol treatment utilization. METHODS:Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), we examined attributes associated with treatment utilization among individuals with an AUD. We used stepwise backward selection logistic regression analysis to examine demographic and clinical predictors of treatment utilization, in order to identify opportunities to improve the delivery of services to this population. RESULTS:Only 14.6% of individuals who met lifetime criteria for an AUD reported ever having received alcohol treatment (including self-help group participation). A greater proportion of respondents with both alcohol abuse and dependence (27.9%) reported having received treatment, compared with 7.5% of those with alcohol abuse only and 4.8% of those with alcohol dependence only. Older individuals, men, and those who were divorced, had less education or more lifetime comorbid mood, personality, and drug use disorders were also more likely to have received treatment. CONCLUSIONS:The majority of individuals with an AUD never receive formal alcohol treatment, nor do they participate in self-help groups. Although natural recovery from an AUD is well documented, participation in alcohol treatment is associated with improved outcomes. The data presented here should be taken into account when efforts are made to enhance alcohol treatment utilization.
    背景与目标:
  • 【测量酒精依赖治疗的结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2850.1997.tb00172.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Booth PG,Murphy D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The selective promotion of clinical services which have proven effectiveness is a movement that is gaining momentum within healthcare. Outcome evaluation in treatment services for alcohol dependency is given as an example of the methodological issues associated with the establishment of clinical efficacy. It is argued that the adoption of clear protocols for assessment, treatment and outcome are a prerequisite of the process. There are costs associated with in-house follow-up studies but the benefits of feedback are evident for patients and for staff providing their care. Although exposing service providers (and commissioners) to the possibility of negative feedback, outcome evaluation in the treatment of alcohol dependency should be an integral part of provision. The principle of systematic assessment of efficacy applies to healthcare provision generally and should include management, teaching, purchasing and policymaking.

    背景与目标: 有选择地推广已证明有效的临床服务是一项在医疗保健领域获得动力的运动。以酒精依赖治疗服务中的结果评估为例,介绍了与建立临床疗效相关的方法学问题。有人认为,采用明确的评估,治疗和结果协议是该过程的先决条件。内部随访研究有相关的成本,但反馈的好处对患者和提供护理的员工是显而易见的。尽管使服务提供者 (和专员) 面临负面反馈的可能性,但酒精依赖治疗中的结果评估应成为提供的组成部分。功效的系统评估原则通常适用于医疗保健,应包括管理,教学,购买和决策。
  • 6 Health, Society and Alcohol. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【健康、社会和酒精。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03389.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Anderson P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The European Conference, Health, Society and Alcohol held in Paris, 12-14 December 1995, was a meeting point between science and policy. Science informed the policy process. As a tool for policy implementation, the Conference adopted the European Charter on Alcohol, a set of ethical principles and strategies for action. Of a number of important issues that frame policy, three deserve mention. First, market forces, as opposed to health and social policy decisions are increasingly influencing the policy debate. Second, existing policy options to reduce alcohol-related harm are unlikely to lead to an increased risk of coronary heart disease among older age groups. And third, policy developments and changes in drinking patterns in countries of southern Europe are an important driving force in European policy on alcohol.

    背景与目标: 1995年12月14日12日在巴黎举行的欧洲会议,健康,社会和酒精是科学与政策之间的交汇点。科学为政策进程提供了信息。作为执行政策的工具,会议通过了《欧洲酒精宪章》,这是一套道德原则和行动战略。在构成政策框架的许多重要问题中,值得一提的是三个。首先,与健康和社会政策决策相反的市场力量正在日益影响政策辩论。其次,减少与酒精有关的危害的现有政策选择不太可能导致老年群体患冠心病的风险增加。第三,南欧国家的政策发展和饮酒方式的变化是欧洲酒精政策的重要推动力。
  • 【重大公共假期,体育和社交活动中的酒精中毒: 2000-2009年澳大利亚墨尔本的时间序列分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/add.12041 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lloyd B,Matthews S,Livingston M,Jayasekara H,Smith K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To assess the relationship between ambulance attendances, emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions for acute alcohol intoxication and the timing of public holidays, sporting and social events. DESIGN:Time-series analysis was used to explore trends in intoxication in the context of major events. SETTING:Population of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 2000 and 2009. PARTICIPANTS:All patients attended by ambulance, presenting to hospital EDs, or admitted to hospital who were classified as acutely alcohol intoxicated. MEASUREMENT:Analysis of daily numbers of presentations for acute alcohol intoxication associated with major events were undertaken, including lead and lag effects. Analyses controlled for day of week and month of year to address temporal and seasonal variations. FINDINGS:Alcohol intoxication presentations were significantly elevated the day before all public holidays, with intoxication cases on the day of public holidays only higher on New Year's Day (ambulance 6.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.4-9.74; ED 3.34, 95% CI: 1.28-5.4) and ANZAC Day (ambulance 3.71, 95% CI: 0.68-6.75). The Australian Football League (AFL) Grand Final (ED 2.37, 95% CI: 0.55-4.19), Commonwealth Games (ED 2.45, 95% CI: 0.6-4.3) and Melbourne Cup Day (ambulance 6.14, 95% CI: 2.42-9.85) represented the sporting events with significant elevations in acute intoxication requiring medical attention. The last working day before Christmas was the only social event where a significant increase in acute intoxication occurred (ambulance 8.98, 95% CI: 6.8-11.15). CONCLUSIONS:Acute alcohol intoxication cases requiring ambulance, emergency department and hospital in-patient treatment increase substantially on the day preceding public holidays and other major social events.
    背景与目标:
  • 【咖啡因对正常血压健康年轻人运动过程中血压反应的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91435-9 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sung BH,Lovallo WR,Pincomb GA,Wilson MF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.
    背景与目标: : 在安慰剂对照中,在34名健康,血压正常 (血压低于135/85mm Hg) 的年轻男性 (平均年龄27/- 3岁) 中检查了咖啡因和运动对血压 (BP) 调节的可能综合作用,双盲交叉设计。每个受试者在摄入安慰剂或咖啡因 (3.3 mg/kg) 后1小时间隔进行次最大和症状受限的最大仰卧自行车运动。比较安慰剂和咖啡因天数的心率,血压,心输出量和外周血管阻力。药物后基线显示,咖啡因增加收缩压和舒张压以及周围血管阻力 (每个p小于0.001) 和降低心率 (p小于0.01),但不改变中风量或心输出量。在次最大运动期间,咖啡因的BP和血管阻力效应仍然存在,导致BP的累加性增加,而咖啡因的负变时性效应消失了。在最大运动时,明显更多的受试者 (咖啡因组15例,安慰剂组7例,p小于0.02) 的收缩压大于或等于230毫米Hg和/或舒张压大于或等于100毫米Hg。血浆去甲肾上腺素水平在不同的日子没有显着差异,但肾上腺素在最大运动时较高,皮质醇在服药后和咖啡因的整个最大运动中增加。数据表明,咖啡因在次最大运动期间会增加BP,并可能导致某些人在最大运动时产生过多的BP反应。咖啡因的升压作用似乎是由于血管阻力增加而不是心输出量增加所致。
  • 【肥胖男性的大剂量白藜芦醇补充剂: 一项由研究者发起的,随机,安慰剂对照的底物代谢,胰岛素敏感性和身体成分的临床试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/db12-0975 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poulsen MM,Vestergaard PF,Clasen BF,Radko Y,Christensen LP,Stødkilde-Jørgensen H,Møller N,Jessen N,Pedersen SB,Jørgensen JO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.
    背景与目标: : 肥胖、糖尿病、高血压和高脂血症是发病和过早死亡的危险因素。基于动物和体外研究,白藜芦醇通过刺激沉默交配型信息调节2同源物1 (SIRT1) 来恢复这些危险因素,但人类受试者的数据很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机,安慰剂对照,双盲和平行组设计中,将24名肥胖但健康的男性随机分配到4周的白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗中。在治疗前后进行了广泛的代谢检查,包括评估葡萄糖周转和胰岛素敏感性 (高胰岛素性正常血糖钳夹)。主要结局指标胰岛素敏感性在两组中均无明显恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化速率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响; 静息能量消耗; 脂质的氧化率; 异位或内脏脂肪含量; 或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不一致,并且引起了人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢紊乱人体营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。
  • 【安大略省1968 1991年的酒精消费、匿名酗酒者会员资格和凶杀死亡率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00216.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mann RE,Zalcman RF,Smart RG,Rush BR,Suurvali H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Research has shown a strong link between alcohol use and a variety of problems, including violence. Parker and colleagues have presented a selective disinhibition theory for the link between alcohol use and homicide (and other violence) that posits a causal relationship that is also influenced by other situational and contextual factors. This model is particularly well suited for aggregate-level investigations. In this study, we examine the impact of alcohol factors, including consumption measures and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) membership rates, on homicide mortality rates in Ontario, and test predictions derived from the selective disinhibition model. METHODS:Time series analyses with ARIMA modeling were applied to total, male, and female homicide rates in Ontario between 1968 and 1991. The analyses performed included total alcohol consumption, spirits consumption, beer consumption, and wine consumption. Missing AA membership data were interpolated with cubic splines. RESULTS:For the total population and males, homicide rates were significantly and positively related to total alcohol consumption and to the consumption of beer and spirits. They were also negatively related to AA membership rates in the analyses involving spirits and wine and positively related to unemployment rates in the analyses involving beer, wine, and total alcohol. Among females, none of the measures were significant predictors of homicide mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS:These data provide important support for the selective disinhibition model and confirm important relationships between per capita consumption measures and homicide mortality rates, especially among males, seen in other studies. Additionally, the results for AA membership rates are consistent with the hypothesis that AA membership and treatment for misuse of alcohol can exert beneficial effects observable at the population level.
    背景与目标:
  • 11 Alcohol and suicidal behavior in adolescents. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【青少年的酒精和自杀行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sher L,Sperling D,Zalsman G,Vardi G,Merrick J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.
    背景与目标: : 这篇综述描述了青少年自杀行为流行病学,病理生理学,危险因素,治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一,青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题,并且在过去几十年中观察到青少年自杀率上升。被认为是导致年轻人自杀行为最近上升的一个重要危险因素是青少年酗酒增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系很复杂,多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年的自杀行为很重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的合并症精神病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。家里有酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀风险。对应激激素,脑神经递质,遗传因素,行为措施和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了启示。理想情况下,接受酒精使用障碍和同时发生自杀的诊断的青少年的治疗应遵循解决这两种情况的综合方案。值得对酗酒和/或滥用药物的青少年自杀的心理和神经生物学机制进行进一步研究。
  • 【酒精和饮食叶酸摄入量与乳腺癌风险: 日本的病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32835b6a60 复制DOI
    作者列表:Islam T,Ito H,Sueta A,Hosono S,Hirose K,Watanabe M,Iwata H,Tajima K,Tanaka H,Matsuo K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Owing to its interaction with alcohol, folate has been suggested to be a potential factor for many types of cancer. The impact of these factors on the risk of breast cancer among Asian populations has not been fully examined, however, particularly with respect to receptor status. We carried out a case-control study in premenopausal and postmenopausal Japanese women, including 1754 breast cancer patients and 3508 noncancer controls. We determined the association between self-reported alcohol drinking, dietary folate intake, and the risk of breast cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic models adjusted for potential confounders. Alcohol consumption was associated with the risk of breast cancer, with the OR for a drinker consuming 23 g or more per day relative to a nondrinker of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.07-1.80). A significant inverse association was observed between folate intake and overall risk of breast cancer, with an OR of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.93; Ptrend=0.004) for the highest tertile relative to the lowest. The OR of a drinker consuming 23 g or more per day relative to a nondrinker with a low folate intake was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.06-2.33). However, a significantly increased risk was not observed in tertile 2 and tertile 3 folate in taker with any amount of alcohol consumption. Higher folate intake decreases the risk of breast cancer among Japanese, whereas alcohol intake increases the risk. These two factors interact with each other, and the excess risk of breast cancer with alcohol consumption might be attenuated by increasing the intake of folate. In addition, the effects of folate/alcohol may vary according to the tumor subtype.
    背景与目标: : 由于叶酸与酒精的相互作用,叶酸被认为是许多类型癌症的潜在因素。然而,这些因素对亚洲人群乳腺癌风险的影响尚未得到充分研究,特别是在受体状态方面。我们对绝经前和绝经后的日本女性进行了病例对照研究,包括1754例乳腺癌患者和3508例非癌症对照。我们确定了自我报告的饮酒,饮食中叶酸摄入量与乳腺癌风险之间的关联。使用校正了潜在混杂因素的逻辑模型来估计具有95% 置信区间 (CIs) 的优势比 (or)。饮酒与患乳腺癌的风险相关,饮酒者的OR每天消耗23g或更多,相对于不饮酒的1.39 (95% CI: 1.07-1.80)。观察到叶酸摄入量与乳腺癌的总体风险之间存在显着的负相关,相对于最低的,最高的三分位数的OR为0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.93; Ptrend = 0.004)。1.58了相对于叶酸摄入量低的非饮酒者每天摄入23 g或更多的饮酒者的OR (95% CI: 1.06-2.33)。然而,在摄入任何量的酒精的情况下,在摄入的2号和3号叶酸中没有观察到明显增加的风险。较高的叶酸摄入量降低了日本人患乳腺癌的风险,而饮酒则增加了患乳腺癌的风险。这两个因素相互作用,饮酒可能会通过增加叶酸的摄入量来降低乳腺癌的超额风险。此外,叶酸/酒精的作用可能因肿瘤亚型而异。
  • 【改进的血浆8-异前列腺素测量方法以及与习惯性饮酒和吸烟的关联分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3748/wjg.v12.i36.5846 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kitano S,Hisatomi H,Hibi N,Kawano K,Harada S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To develop a simple and accurate method for quantifying 8-isoprostane in plasma by employing a combination of two-step solid-phase extraction of samples and a commercially available ELISA kit, and by this method to examine the effects of drinking and smoking habits against the levels of plasma 8-isoprostane in healthy Japanese volunteers. METHODS:Plasma 8-isoprostane was extracted with ODS gel suspension followed by NH(2) Sep-Pak column. The 8-isoprostane fractions were assayed using a commercially available ELISA kit. We measured plasma 8-isoprostane levels in 157 healthy Japanese volunteers divided into three groups (64 non-habitual drinkers, 56 moderate drinkers and 37 habitual drinkers) according to their alcohol consumption per week. Genotypes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) were also determined to investigate the plasma 8-isoprostane levels with reference to drinking habits. In addition, the plasma 8-isoprostane levels of 96 non-smokers and 61 smokers from the same subjects were compared. RESULTS:Our method fulfilled all the requirements for use in routine clinical assays with respect to sensitivity, intra- and inter-assay reproducibility, accuracy and dynamic assay range. Significant increases of plasma 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female habitual drinkers when compared with those of non-habitual drinkers (t = 5.494, P<0.0001) as well as moderate drinkers (t = 3.542, P<0.005), and 8-isoprostane levels were also significantly different between ALDH2*2/1 and ALDH2*1/1 in the female habitual drinkers (t = 6.930, P<0.0001), suggesting that excessive drinking of alcohol may increase oxidization stress, especially in females. On the contrary, no significant difference of the plasma 8-isoprostane levels was observed between non-smokers and smokers. CONCLUSION:Our present method was proved to be a simple and accurate tool for measuring plasma 8-isoprostane. However, the clinical utility of plasma 8-isoprostane for drinking and smoking habits was limited since elevated 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female heavy drinkers, and no association was found between smokers and nonsmokers.
    背景与目标:
  • 【身体吸引力对获得酒精的影响: 当社会政策符合社会决策时。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:McCall M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite numerous legal interventions, minors continue to purchase and consume alcohol. Prior research had suggested that the decision to request identification to prove legal age was susceptible to various judgement and decision heuristics. This research examined whether the physical attractiveness of the potential consumer and the presence or absence of others were significant predictors of alcohol accessibility. Bartenders (n = 130) rated a target individual who was either high or low in attractiveness. Results indicated that attractiveness was a significant predictor of "proofing likelihood". High levels of attractiveness were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of being asked to provide proof of legal age for the purchase of alcohol. Individuals presented alone were seen as significantly older than when grouped with others. Implications of these findings for the restriction of alcohol availability among minors are considered.

    背景与目标: 尽管有许多法律干预,未成年人仍继续购买和消费酒精。先前的研究表明,要求证明合法年龄的决定容易受到各种判断和决策启发式的影响。这项研究检查了潜在消费者的身体吸引力以及其他人的存在与否是否是酒精可及性的重要预测因素。调酒师 (n = 130) 对吸引力高或低的目标个体进行了评分。结果表明,吸引力是 “打样可能性” 的重要预测指标。高吸引力与被要求提供购买酒精的法定年龄证明的可能性降低有关。单独出现的人被认为比与他人分组时要大得多。考虑了这些发现对限制未成年人饮酒的影响。
  • 【饮酒地点中毒: 新西兰大学社区的一项基于网络的日记研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.013 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kypri K,Paschall MJ,Maclennan B,Langley JD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Drinking to intoxication is a modifiable risk factor for various health, social, and legal problems. The objective was to estimate the relative risk of intoxication by type of drinking location. Participants were 1614 university students (mean age 19.0 years) in residential halls who completed a web survey (67% response). Respondents reported their drinking for each day of the preceding week, in residential halls, pubs/bars/nightclubs, student flats/houses, and 'other' locations. An estimated blood alcohol concentration (EBAC) was computed and intoxication was defined as EBAC>0.08%. Pubs/bars/nightclubs accounted for 51% of all alcohol consumed, followed by residential halls (34%), student flats/houses (9%), and other locations (6%). Episodes resulting in intoxication comprised 61% of all drinking episodes in pubs/bars/nightclubs, 55% in student flats/houses, 53% in residential halls, and 37% in other locations. Multi-level analyses revealed positive associations between the first three location types (relative to 'other') and intoxication among women. Drinking in pubs/bars/nightclubs was associated with intoxication among men. Other significant predictors included hazardous drinking in the respondent's residential hall, pre-university drinking, and first-year status. Student intoxication is commonplace in licensed premises and residential halls. These environments are amenable to interventions to reduce the incidence of intoxication.
    背景与目标: : 饮酒中毒是各种健康,社会和法律问题的可改变的危险因素。目的是根据饮酒位置的类型来估计中毒的相对风险。参与者是1614名大学生 (平均年龄19.0岁),他们完成了网络调查 (67% 答复)。受访者报告说,他们在前一周的每一天,在宿舍,酒吧/夜总会,学生公寓/房屋以及 “其他” 地点喝酒。计算估计的血液酒精浓度 (EBAC),并将中毒定义为EBAC>0.08%。酒吧/夜总会占所有饮酒的51%,其次是住宅区 (34%),学生公寓/房屋 (9%) 和其他地点 (6%)。导致中毒的事件包括酒吧/夜总会的所有饮酒事件的61%,学生公寓/房屋的55%,住宅大厅的53% 以及其他地方的37%。多层次分析显示,前三种位置类型 (相对于 “其他”) 与女性中毒之间存在正相关。在酒吧/夜总会喝酒与男性中毒有关。其他重要的预测因素包括受访者居住大厅中的危险饮酒,大学预科饮酒和一年级。在持牌场所和宿舍中,学生陶醉很普遍。这些环境适合干预措施,以减少中毒的发生率。

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