• 【青少年感知能力,感知社会支持以及性别与物质使用之间的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00015 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lifrak PD,McKay JR,Rostain A,Alterman AI,O'Brien CP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. METHOD:Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variables and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. RESULTS:Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. CONCLUSIONS:The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention.
    背景与目标: 目的:这项调查研究探讨了特定地区的感知自我能力,感知社会支持,性别和青少年吸毒之间的关系。
    方法:对140名上中学的男性和131名女性青少年进行问卷调查,以评估他们对能力,社会支持和药物使用的自我感觉。在预测变量和物质使用度量之间进行了相关。分层多元回归还用于确定特定物质的预测中性别,感知能力和感知社会支持之间的潜在相互作用。
    结果:较高的认知能力与较少使用毒品有关。在男孩中,老师和较低程度的父母给予更多支持的感觉与减少毒品的使用有关,特别是在那些学力不强的人中。在女孩中,除了同学的支持外,社会支持与毒品的使用无关,后者与吸烟和大麻的使用有关。然而,在学力低下的女孩中,同龄人更多的支持始终与更多的吸毒相关。
    结论:鉴于本研究对青少年药物滥用的预防和早期干预具有潜在的相关性,本研究中确定的早期药物使用危险因素中的性别差异值得进一步调查。
  • 【植物基因组中密码子使用的性别特定选择。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-8-169 复制DOI
    作者列表:Whittle CA,Malik MR,Krochko JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Currently, there is little data available regarding the role of gender-specific gene expression on synonymous codon usage (translational selection) in most organisms, and particularly plants. Using gender-specific EST libraries (with > 4000 ESTs) from Zea mays and Triticum aestivum, we assessed whether gender-specific gene expression per se and gender-specific gene expression level are associated with selection on codon usage. RESULTS:We found clear evidence of a greater bias in codon usage for genes expressed in female than in male organs and gametes, based on the variation in GC content at third codon positions and the frequency of species-preferred codons. This finding holds true for both highly and for lowly expressed genes. In addition, we found that highly expressed genes have greater codon bias than lowly expressed genes for both female- and male-specific genes. Moreover, in both species, genes with female-specific expression show a greater usage of species-specific preferred codons for each of the 18 amino acids having synonymous codons. A supplemental analysis of Brassica napus suggests that bias in codon usage could also be higher in genes expressed in male gametophytic tissues than in heterogeneous (flower) tissues. CONCLUSION:This study reports gender-specific bias in codon usage in plants. The findings reported here, based on the analysis of 1,497,876 codons, are not caused either by differences in the biological functions of the genes or by differences in protein lengths, nor are they likely attributable to mutational bias. The data are best explained by gender-specific translational selection. Plausible explanations for these findings and the relevance to these and other organisms are discussed.
    背景与目标: 背景:目前,关于性别特异性基因表达对大多数生物体,尤其是植物中同义密码子使用(翻译选择)的作用的数据很少。使用来自玉米和普通小麦的性别特异性EST文库(> 4000 EST),我们评估了性别特异性基因表达本身和性别特异性基因表达水平是否与密码子选择有关。
    结果:基于第三个密码子位置GC含量的变化和物种偏爱的密码子频率,我们发现明显证据表明,女性表达基因的密码子使用偏向于男性器官和配子。这一发现对于高表达和低表达的基因都适用。此外,我们发现对于女性和男性特异性基因,高表达基因比低表达基因具有更大的密码子偏好性。此外,在两种物种中,具有雌性特异性表达的基因对于具有同义密码子的18个氨基酸中的每一个都显示出物种特异性优选密码子的更多使用。甘蓝型油菜的补充分析表明,雄配子体组织中表达的基因中密码子使用的偏倚也可能比异质(花)组织中的高。
    结论:本研究报告了植物密码子使用中的性别特异性偏见。根据对1,497,876个密码子的分析,此处报告的发现既不是由于基因生物学功能的差异或蛋白质长度的差异引起的,也不是由突变偏倚引起的。可以通过针对性别的翻译选择来最好地解释这些数据。讨论了这些发现的合理解释以及与这些生物和其他生物的相关性。
  • 【性别,家庭状况和医师劳动力供应。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang C,Sweetman A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the increasing participation of women in the physician workforce, it is important to understand the sources of differences between male and female physicians' market labour supply for developing effective human resource policies in the health care sector. Gendered associations between family status and physician labour supply are explored in the Canadian labour market, where physicians are paid according to a common fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their hours of work. Canadian 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 twenty percent census files with 22,407 physician observations are used for the analysis. Although both male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of market work when never married and without children, married male physicians have higher market hours, and their hours are unchanged or increased with parenthood. In contrast, female physicians have lower market hours when married, and much lower hours when a parent. Little change over time in these patterns is observed for males, but for females two offsetting trends are observed: the magnitude of the marriage-hours effect declined, whereas that for motherhood increased. Preferences and/or social norms induce substantially different labour market outcomes. In terms of work at home, the presence of children is associated with higher hours for male physicians, but for females the hours increase is at least twice as large. A male physician's spouse is much less likely to be employed, and if employed, has lower market hours in the presence of children. In contrast, a female physician's spouse is more likely to be employed if there are three or more children. Both male and female physicians have lower hours of work when married to another physician. Overall, there is no gender difference in physician market labour supply after controlling for family status and demographics.
    背景与目标: 随着女性越来越多地参与医师队伍,了解男性和女性医师市场劳动力供应差异的根源对于在医疗保健部门制定有效的人力资源政策非常重要。在加拿大的劳动力市场中,探索了家庭状况和医师劳动力供应之间的性别关联,在该市场中,医师根据共同的费用表获得报酬,并在确定工作时间方面拥有充分的酌处权。加拿大1991年,1996年,2001年和2006年的20%人口普查文件中有22407位医生的观察结果用于分析。尽管从没有结婚和没有孩子的情况下,男性和女性医生的市场工作时间在统计上是无法区分的,但已婚男性医生的市场工作时间更长,并且他们的工作时间随着父母的养育而保持不变或增加。相比之下,女性医师结婚时的市场营业时间较短,而父母一方的市场营业时间较低。在男性中,这些模式随时间的变化很小,但是在女性中,观察到了两个相互抵消的趋势:结婚时间影响的幅度减小了,而孕育时间的影响增大了。偏好和/或社会规范导致劳动力市场的结果大不相同。在家庭工作方面,男医生的工作时间较长,而女性的工作时间至少增加了两倍。男性医师的配偶受雇的可能性要小得多,如果受雇,则在有孩子的情况下其营业时间较短。相反,如果有三个或三个以上的孩子,则更有可能雇用女医生的配偶。与另一位医生结婚时,男性和女性医生的工作时间都较短。总体而言,控制家庭状况和人口统计后,医师市场劳动力供应没有性别差异。
  • 【姿势调整中的性别和躯体类型差异:对高跟鞋的反应和模拟的体重增加。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/0268-0033(88)90060-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Opila KA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Postural alignment was analysed in 77 subjects grouped for gender and somatotype under four conditions: barefoot, in low-heeled shoes, in low-heeled shoes with a simulated abdominal weight gain, and in high-heeled shoes. Significant gender differences were found in the distances between the line of gravity of the whole body and the thoracic spine (P<0.001) and greater trochanter (P<0.001) during barefoot stance. The centre of gravity of the body was measured to pass anterior to the greater trochanter in males and posterior in females. In response to the external stresses of a simulated weight gain and high-heeled shoes, subjects consistently had significant anterior displacements of the head and posterior displacements of the upper trunk, with only 2 out of 16 groups having changes at the greater trochanter. The combination of these compensations must cause a flattened lumbar lordosis, opposite to the increased lumbar lordosis observed clinically in habitual wearers of high-heeled shoes and overweight individuals.
    背景与目标: :在以下四个条件下对性别和躯体类型分组的77个受试者的姿势进行了分析:赤脚,穿着低跟鞋,模拟腹部增重的低跟鞋和高跟鞋。在赤脚姿态下,全身重力线与胸椎的距离(P <0.001)和大转子(P <0.001)之间存在明显的性别差异。人体的重心经测量在雄性大转子之前通过,在雌性中通过后面。为了响应模拟体重增加和高跟鞋的外部压力,受试者始终具有明显的头部前移和上部躯干后移,在16个组中只有2个在大转子处发生了变化。这些补偿措施的结合必须导致腰椎前凸变平,这与习惯于穿着高跟鞋和超重个体的临床上观察到的腰椎前凸增高相反。
  • 【性别不影响因射血分数降低而使心力衰竭恶化的住院患者的出院后结局(来自托伐普坦[EVEREST]试验中血管加压素拮抗作用的疗效)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Shah AN,Mentz RJ,Gheorghiade M,Kwasny MJ,Fought AJ,Zannad F,Swedberg K,Maggioni AP,Konstam MA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Women have traditionally been underrepresented in heart failure (HF) trials, and their baseline characteristics and outcomes after hospitalization for HF are unclear. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients according to gender in the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial. EVEREST randomized 4,133 patients hospitalized for HF and ejection fraction of ≤40% to tolvaptan or placebo, in addition to standard therapy. The median follow-up was 9.9 months. Log-rank tests and multivariate Cox regression models were used to compare the hazards of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization. Women constituted 1,058 (26%) of the study population. The baseline characteristics were similar except that the women were older with more hypertension and diabetes and less chronic renal insufficiency, previous myocardial infarction, previous coronary revascularization, and baseline defibrillator implantation (all p <0.001). The baseline use of evidence-based HF medical therapies was similar between genders (all p >0.30). Despite a high event rate, no difference was seen in all-cause mortality (men 27% vs women 24%, multivariate hazard ratio 1.04, p = 0.61) or cardiovascular mortality plus HF hospitalization (men 42% vs women 39%, multivariate hazard ratio 1.11, p = 0.10) on univariate analysis or after adjusting for baseline covariates. In conclusion, women hospitalized for worsening HF with an ejection fraction of ≤40% were older, had more hypertension, and had received fewer procedure-based interventions than men but had relatively similar HF medication usage and clinical findings. After hospitalization for HF, women have a similarly high risk of long-term HF morbidity and mortality compared with men.
    背景与目标: 传统上,妇女在心力衰竭(HF)试验中代表性不足,目前尚不清楚她们的基线特征和住院后的结局。在托伐普坦(EVEREST)试验的心力衰竭结果研究中,我们根据性别对患者的临床特征和结局进行了回顾性分析。除标准疗法外,EVEREST还随机将4133例因心力衰竭和射血分数≤40%的住院患者接受托伐普坦或安慰剂治疗。中位随访时间为9.9个月。使用对数秩检验和多元Cox回归模型来比较全因死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率或HF住院的危害。妇女占研究人口的1,058(26%)。基线特征相似,不同之处在于女性年龄较大,患有高血压,糖尿病和慢性肾功能不全,先前的心肌梗塞,先前的冠脉血运重建和基线除颤器植入的患者均较低(所有p <0.001)。性别之间基于证据的HF药物治疗的基线使用相似(所有p> 0.30)。尽管事件发生率较高,但全因死亡率(男性27%对女性24%,多因素危险比1.04,p = 0.61)或心血管疾病死亡率与HF住院(男性42%对女性39%,多因素危险)无差异单变量分析或调整基线协变量后得出的比率为1.11,p = 0.10)。总之,住院射血分数≤40%的因HF恶化而住院的女性比男性年龄更大,患有高血压且接受较少的基于程序的干预措施,但HF药物的使用和临床表现相对相似。 HF住院后,与男性相比,女性长期HF发病率和死亡率的风险相似。
  • 【心房纤颤患者的性别特异性缺血性卒中风险与华法林抗凝控制差异的关系(来自AFFIRM)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sullivan RM,Zhang J,Zamba G,Lip GY,Olshansky B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Warfarin decreases risk of stroke for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) dependent on percent time in the therapeutic range (TTR) with an international normalized ratio (INR) of 2 to 3. We hypothesized that gender differences in ischemic stroke risk are related to TTR. From the AFFIRM database of 4,060 patients with AF, we determined the incidence of ischemic stroke by gender. We evaluated the INR at time of ischemic stroke and calculated TTR. We determined the relation between gender and ischemic stroke by TTR. Women had CHADS(2) Scores (3.7 ± 1.3 vs 2.5 ± 1.3, p <0.0001) and more ischemic strokes than men (5% vs 3%, odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.26, p = 0.002). Mean INR near time of ischemic stroke was 2 for women and men; median values were subtherapeutic (1.7 and 1.8, respectively). Women spent more time outside the therapeutic range (40 ± 0.7% vs 37 ± 0.5%, p = 0.0001), with more time below the therapeutic range (29 ± 0.7% vs 26 ± 0.5%, p = 0.0002). A higher TTR protected against ischemic stroke for women but not for men. Women who had a comparably high TTR (≥66%) still had more ischemic strokes (p = 0.009). A fitted Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that gender, TTR <46% versus >80%, age, and previous stroke were significantly related to stroke incidence. In conclusion, women in AFFIRM were at greater risk of ischemic stroke than men, in part related to differences in TTR. Women with AF may benefit from more aggressive or novel anticoagulation to decrease their risk of stroke.
    背景与目标: :华法林降低心房纤颤(AF)患者的中风风险,这取决于治疗范围(TTR)中的百分比时间,国际标准化比率(INR)为2至3。我们假设缺血性中风风险的性别差异与TTR。从AFFIRM数据库中的4,060例AF患者中,我们按性别确定了缺血性中风的发生率。我们评估了缺血性卒中时的INR,并计算了TTR。我们通过TTR确定了性别与缺血性中风之间的关系。女性的CHADS(2)得分(3.7±1.3 vs 2.5±1.3,p <0.0001)和缺血性中风的比例高于男性(5%vs 3%,优势比1.6,95%置信区间1.19至2.26,p = 0.002)。男性和女性在缺血性卒中附近的平均INR为2;中位数是亚治疗的(分别为1.7和1.8)。女性在治疗范围之外花费的时间更多(40±0.7%vs 37±0.5%,p = 0.0001),而在治疗范围以下的时间更多(29±0.7%vs 26±0.5%,p = 0.0002)。较高的TTR可以保护女性免受缺血性中风的侵害,而男性则不能。 TTR相对较高(≥66%)的女性仍有更多的缺血性中风(p = 0.009)。拟合的Cox比例风险回归模型显示,性别,TTR <46%对> 80%,年龄和以前的中风与中风发生率显着相关。总之,AFFIRM中的女性患缺血性中风的风险比男性高,部分原因是TTR的差异。患有AF的女性可能会从更具侵略性或新颖的抗凝治疗中受益,以降低中风的风险。
  • 【原始档案出版中的性别差异,2001-2018年。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.04.020 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Gender inequality exists in scientific publications. The aim of this study was to determine changing patterns in gender differences and factors associated with the positioning of authors' names in original articles published in Archivos de Bronconeumología (AB). METHODS:We performed a bibliometric study of articles published in AB between 2001 and 2018. Author gender was analysed in four scenarios: first author, last author, middle authors, and mentee authors. Comparisons were made by authors' specialties, funding received, multicentre studies, specialist areas, and others. Multivariate models adjusted for the percentage of registered physicians in the Spanish health system were created to predict the female gender of the first, middle, and last author. RESULTS:A total of 828 publications were analysed in which women appeared as first authors in 286 (34.5%) and last authors in 169 (20.4%). A gradual increase in women as first authors was observed (P = .0001), but not as last authors (P = .570). Overall, the average number of female authors increased over time (from 1.6 ± 1.4 in 2001-2005 to 3.3 ± 2.3 in 2016-2018, P = .0001), with no differences in male averages. The adjusted multivariate models reflected a positive bi-directional relationship between the first author and the middle authors, and a negative association between the first author being Spanish and the last author being female (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.36-0.88, P = .012). CONCLUSIONS:Gender differences were found in various aspects of authorship in AB, summarized by a greater participation of women as first and intermediate authors, but not as last authors.
    背景与目标: 简介:性别不平等存在于科学出版物中。这项研究的目的是确定性别差异的变化模式以及与在Archivos deBronconeumología(AB)中发表的原始文章中作者姓名的定位有关的因素。
    方法:我们对2001年至2018年间在AB上发表的文章进行了文献计量研究。在以下四种情况下分析了作者性别:第一作者,最后作者,中间作者和受训作者。根据作者的专业,获得的资金,多中心研究,专业领域等进行比较。建立了针对西班牙卫生系统中注册医生所占百分比进行调整的多元模型,以预测第一作者,中作者和最后作者的女性性别。
    结果:总共分析了828篇出版物,其中女性出现在第一位作者中的有286位(34.5%),而最后一位作者中的169位(20.4%)。观察到女性作为第一作者的人数逐渐增加(P = .0001),但没有作为最后作者的女性(P = .570)。总体而言,女性作家的平均人数随时间增加(从2001-2005年的1.6±1.4增至2016-2018年的3.3±2.3,P = .0001),男性平均水平没有差异。调整后的多元模型反映了第一作者和中间作者之间的正向双向关系,以及第一作者是西班牙人和最后一位作者是女性之间的负关联(OR 0.57; 95%CI 0.36-0.88,P =。 012)。
    结论:在AB的作者身份的各个方面都存在性别差异,这可以归结为女性作为第一作者和中间作者的参与程度更高,但没有最后一位作者的参与。
  • 【女性性别预测正在接受根治性手术的非转移性透明细胞肾细胞癌患者的预后:国际肾癌标志物联盟(INMARC)的结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clgc.2019.10.027 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fukushima H,Saito K,Yasuda Y,Tanaka H,Patil D,Cotta BH,Patel SH,Master VA,Derweesh IH,Fujii Y
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:There is no clear consensus regarding gender differences in the prognosis of patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In the present study, we investigated the prognostic value of gender in patients with non-metastatic ccRCC undergoing curative surgery using the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method to balance the difference in baseline factors between females and males. PATIENTS AND METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the International Marker Consortium for Renal Cancer (INMARC) dataset and included 2055 patients with cT1-4N0M0 ccRCC who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy. The IPTW method was used to adjust for baseline characteristics between females and males (age, race, surgery type, and pT stage), and the association of gender with recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated. RESULTS:During the follow-up (median, 30 months), 162 (8%) patients had disease recurrence (5-year RFS rate, 88%). Female gender (n = 712; 35%) was significantly associated with a lower Fuhrman grade (unweighted, P = .022; IPTW-weighted, P < .001). Females had significantly better RFS compared with males (unweighted, 5-year RFS rate, 92% vs. 87%; P = .005; IPTW-weighted, 5-year RFS rate, 92% vs. 86%; P = .002). IPTW-weighted multivariate analysis showed that female gender was an independent predictor for better RFS (hazard ratio, 0.59; P = .005) along with lower pT stage and lower Fuhrman grade. The prognostic significance of female gender was also observed in the unweighted multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION:Female gender was significantly associated with a lower Fuhrman grade and better prognosis for patients with non-metastatic ccRCC undergoing curative surgery.
    背景与目标: 背景:关于透明细胞肾细胞癌(ccRCC)患者预后的性别差异尚无明确共识。在本研究中,我们使用治疗加权比的反比(IPTW)方法研究了性别在非转移性ccRCC根治性手术患者中的预后价值,以平衡男性和女性基线因素之间的差异。
    病人和方法:我们回顾性地回顾了国际肾癌标志物协会(INMARC)数据集,纳入了2055例行部分或根治性肾切除术的cT1-4N0M0 ccRCC患者。 IPTW方法用于调整男女之间的基线特征(年龄,种族,手术类型和pT分期),并评估了性别与无复发生存期(RFS)的关联。
    结果:在随访中(中位30个月),有162例(8%)患者复发(5年RFS率为88%)。女性性别(n = 712; 35%)与较低的Fuhrman等级显着相关(未加权,P = .022; IPTW加权,P <.001)。女性的RFS显着优于男性(未加权的5年RFS率,92%比87%; P = .005; IPTW加权的5年RFS率,92%vs. 86%; P = .002 )。 IPTW加权多变量分析表明,女性性别是更好的RFS的独立预测因子(危险比为0.59; P = .005),且pT分期和Fuhrman评分较低。在未加权的多变量分析中也观察到女性的预后意义。
    结论:对于非转移性ccRCC进行根治性手术的患者,女性性别与较低的Fuhrman等级和更好的预后显着相关。
  • 【年龄,性别和循环骨祖细胞(COP)的百分比:COP研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gunawardene P,Al Saedi A,Singh L,Bermeo S,Vogrin S,Phu S,Suriyaarachchi P,Pignolo RJ,Duque G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Circulating osteoprogenitor (COP) cells are blood-borne cells which express a variety of osteoblastic markers and are able to form bone nodules in vivo. Whereas a high percentage of COP cells (%COP) is associated with vascular calcification, low %COP has been associated with disability and frailty. However, the reference range of %COP in age- and gender-matching populations, and the age-related changes in %COP remain unknown. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 144 healthy volunteers in Western Sydney (20-90year-old, 10 male and 10 female subjects per decade). %COP was quantified by flow cytometry. A high inter-and intra-rater reliability was found. In average, in this healthy population average of %COP was 0.42. There was no significant difference in %COP among the age groups. Similarly, no significant difference was found in %COP with gender, weight, height or BMI. In addition, we identified a normal reference range of %COP of 0.1-3.8%. In conclusion, in addition to the identification of steady levels of COP cells with age, we also identified a normal reference range of %COP, which could be used in future studies looking at musculoskeletal diseases in older populations.
    背景与目标: :循环骨祖细胞(COP)是血液传播的细胞,表达多种成骨细胞标志物,并能够在体内形成骨结节。较高百分比的COP细胞(%COP)与血管钙化相关,而较低的COP%与残疾和虚弱相关。但是,年龄和性别匹配人群中%COP的参考范围以及%COP中与年龄相关的变化仍然未知。在悉尼西部的144名健康志愿者中进行了一项横断面研究(每十年20-90岁,男性10名,女性10名)。通过流式细胞术定量%COP。发现内部和评估者之间的可靠性很高。平均而言,在这个健康的人群中,%COP的平均值为0.42。在各个年龄组中,%COP均无显着差异。同样,%COP与性别,体重,身高或BMI均无显着差异。此外,我们确定了%COP的正常参考范围为0.1-3.8%。总之,除了确定随年龄增长的COP细胞的稳定水平外,我们还确定了%COP的正常参考范围,可用于将来研究老年人群中骨骼肌疾病的研究中。
  • 【在水平和倾斜表面上行走和跑步时的性别差异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.07.011 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chumanov ES,Wall-Scheffler C,Heiderscheit BC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Gender differences in kinematics during running have been speculated to be a contributing factor to the lower extremity injury rate disparity between men and women. Specifically, increased non-sagittal motion of the pelvis and hip has been implicated; however it is not known if this difference exists under a variety of locomotion conditions. The purpose of this study was to characterize gender differences in gait kinematics and muscle activities as a function of speed and surface incline and to determine if lower extremity anthropometrics contribute to these differences. METHODS:Whole body kinematics of 34 healthy volunteers were recorded along with electromyography of muscles on the right lower limb while each subject walked at 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8m/s and ran at 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6m/s with surface inclinations of 0%, 10%, and 15% grade. Joint angles and muscle activities were compared between genders across each speed-incline condition. Pelvis and lower extremity segment lengths were also measured and compared. FINDINGS:Females displayed greater peak hip internal rotation and adduction, as well as gluteus maximus activity for all conditions. Significant interactions (speed-gender, incline-gender) were present for the gluteus medius and vastus lateralis. Hip adduction during walking was moderately correlated to the ratio of bi-trochanteric width to leg length. INTERPRETATION:Our findings indicate females display greater non-sagittal motion. Future studies are needed to better define the relationship of these differences to injury risk.
    背景与目标: 背景:跑步运动学中的性别差异被认为是导致男女下肢损伤率差异悬殊的一个因素。特别是,骨盆和髋关节的非矢状运动增加了。然而,尚不清楚在各种运动条件下是否存在这种差异。这项研究的目的是表征步态运动和肌肉活动中的性别差异与速度和表面倾斜的关系,并确定下肢人体测量学是否有助于这些差异。
    方法:记录34名健康志愿者的全身运动学,并记录右下肢肌肉的肌电图,每个受试者以1.2、1.5和1.8m / s的速度行走,并以表面倾斜度分别以1.8、2.7和3.6m / s的速度跑步0%,10%和15%等级。在每种速度倾斜状态下,对性别之间的关节角度和肌肉活动进行了比较。还测量并比较了骨盆和下肢节段的长度。
    结果:在所有情况下,女性均表现出更大的峰值髋关节内部旋转和内收以及臀大肌活动。中臀肌和股外侧肌存在重要的相互作用(速度性别,倾斜性别)。步行过程中的髋关节内收与双转子粗大宽度与腿长之比适度相关。
    解释:我们的发现表明女性表现出更大的非矢状运动。需要进一步研究以更好地定义这些差异与伤害风险之间的关系。
  • 【团队战斗识别:性别,空间可视化和分歧的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0018720820902286 复制DOI
    作者列表:Baker AL,Keebler JR,Anania EC,Schuster D,Plummer JP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The combat identification (CID) abilities of same-gender and mixed-gender dyads were experimentally assessed, along with measures of spatial skills and team communication. BACKGROUND:CID is a high-stakes decision-making task involving discrimination between friendly and enemy forces. Literature on CID is primarily focused on the individual, but the extensive use of teams in the military means that more team-based research is needed in this area. METHOD:After a set of training sessions, 39 dyads were tasked with identifying 10 armored vehicles in a series of pictures and videos. Team communication was recorded, transcribed, and coded for instances of disagreements. RESULTS:Analyses indicated that males scored higher on a spatial visualization measure than did females. M-M teams performed significantly better than M-F teams on the CID task, but when spatial ability and team disagreements were added as predictors, the effect of team gender composition became nonsignificant. Spatial ability and team disagreement were significant predictors of team CID performance. CONCLUSION:Results suggest that spatial skills and team disagreement behaviors are more important for team CID performance than a team's gender composition. To our knowledge, this is the first lab study of team CID. APPLICATION:This research highlights the importance of understanding both individual differences (e.g., spatial skills) and team processes (e.g., communication) within CID training environments in the military context.
    背景与目标: 目的:通过实验评估同性别和混合性别二元组的战斗识别(CID)能力,以及空间技能和团队沟通的能力。
    背景:CID是一项高风险的决策任务,涉及友军与敌军之间的歧视。关于CID的文献主要集中于个人,但是军事中团队的广泛使用意味着在这一领域需要更多基于团队的研究。
    方法:经过一系列训练后,负责39个二元组的任务是在一系列图片和视频中识别出10辆装甲车。对团队沟通进行记录,抄录和编码,以解决分歧。
    结果:分析表明,男性在空间可视化指标上的得分高于女性。 M-M团队在CID任务上的表现明显优于M-F团队,但是当添加空间能力和团队分歧作为预测指标时,团队性别组成的影响变得不明显。空间能力和团队意见分歧是团队CID绩效的重要预测指标。
    结论:结果表明,空间技能和团队异议行为对团队CID绩效的影响比团队的性别组成更为重要。据我们所知,这是团队CID的首次实验室研究。
    应用:这项研究突显了在军事环境下,在CID培训环境中理解个人差异(例如空间技能)和团队流程(例如沟通)的重要性。
  • 【美国外科医生的职业满意度,个人生活因素和工作生活融合实践之间的关联(按性别划分)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2020.1332 复制DOI
    作者列表:Johnson HM,Irish W,Strassle PD,Mahoney ST,Schroen AT,Josef AP,Freischlag JA,Tuttle JE,Brownstein MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Burnout among US surgeons is alarmingly high, particularly among women, and work-life integration conflicts contribute to career dissatisfaction. Objective:To evaluate associations between surgical career satisfaction and personal life factors such as time requirements for outside interests, household chores, and parenting responsibilities and to explore similarities and differences between men and women. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cross-sectional survey study of practicing US surgeons was conducted between June 4 and August 1, 2018. The 257-item online survey was sent to 25 748 fellows of the American College of Surgeons. A 31-item subanalysis was performed from August 13 to November 4, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures:Degree of career satisfaction was measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Professional and personal life factors associated with career satisfaction were evaluated with gender-stratified multivariable proportional odds models. Results:Among 3807 respondents, 3166 self-identified as male (83%) and 639 (17%) as female. Fewer women reported career satisfaction (483 [77%] vs 2514 [82%]) and relatively more women reported problematic interruption of personal life owing to work (315 [50%] vs 1381 [45%]). A higher proportion of women reported being primarily responsible for meal preparation (282 [46%] vs 355 [12%]) and housekeeping (149 [24%] vs 161 [5%]). On multivariable analyses, factors independently associated with career satisfaction were generally similar between genders. Stronger collegial support of work-life integration efforts was significantly associated with higher career satisfaction for both genders (P < .001), although the odds ratio (OR) for women was higher than for men (OR, 4.52; 95% CI, 2.60-7.87 vs OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.88-3.21). For men and women, increasing age was significantly associated with higher career satisfaction (men: OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.05; P < .001; women: OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; P = .001), and insufficient time for family owing to work was associated with lower satisfaction (men: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.90; P = 009; women: OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.81; P = .006). For women only, there was a significant association between primary responsibility for at least 1 household chore and lower career satisfaction (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.98; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance:In this study, although women had relatively lower surgical career satisfaction than men, the associations between career satisfaction and personal life factors were largely similar. Collegial support of work-life integration efforts appeared to be the most influential factor, particularly for women. Optimization of work-life integration may not only decrease physician burnout but also promote gender equity in surgery.
    背景与目标: 重要性:美国外科医生的倦怠令人震惊,尤其是女性,而且工作与生活融合的冲突加剧了职业的不满。
    目的:评估外科手术职业满意度与个人生活因素之间的关联,例如外部兴趣,家务和养育责任的时间要求,并探讨男女之间的异同。
    设计,设置和参与者:这项对美国外科医生的横断面调查研究是在2018年6月4日至8月1日进行的。这项包含257个项目的在线调查已发送给美国外科医生学院的25748名研究人员。从2019年8月13日到11月4日进行了31个项目的子分析。
    主要结果和衡量指标:职业满意程度以5点李克特量表进行衡量。与职业满意度相关的职业和个人生活因素通过性别分层的多元比例赔率模型进行了评估。
    结果:在3807位受访者中,有3166位自我认同为男性(83%),有639位(17%)为女性。报告职业满意度的妇女人数较少(483 [77%]比2514 [82%]),相对更多的妇女报告由于工作而导致个人生活中断的问题(315 [50%]对1381 [45%])。较高比例的妇女报告说,他们主要负责做饭(282 [46%]比355 [12%])和家政服务(149 [24%]对161 [5%])。在多变量分析中,性别之间与职业满意度独立相关的因素通常相似。尽管女性的比值比(OR)高于男性(OR,4.52; 95%CI,2.60),但更强的工作与生活融合努力的大学支持与男女的职业满意度均显着相关(P <.001)。 -7.87 vs OR,2.45; 95%CI,1.88-3.21)。对于男性和女性,年龄增长与更高的职业满意度显着相关(男性:OR,1.04; 95%CI,1.03-1.05; P <0.001;女性:OR,1.04; 95%CI,1.02-1.06; P = .001),并且由于工作而没有足够的家庭时间与满意度降低有关(男性:OR,0.66; 95%CI,0.49-0.90; P = 009;女性:OR,0.49; 95%CI,0.30-0.81; P = .006)。仅对于女性,至少负责一项家务的主要责任与较低的职业满意度之间存在显着关联(OR为0.66; 95%CI为0.45-0.98; P = 0.04)。
    结论与相关性:在这项研究中,尽管女性的手术职业满意度比男性低,但是职业满意度与个人生活因素之间的关联却大体相似。对工作与生活相结合的努力的大学支持似乎是最有影响力的因素,特别是对妇女而言。工作生活整合的优化不仅可以减少医生的倦怠,而且可以促进手术中的性别平等。
  • 13 Gender categorization in cochlear implant users. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【人工耳蜗使用者的性别分类。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0132) 复制DOI
    作者列表:Massida Z,Marx M,Belin P,James C,Fraysse B,Barone P,Deguine O
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:In this study, the authors examined the ability of subjects with cochlear implants (CIs) to discriminate voice gender and how this ability evolved as a function of CI experience. METHOD:The authors presented a continuum of voice samples created by voice morphing, with 9 intermediate acoustic parameter steps between a typical male and a typical female. This method allowed for the evaluation of gender categorization not only when acoustical features were specific to gender but also for more ambiguous cases, when fundamental frequency or formant distribution were located between typical values. RESULTS:Results showed a global, though variable, deficit for voice gender categorization in CI recipients compared with subjects with normal hearing. This deficit was stronger for ambiguous stimuli in the voice continuum: Average performance scores for CI users were 58% lower than average scores for subjects with normal hearing in cases of ambiguous stimuli and 19% lower for typical male and female voices. The authors found no significant improvement in voice gender categorization with CI experience. CONCLUSIONS:These results emphasize the dissociation between recovery of speech recognition and voice feature perception after cochlear implantation. This large and durable deficit may be related to spectral and temporal degradation induced by CI sound coding, or it may be related to central voice processing deficits.
    背景与目标: 目的:在这项研究中,作者检查了植入人工耳蜗(CIs)的受试者区分语音性别的能力,以及该能力如何随CI体验而发展。
    方法:作者介绍了通过语音变体创建的语音样本的连续体,在典型的男性和典型的女性之间具有9个中间声学参数步长。这种方法不仅可以用于评估性别分类,而且不仅可以用于特定性别的听觉特征,还可以用于在基本频率或共振峰分布位于典型值之间时更加模棱两可的情况。
    结果:结果显示,与听力正常的受试者相比,CI接受者的语音性别分类总体存在缺陷,尽管有所不同。对于声音连续性中的歧义刺激,这种缺陷更严重:对于歧义刺激的情况,CI用户的平均表现得分比听力正常的受试者的平均得分低58%,对于典型的男性和女性而言,其平均表现得分低19%。作者发现,具有CI经验的语音性别分类没有显着改善。
    结论:这些结果强调了人工耳蜗植入后语音识别的恢复与语音特征知觉之间的分离。这种大而持久的缺陷可能与CI声音编码引起的频谱和时间退化有关,也可能与中央语音处理缺陷有关。
  • 【非自愿精神病治疗的康复:性别上有区别吗?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09638237.2013.815335 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schön UK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Research on recovery from mental illness and the influence of compulsory psychiatric institutional care has revealed the complexity of this concept. There is also limited knowledge regarding the impact of gender-role expectations in these contexts, and how such expectations may influence both the care and individuals' recovery processes. AIM:To explore women's and men's perceptions of the impact of compulsory inpatient care on recovery from severe mental illness. METHOD:Grounded theory was used to analyse 30 first-person accounts of recovery from mental illness, elicited via interviews with individuals who had been compulsorily treated in hospital and diagnosed with a severe mental illness. RESULTS:Inpatient care at an early stage was crucial for the informants' recovery. However, there was ambivalence in their perceptions of the impact of compulsory inpatient care. The narratives confirmed gender differences as well as gender stereotypes. CONCLUSIONS:The results have implications for recovery research, in that they emphasise the importance of understanding recovery as a gender-influenced process.
    背景与目标: 背景:对精神疾病康复和强制性精神病院治疗的影响的研究揭示了这一概念的复杂性。在这些情况下,关于性别角色期望的影响以及这种期望如何影响护理和个人康复过程的知识也知之甚少。
    目的:探讨男女对强制住院治疗对从严重精神疾病中恢复的影响的认识。
    方法:运用地面理论对30名第一人称从精神疾病中康复的资料进行分析,这些资料是通过对在医院接受强制治疗并被诊断出患有严重精神疾病的个人进行访谈而得出的。
    结果:早期的住院护理对于线人的康复至关重要。但是,他们对强制性住院治疗的影响存在歧义。叙述证实了性别差异以及性别定型观念。
    结论:这些结果对恢复研究具有影响,因为它们强调了将恢复理解为受性别影响的过程的重要性。
  • 【NFKBIA启动子多态性与性别的特定关联与散发性结直肠癌的风险。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s12032-013-0693-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tan SC,Suzairi MS,Aizat AA,Aminudin MM,Nurfatimah MS,Bhavaraju VM,Biswal BM,Ankathil R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The inhibitory protein IκBα, encoded by the NFKBIA gene, plays an important role in regulating the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B, a transcription factor which has been implicated in the initiation and progression of cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the association of NFKBIA -826C>T (rs2233406) and -881A>G (rs3138053) polymorphisms with the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) in Malaysian population. A case-control study comprising 474 subjects (237 CRC patients and 237 cancer-free controls) was carried out. The polymorphisms were genotyped from the genomic DNA of the study subjects employing PCR-RFLP, followed by DNA sequencing. The association between the polymorphic genotypes and CRC risk was evaluated by deriving odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression analysis. The two polymorphisms were in complete and perfect linkage disequilibrium (D' = 1.0, r (2) = 1.0). Overall, no statistically significant CRC risk association was found for the polymorphisms (P > 0.05). A similar lack of association was observed when the data were stratified according to ethnicity (P > 0.05). However, stratification by gender revealed a significant inverse association between the heterozygous genotype of the polymorphisms and the risk of CRC among females (OR 0.53, 95 % CI 0.29-0.97, P = 0.04), but not among males (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the heterozygous genotype of the polymorphisms could contribute to a significantly decreased CRC risk among females, but not males, in the Malaysian population.
    背景与目标: :由NFKBIA基因编码的抑制蛋白IκBα在调节核因子-κB的活性中起重要作用,核转录因子-κB已与癌症的发生和发展有关。这项研究旨在评估马来西亚人群中NFKBIA -826C> T(rs2233406)和-881A> G(rs3138053)多态性与散发性结直肠癌(CRC)风险的关系。进行了一项包括474名受试者(237名CRC患者和237名无癌对照)的病例对照研究。使用PCR-RFLP从研究对象的基因组DNA对基因多态性进行基因分型,然后进行DNA测序。多态性基因型与CRC风险之间的关联性通过使用无条件逻辑回归分析得出比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CI)进行评估。这两个多态性处于完全和完美的连锁不平衡状态(D'= 1.0,r(2)= 1.0)。总体而言,未发现该多态性的统计学上显着的CRC风险关联(P> 0.05)。当根据种族对数据进行分层时,也观察到类似的关联性缺失(P> 0.05)。然而,按性别分层显示,女性多态性的杂合基因型与CRC风险之间存在显着的负相关关系(OR 0.53,95%CI 0.29-0.97,P = 0.04),而男性之间则无此关联(P> 0.05)。总之,多态性的杂合基因型可能导致马来西亚人群中女性(而非男性)的CRC风险显着降低。

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