BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sex and gender are the major determinants of health and disease in both men and women. The aim of this review paper was to examine differences in gender and sex in relation to the prevalence and effects of food allergy. There are still major gaps in our knowledge about the kinds of processes which shape men's and women's perceptions and experiences of food allergy. The expression and experience of health and illness may be moderated by variables such as biological vulnerability, exposure to health risks, perception of symptoms, evaluation of risk, information processing and role expectations. This review highlights the complex links between biological sex, gender, and health in general and offers a synthesis of how these may interact to produce sex and gender differences in biopsychosocial manifestations of food allergy. Implications for research and public health practice are discussed.

背景与目标： 性别和性别是男女健康和疾病的主要决定因素。本文的目的是研究与食物过敏的患病率和影响有关的性别差异。我们对影响男人和女人对食物过敏的认识和经历的各种过程的知识仍然存在很大差距。健康和疾病的表达和经验可以通过变量来调节，例如生物脆弱性，暴露于健康风险，症状的感知，风险评估，信息处理和角色期望。这篇综述着重指出了生物性别，性别和健康之间的复杂联系，并对这些相互作用如何相互作用以产生食物过敏的生物心理社会表现中的性别和性别差异进行了综述。讨论了对研究和公共卫生实践的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. METHOD:Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variables and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. RESULTS:Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. CONCLUSIONS:The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention.

背景与目标： 目的：这项调查研究探讨了特定地区的感知自我能力，感知社会支持，性别和青少年吸毒之间的关系。
方法：对140名上中学的男性和131名女性青少年进行问卷调查，以评估他们对能力，社会支持和药物使用的自我感觉。在预测变量和物质使用度量之间进行了相关。分层多元回归还用于确定特定物质的预测中性别，感知能力和感知社会支持之间的潜在相互作用。
结果：较高的认知能力与较少使用毒品有关。在男孩中，老师和较低程度的父母给予更多支持的感觉与减少毒品的使用有关，特别是在那些学力不强的人中。在女孩中，除了同学的支持外，社会支持与毒品的使用无关，后者与吸烟和大麻的使用有关。然而，在学力低下的女孩中，同龄人更多的支持始终与更多的吸毒相关。
结论：鉴于本研究对青少年药物滥用的预防和早期干预具有潜在的相关性，本研究中确定的早期药物使用危险因素中的性别差异值得进一步调查。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Currently, there is little data available regarding the role of gender-specific gene expression on synonymous codon usage (translational selection) in most organisms, and particularly plants. Using gender-specific EST libraries (with > 4000 ESTs) from Zea mays and Triticum aestivum, we assessed whether gender-specific gene expression per se and gender-specific gene expression level are associated with selection on codon usage. RESULTS:We found clear evidence of a greater bias in codon usage for genes expressed in female than in male organs and gametes, based on the variation in GC content at third codon positions and the frequency of species-preferred codons. This finding holds true for both highly and for lowly expressed genes. In addition, we found that highly expressed genes have greater codon bias than lowly expressed genes for both female- and male-specific genes. Moreover, in both species, genes with female-specific expression show a greater usage of species-specific preferred codons for each of the 18 amino acids having synonymous codons. A supplemental analysis of Brassica napus suggests that bias in codon usage could also be higher in genes expressed in male gametophytic tissues than in heterogeneous (flower) tissues. CONCLUSION:This study reports gender-specific bias in codon usage in plants. The findings reported here, based on the analysis of 1,497,876 codons, are not caused either by differences in the biological functions of the genes or by differences in protein lengths, nor are they likely attributable to mutational bias. The data are best explained by gender-specific translational selection. Plausible explanations for these findings and the relevance to these and other organisms are discussed.

背景与目标： 背景：目前，关于性别特异性基因表达对大多数生物体，尤其是植物中同义密码子使用（翻译选择）的作用的数据很少。使用来自玉米和普通小麦的性别特异性EST文库（> 4000 EST），我们评估了性别特异性基因表达本身和性别特异性基因表达水平是否与密码子选择有关。
结果：基于第三个密码子位置GC含量的变化和物种偏爱的密码子频率，我们发现明显证据表明，女性表达基因的密码子使用偏向于男性器官和配子。这一发现对于高表达和低表达的基因都适用。此外，我们发现对于女性和男性特异性基因，高表达基因比低表达基因具有更大的密码子偏好性。此外，在两种物种中，具有雌性特异性表达的基因对于具有同义密码子的18个氨基酸中的每一个都显示出物种特异性优选密码子的更多使用。甘蓝型油菜的补充分析表明，雄配子体组织中表达的基因中密码子使用的偏倚也可能比异质（花）组织中的高。
结论：本研究报告了植物密码子使用中的性别特异性偏见。根据对1,497,876个密码子的分析，此处报告的发现既不是由于基因生物学功能的差异或蛋白质长度的差异引起的，也不是由突变偏倚引起的。可以通过针对性别的翻译选择来最好地解释这些数据。讨论了这些发现的合理解释以及与这些生物和其他生物的相关性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the increasing participation of women in the physician workforce, it is important to understand the sources of differences between male and female physicians' market labour supply for developing effective human resource policies in the health care sector. Gendered associations between family status and physician labour supply are explored in the Canadian labour market, where physicians are paid according to a common fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their hours of work. Canadian 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 twenty percent census files with 22,407 physician observations are used for the analysis. Although both male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of market work when never married and without children, married male physicians have higher market hours, and their hours are unchanged or increased with parenthood. In contrast, female physicians have lower market hours when married, and much lower hours when a parent. Little change over time in these patterns is observed for males, but for females two offsetting trends are observed: the magnitude of the marriage-hours effect declined, whereas that for motherhood increased. Preferences and/or social norms induce substantially different labour market outcomes. In terms of work at home, the presence of children is associated with higher hours for male physicians, but for females the hours increase is at least twice as large. A male physician's spouse is much less likely to be employed, and if employed, has lower market hours in the presence of children. In contrast, a female physician's spouse is more likely to be employed if there are three or more children. Both male and female physicians have lower hours of work when married to another physician. Overall, there is no gender difference in physician market labour supply after controlling for family status and demographics.

背景与目标： 随着女性越来越多地参与医师队伍，了解男性和女性医师市场劳动力供应差异的根源对于在医疗保健部门制定有效的人力资源政策非常重要。在加拿大的劳动力市场中，探索了家庭状况和医师劳动力供应之间的性别关联，在该市场中，医师根据共同的费用表获得报酬，并在确定工作时间方面拥有充分的酌处权。加拿大1991年，1996年，2001年和2006年的20％人口普查文件中有22407位医生的观察结果用于分析。尽管从没有结婚和没有孩子的情况下，男性和女性医生的市场工作时间在统计上是无法区分的，但已婚男性医生的市场工作时间更长，并且他们的工作时间随着父母的养育而保持不变或增加。相比之下，女性医师结婚时的市场营业时间较短，而父母一方的市场营业时间较低。在男性中，这些模式随时间的变化很小，但是在女性中，观察到了两个相互抵消的趋势：结婚时间影响的幅度减小了，而孕育时间的影响增大了。偏好和/或社会规范导致劳动力市场的结果大不相同。在家庭工作方面，男医生的工作时间较长，而女性的工作时间至少增加了两倍。男性医师的配偶受雇的可能性要小得多，如果受雇，则在有孩子的情况下其营业时间较短。相反，如果有三个或三个以上的孩子，则更有可能雇用女医生的配偶。与另一位医生结婚时，男性和女性医生的工作时间都较短。总体而言，控制家庭状况和人口统计后，医师市场劳动力供应没有性别差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Postural alignment was analysed in 77 subjects grouped for gender and somatotype under four conditions: barefoot, in low-heeled shoes, in low-heeled shoes with a simulated abdominal weight gain, and in high-heeled shoes. Significant gender differences were found in the distances between the line of gravity of the whole body and the thoracic spine (P<0.001) and greater trochanter (P<0.001) during barefoot stance. The centre of gravity of the body was measured to pass anterior to the greater trochanter in males and posterior in females. In response to the external stresses of a simulated weight gain and high-heeled shoes, subjects consistently had significant anterior displacements of the head and posterior displacements of the upper trunk, with only 2 out of 16 groups having changes at the greater trochanter. The combination of these compensations must cause a flattened lumbar lordosis, opposite to the increased lumbar lordosis observed clinically in habitual wearers of high-heeled shoes and overweight individuals.

背景与目标： ：在以下四个条件下对性别和躯体类型分组的77个受试者的姿势进行了分析：赤脚，穿着低跟鞋，模拟腹部增重的低跟鞋和高跟鞋。在赤脚姿态下，全身重力线与胸椎的距离（P <0.001）和大转子（P <0.001）之间存在明显的性别差异。人体的重心经测量在雄性大转子之前通过，在雌性中通过后面。为了响应模拟体重增加和高跟鞋的外部压力，受试者始终具有明显的头部前移和上部躯干后移，在16个组中只有2个在大转子处发生了变化。这些补偿措施的结合必须导致腰椎前凸变平，这与习惯于穿着高跟鞋和超重个体的临床上观察到的腰椎前凸增高相反。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Women have traditionally been underrepresented in heart failure (HF) trials, and their baseline characteristics and outcomes after hospitalization for HF are unclear. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients according to gender in the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial. EVEREST randomized 4,133 patients hospitalized for HF and ejection fraction of ≤40% to tolvaptan or placebo, in addition to standard therapy. The median follow-up was 9.9 months. Log-rank tests and multivariate Cox regression models were used to compare the hazards of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization. Women constituted 1,058 (26%) of the study population. The baseline characteristics were similar except that the women were older with more hypertension and diabetes and less chronic renal insufficiency, previous myocardial infarction, previous coronary revascularization, and baseline defibrillator implantation (all p <0.001). The baseline use of evidence-based HF medical therapies was similar between genders (all p >0.30). Despite a high event rate, no difference was seen in all-cause mortality (men 27% vs women 24%, multivariate hazard ratio 1.04, p = 0.61) or cardiovascular mortality plus HF hospitalization (men 42% vs women 39%, multivariate hazard ratio 1.11, p = 0.10) on univariate analysis or after adjusting for baseline covariates. In conclusion, women hospitalized for worsening HF with an ejection fraction of ≤40% were older, had more hypertension, and had received fewer procedure-based interventions than men but had relatively similar HF medication usage and clinical findings. After hospitalization for HF, women have a similarly high risk of long-term HF morbidity and mortality compared with men.

背景与目标： 传统上，妇女在心力衰竭（HF）试验中代表性不足，目前尚不清楚她们的基线特征和住院后的结局。在托伐普坦（EVEREST）试验的心力衰竭结果研究中，我们根据性别对患者的临床特征和结局进行了回顾性分析。除标准疗法外，EVEREST还随机将4133例因心力衰竭和射血分数≤40％的住院患者接受托伐普坦或安慰剂治疗。中位随访时间为9.9个月。使用对数秩检验和多元Cox回归模型来比较全因死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率或HF住院的危害。妇女占研究人口的1,058（26％）。基线特征相似，不同之处在于女性年龄较大，患有高血压，糖尿病和慢性肾功能不全，先前的心肌梗塞，先前的冠脉血运重建和基线除颤器植入的患者均较低（所有p <0.001）。性别之间基于证据的HF药物治疗的基线使用相似（所有p> 0.30）。尽管事件发生率较高，但全因死亡率（男性27％对女性24％，多因素危险比1.04，p = 0.61）或心血管疾病死亡率与HF住院（男性42％对女性39％，多因素危险）无差异单变量分析或调整基线协变量后得出的比率为1.11，p = 0.10）。总之，住院射血分数≤40％的因HF恶化而住院的女性比男性年龄更大，患有高血压且接受较少的基于程序的干预措施，但HF药物的使用和临床表现相对相似。 HF住院后，与男性相比，女性长期HF发病率和死亡率的风险相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Warfarin decreases risk of stroke for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) dependent on percent time in the therapeutic range (TTR) with an international normalized ratio (INR) of 2 to 3. We hypothesized that gender differences in ischemic stroke risk are related to TTR. From the AFFIRM database of 4,060 patients with AF, we determined the incidence of ischemic stroke by gender. We evaluated the INR at time of ischemic stroke and calculated TTR. We determined the relation between gender and ischemic stroke by TTR. Women had CHADS(2) Scores (3.7 ± 1.3 vs 2.5 ± 1.3, p <0.0001) and more ischemic strokes than men (5% vs 3%, odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.26, p = 0.002). Mean INR near time of ischemic stroke was 2 for women and men; median values were subtherapeutic (1.7 and 1.8, respectively). Women spent more time outside the therapeutic range (40 ± 0.7% vs 37 ± 0.5%, p = 0.0001), with more time below the therapeutic range (29 ± 0.7% vs 26 ± 0.5%, p = 0.0002). A higher TTR protected against ischemic stroke for women but not for men. Women who had a comparably high TTR (≥66%) still had more ischemic strokes (p = 0.009). A fitted Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that gender, TTR <46% versus >80%, age, and previous stroke were significantly related to stroke incidence. In conclusion, women in AFFIRM were at greater risk of ischemic stroke than men, in part related to differences in TTR. Women with AF may benefit from more aggressive or novel anticoagulation to decrease their risk of stroke.

背景与目标： ：华法林降低心房纤颤（AF）患者的中风风险，这取决于治疗范围（TTR）中的百分比时间，国际标准化比率（INR）为2至3。我们假设缺血性中风风险的性别差异与TTR。从AFFIRM数据库中的4,060例AF患者中，我们按性别确定了缺血性中风的发生率。我们评估了缺血性卒中时的INR，并计算了TTR。我们通过TTR确定了性别与缺血性中风之间的关系。女性的CHADS（2）得分（3.7±1.3 vs 2.5±1.3，p <0.0001）和缺血性中风的比例高于男性（5％vs 3％，优势比1.6，95％置信区间1.19至2.26，p = 0.002）。男性和女性在缺血性卒中附近的平均INR为2；中位数是亚治疗的（分别为1.7和1.8）。女性在治疗范围之外花费的时间更多（40±0.7％vs 37±0.5％，p = 0.0001），而在治疗范围以下的时间更多（29±0.7％vs 26±0.5％，p = 0.0002）。较高的TTR可以保护女性免受缺血性中风的侵害，而男性则不能。 TTR相对较高（≥66％）的女性仍有更多的缺血性中风（p = 0.009）。拟合的Cox比例风险回归模型显示，性别，TTR <46％对> 80％，年龄和以前的中风与中风发生率显着相关。总之，AFFIRM中的女性患缺血性中风的风险比男性高，部分原因是TTR的差异。患有AF的女性可能会从更具侵略性或新颖的抗凝治疗中受益，以降低中风的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Gender inequality exists in scientific publications. The aim of this study was to determine changing patterns in gender differences and factors associated with the positioning of authors' names in original articles published in Archivos de Bronconeumología (AB). METHODS:We performed a bibliometric study of articles published in AB between 2001 and 2018. Author gender was analysed in four scenarios: first author, last author, middle authors, and mentee authors. Comparisons were made by authors' specialties, funding received, multicentre studies, specialist areas, and others. Multivariate models adjusted for the percentage of registered physicians in the Spanish health system were created to predict the female gender of the first, middle, and last author. RESULTS:A total of 828 publications were analysed in which women appeared as first authors in 286 (34.5%) and last authors in 169 (20.4%). A gradual increase in women as first authors was observed (P = .0001), but not as last authors (P = .570). Overall, the average number of female authors increased over time (from 1.6 ± 1.4 in 2001-2005 to 3.3 ± 2.3 in 2016-2018, P = .0001), with no differences in male averages. The adjusted multivariate models reflected a positive bi-directional relationship between the first author and the middle authors, and a negative association between the first author being Spanish and the last author being female (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.36-0.88, P = .012). CONCLUSIONS:Gender differences were found in various aspects of authorship in AB, summarized by a greater participation of women as first and intermediate authors, but not as last authors.

背景与目标： 简介：性别不平等存在于科学出版物中。这项研究的目的是确定性别差异的变化模式以及与在Archivos deBronconeumología（AB）中发表的原始文章中作者姓名的定位有关的因素。
方法：我们对2001年至2018年间在AB上发表的文章进行了文献计量研究。在以下四种情况下分析了作者性别：第一作者，最后作者，中间作者和受训作者。根据作者的专业，获得的资金，多中心研究，专业领域等进行比较。建立了针对西班牙卫生系统中注册医生所占百分比进行调整的多元模型，以预测第一作者，中作者和最后作者的女性性别。
结果：总共分析了828篇出版物，其中女性出现在第一位作者中的有286位（34.5％），而最后一位作者中的169位（20.4％）。观察到女性作为第一作者的人数逐渐增加（P = .0001），但没有作为最后作者的女性（P = .570）。总体而言，女性作家的平均人数随时间增加（从2001-2005年的1.6±1.4增至2016-2018年的3.3±2.3，P = .0001），男性平均水平没有差异。调整后的多元模型反映了第一作者和中间作者之间的正向双向关系，以及第一作者是西班牙人和最后一位作者是女性之间的负关联（OR 0.57; 95％CI 0.36-0.88，P =。 012）。
结论：在AB的作者身份的各个方面都存在性别差异，这可以归结为女性作为第一作者和中间作者的参与程度更高，但没有最后一位作者的参与。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:There is no clear consensus regarding gender differences in the prognosis of patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In the present study, we investigated the prognostic value of gender in patients with non-metastatic ccRCC undergoing curative surgery using the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method to balance the difference in baseline factors between females and males. PATIENTS AND METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the International Marker Consortium for Renal Cancer (INMARC) dataset and included 2055 patients with cT1-4N0M0 ccRCC who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy. The IPTW method was used to adjust for baseline characteristics between females and males (age, race, surgery type, and pT stage), and the association of gender with recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated. RESULTS:During the follow-up (median, 30 months), 162 (8%) patients had disease recurrence (5-year RFS rate, 88%). Female gender (n = 712; 35%) was significantly associated with a lower Fuhrman grade (unweighted, P = .022; IPTW-weighted, P < .001). Females had significantly better RFS compared with males (unweighted, 5-year RFS rate, 92% vs. 87%; P = .005; IPTW-weighted, 5-year RFS rate, 92% vs. 86%; P = .002). IPTW-weighted multivariate analysis showed that female gender was an independent predictor for better RFS (hazard ratio, 0.59; P = .005) along with lower pT stage and lower Fuhrman grade. The prognostic significance of female gender was also observed in the unweighted multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION:Female gender was significantly associated with a lower Fuhrman grade and better prognosis for patients with non-metastatic ccRCC undergoing curative surgery.

背景与目标： 背景：关于透明细胞肾细胞癌（ccRCC）患者预后的性别差异尚无明确共识。在本研究中，我们使用治疗加权比的反比（IPTW）方法研究了性别在非转移性ccRCC根治性手术患者中的预后价值，以平衡男性和女性基线因素之间的差异。
病人和方法：我们回顾性地回顾了国际肾癌标志物协会（INMARC）数据集，纳入了2055例行部分或根治性肾切除术的cT1-4N0M0 ccRCC患者。 IPTW方法用于调整男女之间的基线特征（年龄，种族，手术类型和pT分期），并评估了性别与无复发生存期（RFS）的关联。
结果：在随访中（中位30个月），有162例（8％）患者复发（5年RFS率为88％）。女性性别（n = 712; 35％）与较低的Fuhrman等级显着相关（未加权，P = .022; IPTW加权，P <.001）。女性的RFS显着优于男性（未加权的5年RFS率，92％比87％; P = .005; IPTW加权的5年RFS率，92％vs. 86％; P = .002 ）。 IPTW加权多变量分析表明，女性性别是更好的RFS的独立预测因子（危险比为0.59; P = .005），且pT分期和Fuhrman评分较低。在未加权的多变量分析中也观察到女性的预后意义。
结论：对于非转移性ccRCC进行根治性手术的患者，女性性别与较低的Fuhrman等级和更好的预后显着相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Circulating osteoprogenitor (COP) cells are blood-borne cells which express a variety of osteoblastic markers and are able to form bone nodules in vivo. Whereas a high percentage of COP cells (%COP) is associated with vascular calcification, low %COP has been associated with disability and frailty. However, the reference range of %COP in age- and gender-matching populations, and the age-related changes in %COP remain unknown. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 144 healthy volunteers in Western Sydney (20-90year-old, 10 male and 10 female subjects per decade). %COP was quantified by flow cytometry. A high inter-and intra-rater reliability was found. In average, in this healthy population average of %COP was 0.42. There was no significant difference in %COP among the age groups. Similarly, no significant difference was found in %COP with gender, weight, height or BMI. In addition, we identified a normal reference range of %COP of 0.1-3.8%. In conclusion, in addition to the identification of steady levels of COP cells with age, we also identified a normal reference range of %COP, which could be used in future studies looking at musculoskeletal diseases in older populations.

背景与目标： ：循环骨祖细胞（COP）是血液传播的细胞，表达多种成骨细胞标志物，并能够在体内形成骨结节。较高百分比的COP细胞（％COP）与血管钙化相关，而较低的COP％与残疾和虚弱相关。但是，年龄和性别匹配人群中％COP的参考范围以及％COP中与年龄相关的变化仍然未知。在悉尼西部的144名健康志愿者中进行了一项横断面研究（每十年20-90岁，男性10名，女性10名）。通过流式细胞术定量％COP。发现内部和评估者之间的可靠性很高。平均而言，在这个健康的人群中，％COP的平均值为0.42。在各个年龄组中，％COP均无显着差异。同样，％COP与性别，体重，身高或BMI均无显着差异。此外，我们确定了％COP的正常参考范围为0.1-3.8％。总之，除了确定随年龄增长的COP细胞的稳定水平外，我们还确定了％COP的正常参考范围，可用于将来研究老年人群中骨骼肌疾病的研究中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Gender differences in kinematics during running have been speculated to be a contributing factor to the lower extremity injury rate disparity between men and women. Specifically, increased non-sagittal motion of the pelvis and hip has been implicated; however it is not known if this difference exists under a variety of locomotion conditions. The purpose of this study was to characterize gender differences in gait kinematics and muscle activities as a function of speed and surface incline and to determine if lower extremity anthropometrics contribute to these differences. METHODS:Whole body kinematics of 34 healthy volunteers were recorded along with electromyography of muscles on the right lower limb while each subject walked at 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8m/s and ran at 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6m/s with surface inclinations of 0%, 10%, and 15% grade. Joint angles and muscle activities were compared between genders across each speed-incline condition. Pelvis and lower extremity segment lengths were also measured and compared. FINDINGS:Females displayed greater peak hip internal rotation and adduction, as well as gluteus maximus activity for all conditions. Significant interactions (speed-gender, incline-gender) were present for the gluteus medius and vastus lateralis. Hip adduction during walking was moderately correlated to the ratio of bi-trochanteric width to leg length. INTERPRETATION:Our findings indicate females display greater non-sagittal motion. Future studies are needed to better define the relationship of these differences to injury risk.

背景与目标： 背景：跑步运动学中的性别差异被认为是导致男女下肢损伤率差异悬殊的一个因素。特别是，骨盆和髋关节的非矢状运动增加了。然而，尚不清楚在各种运动条件下是否存在这种差异。这项研究的目的是表征步态运动和肌肉活动中的性别差异与速度和表面倾斜的关系，并确定下肢人体测量学是否有助于这些差异。
方法：记录34名健康志愿者的全身运动学，并记录右下肢肌肉的肌电图，每个受试者以1.2、1.5和1.8m / s的速度行走，并以表面倾斜度分别以1.8、2.7和3.6m / s的速度跑步0％，10％和15％等级。在每种速度倾斜状态下，对性别之间的关节角度和肌肉活动进行了比较。还测量并比较了骨盆和下肢节段的长度。
结果：在所有情况下，女性均表现出更大的峰值髋关节内部旋转和内收以及臀大肌活动。中臀肌和股外侧肌存在重要的相互作用（速度性别，倾斜性别）。步行过程中的髋关节内收与双转子粗大宽度与腿长之比适度相关。
解释：我们的发现表明女性表现出更大的非矢状运动。需要进一步研究以更好地定义这些差异与伤害风险之间的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The combat identification (CID) abilities of same-gender and mixed-gender dyads were experimentally assessed, along with measures of spatial skills and team communication. BACKGROUND:CID is a high-stakes decision-making task involving discrimination between friendly and enemy forces. Literature on CID is primarily focused on the individual, but the extensive use of teams in the military means that more team-based research is needed in this area. METHOD:After a set of training sessions, 39 dyads were tasked with identifying 10 armored vehicles in a series of pictures and videos. Team communication was recorded, transcribed, and coded for instances of disagreements. RESULTS:Analyses indicated that males scored higher on a spatial visualization measure than did females. M-M teams performed significantly better than M-F teams on the CID task, but when spatial ability and team disagreements were added as predictors, the effect of team gender composition became nonsignificant. Spatial ability and team disagreement were significant predictors of team CID performance. CONCLUSION:Results suggest that spatial skills and team disagreement behaviors are more important for team CID performance than a team's gender composition. To our knowledge, this is the first lab study of team CID. APPLICATION:This research highlights the importance of understanding both individual differences (e.g., spatial skills) and team processes (e.g., communication) within CID training environments in the military context.

背景与目标： 目的：通过实验评估同性别和混合性别二元组的战斗识别（CID）能力，以及空间技能和团队沟通的能力。
背景：CID是一项高风险的决策任务，涉及友军与敌军之间的歧视。关于CID的文献主要集中于个人，但是军事中团队的广泛使用意味着在这一领域需要更多基于团队的研究。
方法：经过一系列训练后，负责39个二元组的任务是在一系列图片和视频中识别出10辆装甲车。对团队沟通进行记录，抄录和编码，以解决分歧。
结果：分析表明，男性在空间可视化指标上的得分高于女性。 M-M团队在CID任务上的表现明显优于M-F团队，但是当添加空间能力和团队分歧作为预测指标时，团队性别组成的影响变得不明显。空间能力和团队意见分歧是团队CID绩效的重要预测指标。
结论：结果表明，空间技能和团队异议行为对团队CID绩效的影响比团队的性别组成更为重要。据我们所知，这是团队CID的首次实验室研究。
应用：这项研究突显了在军事环境下，在CID培训环境中理解个人差异（例如空间技能）和团队流程（例如沟通）的重要性。