BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Grieshaber Air System was designed to maintain intraocular pressure during ophthalmologic surgery. It also has been used to maintain pressure in leaking endotracheal tube cuffs. It is a very useful device, especially if the intubation is difficult or the patient's position precludes replacement of the endotracheal tube. Two patients are presented in whom the system was used to maintain endotracheal tube cuff pressure.

背景与目标： : Grieshaber空气系统旨在在眼科手术期间保持眼内压。它也已用于维持气管导管袖口泄漏的压力。这是一种非常有用的设备，尤其是在插管困难或患者的位置无法更换气管插管的情况下。介绍了两名患者，其中该系统用于维持气管导管袖带压力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to describe a new modification for big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) using pneumatic pressure to detach Descemet membrane (DM) via air injection followed by ophthalmic viscoelastic device (OVD) injection. METHODS:After failure of big-bubble formation after air injection, OVD was injected from a different site other than the previous air injection using a 27-gauge cannula to detach DM, called air-visco bubble (AVB) DALK technique. The technique was used in 7 human corneoscleral rims that were investigated with anterior segment optical coherence tomography and histopathology and in 69 eyes that underwent DALK surgeries. RESULTS:Big-bubble formation was noted in 4 of 7 of the donor corneoscleral rims. The anterior segment optical coherence tomography showed big-bubble formations together with intrastromal OVD accumulation. The histology of the donor corneas showed microdetachments at the DM in the periphery, deep intrastromal separation, and big-bubble formation filled with OVD. One hundred forty-one of 210 eyes (67%) underwent successful DALK with only air injection, and 69 of 210 eyes (33%) underwent AVB technique when a big bubble was not achieved with only air injection. All the corneas showed a clear interface with good wound healing when DM was bared with the AVB DALK technique. CONCLUSIONS:Additional OVD injection to detach DM may be useful in cases where air injection fails. Also, creating small DM detachments with air injection may facilitate the formation of a big bubble with further OVD injection.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 241 unselected cases of retinal detachment treated since 1971 with cryopexy and intravitreal air are discussed. The series is analysed according to the position of the retinal tears(s), and we describe briefly the surgical technique and evaluate the main complications.

背景与目标： 讨论了241例未选择的视网膜脱离病例，1971年用冷冻手术和玻璃体内空气治疗。根据视网膜撕裂的位置对该系列进行分析，我们简要描述了手术技术并评估了主要并发症。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The existence of a chest wall "steal" of blood away from the myocardium through patent internal mammary artery branches has been hypothesized as a cause of recurrent angina pectoris after coronary artery bypass grafting. Although some authors believe that such a steal is physiologically impossible because coronary flow occurs in diastole and chest wall flow in systole, we recently documented ischemia in the left anterior descending coronary artery distribution before embolization of a large left internal mammary artery first intercostal branch that had been left intact at the time of operation. After embolization of the branch, clinical and objective evidence of ischemia resolved.

背景与目标： : 假设存在胸壁通过未闭的乳内动脉分支从心肌 “窃取” 血液，这是冠状动脉旁路移植术后再发心绞痛的原因。尽管一些作者认为这种偷窃在生理上是不可能的，因为冠状动脉血流发生在舒张期，胸壁血流发生在收缩期，但我们最近记录了左前降支在栓塞大的左乳内动脉第一肋间分支之前的缺血。在手术时保持完整。分支栓塞后，缺血的临床和客观证据得以解决。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of our study was to evaluate whether 0.3-second cine CT can be used to detect air trapping in the lungs of young children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:In 30 children (mean age, 25 months), 0.3-second cine CT was performed at six levels during 3 seconds of quiet breathing. The study population was divided into an air trapping group (n = 24) and a no-air trapping group (n = 6). Lung density was measured at an abnormal area (with or without air trapping) and an adjacent normal area on inspiratory and expiratory phase images. Lung density differences between inspiration and expiration were calculated and compared in abnormal areas (with or without air trapping) and in normal areas. Their percentages were calculated and compared between the two groups. In addition, lung density differences between abnormal and adjacent normal areas were calculated and compared between the two groups. RESULTS:Lung density differences between inspiration and expiration were smaller in areas with air trapping (mean +/- SD, -19 +/- 34 H) than in abnormal areas without air trapping (138 +/- 36 H) (p < 0.001) or in normal areas (111 +/- 49 H) (p < 0.001). Their percentages were smaller in the group with air trapping (-27% +/- 54%) than in the group with no air trapping (120% +/- 87%) (p < 0.001). In the group with air trapping, lung density differences were larger at the expiratory phase (260 +/- 77 H) than at the inspiratory phase (129 +/- 69 H) (p < 0.001), but did not change through the respiratory cycle in the group with no air trapping (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION:Air trapping can be accurately detected in the lungs of free-breathing young children using 0.3-second cine CT.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution has been associated with alterations in circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) levels, which may be one mechanism whereby exposures promote cardiovascular diseases. However, the impact of coarse PM on EPCs is unknown. OBJECTIVE:We aimed to determine the effect of acute exposure to coarse concentrated ambient particles (CAP) on circulating EPC levels. METHODS:Thirty-two adults (25.9 ± 6.6 years) were exposed to coarse CAP (76.2 ± 51.5 μg m(-3)) in a rural location and filtered air (FA) for 2 h in a randomized double-blind crossover study. Peripheral venous blood was collected 2 and 20 h post-exposures for circulating EPC (n = 21), white blood cell (n = 24) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (n = 16-19) levels. The changes between exposures were compared by matched Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS:Circulating EPC levels were elevated 2 [108.29 (6.24-249.71) EPC mL(-1); median (25th-75th percentiles), p = 0.052] and 20 h [106.86 (52.91-278.35) EPC mL(-1), p = 0.008] post-CAP exposure compared to the same time points following FA [38.47 (0.00-84.83) and 50.16 (0.00-104.79) EPC mL(-1)]. VEGF and white blood cell (WBC) levels did not differ between exposures. CONCLUSIONS:Brief inhalation of coarse PM from a rural location elicited an increase in EPCs that persisted for at least 20 h. The underlying mechanism responsible may reflect a systemic reaction to an acute "endothelial injury" and/or a circulating EPC response to sympathetic nervous system activation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONCLUSIONS:Routine embolization of the ipsilateral facial artery (FA) is effective because of the high success rate. The use of different embolic materials for the internal maxillary artery (IMA) and the FA was considered safe because of the absence of major complications. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate outcomes of routine embolization of the FA as well as the IMA ipsilateral to the bleeding site for intractable epistaxis, and outcomes using different embolic materials for the FA and the IMA. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Twenty-two patients with intractable epistaxis who underwent superselective embolization were retrospectively analyzed with a mean follow-up of 7 months. The FA and the IMA ipsilateral to the bleeding site were embolized. Two embolic materials, gelatin sponge and microcoils, were used for the IMA and the FA, respectively. RESULTS:The short-term success rate within the first 7 days was 77.3% (17/22). The long-term success rate was 95.5% (21/22). There were no major complications in 22 cases. Minor complications occurred in 13 cases (59%). These minor complications usually did not last more than a week and most resolved within a day.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate clinical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging results after uterine artery embolization (UAE) in women with symptomatic adenomyosis with or without uterine leiomyomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty-eight women with symptomatic adenomyosis with or without uterine leiomyomas were treated with UAE with calibrated tris-acryl gelatin microspheres. Based on MR findings, women were categorized as having pure adenomyosis (group A; n = 15), adenomyosis dominance with fibroid tumors (group B; n = 14), or fibroid tumor dominance with adenomyosis (group C; n = 9). RESULTS:Heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and bulk-related symptoms at last follow-up at a median of 16.5 months (range, 3-38 months) were compared with baseline symptoms. With follow-up MR imaging at a median of 12 months (range, 3-36 months), changes in uterine volume, leiomyoma volume, junctional zone thickness, and contrast enhancement of adenomyosis were assessed. After embolization, adenomyosis infarction could be depicted on contrast medium-enhanced MR in 44.1% of cases. Median reductions of uterine volume, fibroid tumor volume, and junctional zone thickness were 44.8%, 77.1%, and 23.9%, respectively. In group A, three patients needed additional surgery after UAE, in addition to two in group B and one in group C. In the remaining 32 patients, except for one patient in group C, all preexisting symptoms (eg, bleeding, pain, bulk-related symptoms) improved or resolved after UAE. Overall, 84.2% of women were satisfied with the results of UAE. CONCLUSION:In this study, midterm results (at a median of 16.5 months) showed that UAE in symptomatic adenomyosis with or without uterine leiomyomas is effective. Hysterectomy was avoided in the vast majority of patients. MR imaging showed reduction of uterine volume and junctional zone thickness.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A review of literature focused on (129)I determination in air is provided. (129)I analysis in the environment represents a vital tool for tracing transport mechanisms, distribution pathways, safety assessment and its application as environmental tracer. To achieve that, specific chemical extraction methods and high sensitivity analytical techniques have been developed. This paper is intended to give an overview about the sample collection, extraction and distribution of (129)I in the air. Sensitivity of available measurement techniques for the determination of (129)I is compared. The article also provides the summary of current worldwide distribution of (129)I in air and respective radiation exposure of man.

背景与目标： : 提供了有关 (129)I在空气中的测定的文献综述。(129)I环境分析是追踪运输机制，分配途径，安全评估及其作为环境示踪剂应用的重要工具。为此，已经开发了特定的化学萃取方法和高灵敏度分析技术。本文旨在概述 (129)I在空气中的样品收集，提取和分布。比较了用于确定 (129)I的可用测量技术的灵敏度。本文还概述了 (129)I在空气中的当前全球分布以及人类各自的辐射暴露。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A raw, pepperoni batter (75% porkH7 (> or = 2 x 10(7) cfu/g), mixed with non-meat ingredients, and then hand-stuffed into 55 mm fibrous casings to form sticks. The numbers of the pathogen were determined before stuffing, after fermentation, after drying/slicing, and after periods of storage. For storage, slices were packaged under air, vacuum or CO2 and stored at -20, 4 and 21 degrees C. Sticks were fermented at 36 degrees C and 85% relative humidity (RH) to < or = pH 4.8 and then dried at 13 degrees C and 65% RH to a moisture/protein ratio (M/Pr) of < or = 1.

6:1. Fermentation and drying resulted in the numbers of the pathogen decreasing by about 2 log10 units. During storage, the temperature rather than the atmosphere had the greater effect on pathogen numbers. The greatest reductions in numbers were observed during storage at 21 degrees C, when numbers decreased to about 2 and 3.8 log10 cfu/g within 14 days in product stored under air and vacuum, respectively, and a 5 log10 reduction was observed for both atmospheres within 28 days. Regardless of the storage atmosphere, numbers did not decrease below 3.6 or 3.7 log10 cfu/g after 90 days of storage at -20 or 4 degrees C, respectively. These data confirm that fermentation and drying are sufficient to eliminate only about 2 log10 cfu/g of E.

coli O157:H7 from fermented sausage, and that additional strategies, such as storage for at least 2 weeks at ambient temperature in air, are required to achieve a 5 to 6 log10 reduction in the numbers of the pathogen in sliced pepperoni.

背景与目标： 生的意大利辣香肠面糊 (75% porkH7 (> 或 = 2x10(7) cfu/g)，与非肉类成分混合，然后手工填充到55毫米的纤维肠衣中，形成木条。在填充前，发酵后，确定病原体的数量。干燥/切片后，以及储存一段时间后。为了储存，切片在空气、真空或二氧化碳下包装，储存在-20，4和21 ℃。将棒在36 ℃ 和85% 相对湿度 (RH) 下发酵至 <或 = pH 4.8，然后在13 ℃ 和65% ℃ 下干燥至水分/蛋白质比 (M/Pr) <或 = 1。
<强> 6:1.发酵和干燥导致病原体数量减少约2 log10单位。在储存期间，温度而不是大气对病原体数量的影响更大。在21摄氏度的储存期间观察到数量的最大减少，当在空气和真空下储存的产品在14天内数量分别降低到约2和3.8 log10 cfu/g时，并且在28天内观察到两个大气压的5 log10减少。不管储存气氛如何，在-20或4摄氏度下储存90天后，数字没有低于3.6或3.7 log10 cfu/g，这些数据分别证实，发酵和干燥足以消除发酵香肠中仅约2 log10 cfu/g的大肠杆菌。例如，在环境温度下在空气中至少保存2周，以使切成薄片的意大利辣香肠中的病原体数量减少5至6 log10。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollutants, obesity, and kidney function. SUBJECTS/METHODS:We enrolled 3345 people who had undergone health checkups at Seoul National University Hospital. We recorded the annual average concentrations of ambient air pollutants, including particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), in each subject's residential area. Various obesity traits, such as body mass index, waist circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas, were measured by quantified computerized tomography (CT), and kidney function was assessed in relation to estimated glomerular filtration rate as an indicator of kidney function. RESULTS:High PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations were significantly associated with decreased kidney function (β = -2.39 and standard error = 0.32, -1.00 and 0.31, -1.23 and 0.28, and -1.32 and 0.29, respectively), and with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between air pollutant concentrations and decreased kidney function, including CKD, was stronger among those with high abdominal adiposity, as defined by CT measurement. For example, the association between increased concentrations of air pollutants and the prevalence of CKD was stronger in the group with greater visceral adiposity than in the group with less visceral adiposity (aORs = 1.29 vs 1.16 for PM10, 1.42 vs 1.21 for SO2, and 1.27 vs 1.11 for CO). CONCLUSIONS:Long-term exposure to higher concentrations of air pollutants was unfavorably associated with kidney function and CKD prevalence, especially in people with abdominal obesity. This may indicate a high susceptibility to air pollutants in obese people.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate the duration of room air tamponade and its associated factors. STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study METHODS: The present study reviewed the medical records of patients who received room air tamponade after vitrectomy between Jun 2015 and Dec 2016. The room air duration was assessed by patient interviews 2 weeks after surgery. Relationships between the variables and tamponade duration were determined using logistic regression analysis. The remaining air level was determined from medical records. RESULTS:The room air tamponade had dissipated by 11.1 ± 1.3 days after surgery. The duration was 11.2 ± 1.3 days for eyes with a spared posterior capsule, longer than the duration in other eyes (10.1 ± 0.9 days). Increased axial length was correlated with increased duration. Axial length and a spared posterior capsule were significantly correlated with tamponade duration. Its half-life was presumed about 3.3 days. The room air seems to be absorbed at a constant rate. CONCLUSION:The data suggest that room air tamponade remains in the vitreous cavity for an average of 11.1 days. Axial length and posterior capsule status were associated with duration.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel whole ceiling upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system [eggcrate ultraviolet (UV)] has been developed that incorporates open-cell 'eggcrate'-suspended ceiling panels and bare UV lamps with a ceiling fan. Upper-room UVGI is more effective for air disinfection than mechanical ventilation at much lower installation and operating costs. Conventional upper-room UVGI fixtures employ multiple tightly spaced horizontal louvers to confine UV to the upper-room. These louvered fixtures protect occupants in the lower-room from UV-induced eye and skin irritation, but at a major cost to fixture efficiency. Using a lamp and ballast from a conventional upper-room UVGI fixture in the eggcrate UV system, the germicidal efficacy was markedly improved even though the UV radiation emitted by the lamp was unchanged. This fundamental change in the application of upper-room UVGI air disinfection should permit wider, more effective application of UVGI globally to reduce the spread of airborne infection.

背景与目标： : 已开发出一种新颖的整个天花板上部房间紫外线杀菌照射 (UVGI) 系统 [eggcrate ultraviolet (UV)]，该系统结合了开放式 “eggcrate” 吊顶面板和带有吊扇的裸露紫外线灯。上部房间的UVGI比机械通风更有效地进行空气消毒，安装和运营成本要低得多。传统的上部房间UVGI固定装置采用多个紧密间隔的水平百叶窗，以将紫外线限制在上部房间。这些百叶窗式固定装置可保护下层房间的乘员免受紫外线引起的眼睛和皮肤刺激，但固定装置效率的主要成本。在eggcrate UV系统中使用传统的上层UVGI灯具的灯和镇流器，即使灯发出的UV辐射没有变化，杀菌效果也得到了显着改善。上室UVGI空气消毒应用的这一根本变化应允许在全球范围内更广泛，更有效地应用UVGI，以减少空气传播感染。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study was undertaken to determine whether there was a correlation between ambient ozone (O3) levels and number of hospital admissions for myocardial infarction (MI) in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for MI and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 2006 to 2010. The relative risk (RR) of hospital admissions for MI was estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased RR for a number of MI admissions was significantly associated with higher O3 levels both on warm days (>23°C) and on cool days (<23°C). This observation was accompanied by an interquartile range elevation correlated with a 7% (95% CI = 2%-12%) and 17% (95% CI = 11%-25%) rise in number of MI admissions, respectively. In the two-pollutant models, no significant associations between ambient O3 concentrations and number of MI admissions were observed on warm days. However, on cool days, correlation between ambient O3 after inclusion of each of the other five pollutants, particulate matter (PM10 or PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or carbon monoxide (CO), and number of MI admissions remained significant. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient O3 increase the RR of number of hospital admissions for MI.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在确定台湾台北的环境臭氧 (O3) 水平与心肌梗死 (MI) 住院人数之间是否存在相关性。在2006年2010年期间，获得了台北的MI住院人数和环境空气污染数据。使用时间分层的病例交叉方法 (控制天气变量，星期几，季节性和长期时间趋势) 来估计MI的住院相对风险 (RR)。对于单污染物模型 (不调整其他污染物)，在温暖的日子 (>23 °C) 和凉爽的日子 (<23 °C)，许多MI入院的RR升高与较高的O3水平显着相关。)。此观察结果伴随着四分位间距升高，分别与MI入院人数的7% (95% CI = 2%-12%) 和17% (95% CI = 11%-25%) 相关。在两种污染物模型中，在温暖的日子里，没有观察到环境O3浓度与MI入院次数之间的显着关联。然而，在凉爽的日子里，加入其他五种污染物，颗粒物 (PM10或PM2.5)，二氧化硫 (SO2)，二氧化氮 (NO2) 或一氧化碳 (CO) 后的环境O3之间的相关性以及MI的入院数量仍然很重要。这项研究提供了证据，表明较高的环境O3水平会增加MI住院人数的RR。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As the techniques to connect percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) balloons and the inflation syringe vary in the instructions for use and in practice, we measured the amount of air in PCI balloons after testing three connection methods to an inflation syringe. Following the preparation using one of the three methods, 114 balloons and stent balloons were tested four times. Method 1 connected the syringe and the balloon catheter directly after purging and filling the lumen, while method 3 omitted the purging and filling process. With method 2, the catheter lumen was purged, filled and fully vented via a three-way valve. The primary endpoint answered whether air remained in the balloon, and if so, the secondary endpoint indicated the total volume of remaining air. The connection with a three-way valve achieved significantly less air in the inflated balloon as compared with either direct connection approach (27% vs. 44% and 51%; p = 0.015). For the direct connection, no significant difference between purging and filling the lumen prior to making the connection or not existed. According to these findings, the best method to connect a PCI balloon to the inflation syringe while removing air involves using a three-way valve.

背景与目标： : 由于连接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) 球囊和充气注射器的技术在使用说明书和实践中有所不同，我们在测试了三种与充气注射器的连接方法后测量了PCI球囊中的空气量。在使用三种方法之一制备之后，测试114球囊和支架球囊四次。方法1在吹扫和填充管腔后直接连接注射器和球囊导管，而方法3省略了吹扫和填充过程。使用方法2，通过三通阀清除，填充并完全排出导管腔。主要终点回答了气球中是否残留有空气，如果是，则次要终点指示剩余空气的总体积。与任一直接连接方式 (27% 相对于44% 和51%; p = 0.015) 相比，与三通阀的连接显著减少了充气气球中的空气。对于直接连接，在进行连接之前或不存在清除和填充管腔之间没有显着差异。根据这些发现，在去除空气的同时将PCI气球连接到充气注射器的最佳方法是使用三通阀。