BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The accuracy of two new 4-h identification systems for anaerobes, the AN-IDENT (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and the RapID ANA (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) was compared with that of the API 20A system (Analytab Products). A total of 132 clinical isolates were tested in each of the three systems. The overall accuracies at the genus and species level for the three systems were: API 20A, 68.9 and 56.8%, respectively; AN-IDENT, 90.2 and 73.5%; and RapID ANA, 93.9 and 81.8%. Improved identification of anaerobes with the AN-IDENT and the RapID ANA systems was observed for isolates of the genus Fusobacterium, Clostridium species other than Clostridium perfringens, non-spore-forming bacilli, and isolates of the genus Peptostreptococcus. Reproducibility studies demonstrated that the results of the individual test reactions in all three identification systems were reproducible when the interpretive guidelines of the manufacturer were followed precisely.

背景与目标： ：将两个新的用于厌氧菌的4小时识别系统AN-IDENT（纽约州普莱恩维尤市的Analytab Products）和RapID ANA（乔治亚州亚特兰大的创新诊断系统公司）的准确性进行了比较20A系统（Analytab产品）。在这三个系统中的每个系统中，共测试了132个临床分离株。这三个系统在属和种水平上的总体准确度分别为：API 20A，68.9和56.8％； AN-IDENT，分别为90.2和73.5％；和RapID ANA，分别为93.9和81.8％。观察到了用AN-IDENT和RapID ANA系统对厌氧菌的鉴定得到了改进，这些菌株包括梭菌属，产气荚膜梭菌以外的梭状芽孢杆菌，非孢子形成杆菌和拟肽链球菌属的分离株。再现性研究表明，如果严格遵循制造商的解释性指导原则，则在所有三个识别系统中单个测试反应的结果都是可再现的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Increasing healthcare expenditure is a matter of concern in many countries, particularly in relation to the underlying drivers of such escalation that include ageing, medical innovation, and changes in the burden of disease, such as the growing prevalence of chronic diseases. Most healthcare systems in developed countries have been designed to 'cure' acute episodes, rather than to 'manage' chronic conditions, and therefore they are not suitably or efficiently organized to respond to the changing needs and preferences of users. New models of chronic care provision have been developed to respond to the changing burden of disease and there is already considerable practical experience in several different countries showing their advantages but also the difficulties associated with their implementation. In this paper, we focus on the Spanish experience in terms of policy changes and pilot studies focused on testing the feasibility of moving towards chronic care models. In particular, we discuss a framework that identifies and analyses ten key prerequisites to achieving high performing chronic care-based healthcare systems and apply it to the current Spanish National Health System (NHS). We find that the design of the Spanish NHS already meets some of these pre-requisites. However, other features are still in their early stages of development or are being applied only in limited geographical and clinical contexts. We outline the policies that are being implemented and the pathway that the Spanish NHS is taking to address the crucial challenge of the transition towards an optimal health system focused on chronic care. Given the current evidence and trends, we expect that the pathway for developing a chronicity strategy being followed by the Spanish NHS will significantly transform its current healthcare delivery model in the next few years.

背景与目标： ：增加医疗保健支出是许多国家关注的问题，尤其是与此类疾病升级的潜在驱动因素有关，包括老龄化，医疗创新以及疾病负担的变化，例如慢性病的流行。发达国家的大多数医疗保健系统都旨在“治愈”急性发作，而不是“管理”慢性病，因此，它们没有适当或有效地组织以应对用户不断变化的需求和偏好。为了应对不断变化的疾病负担，已经开发出了新的慢性护理模式，在几个不同的国家已经有相当多的实践经验，显示出它们的优势，以及与实施相关的困难。在本文中，我们将重点关注西班牙在政策变更方面的经验，而试点研究则侧重于测试向慢性护理模式转变的可行性。特别是，我们讨论了一个框架，该框架确定并分析了实现高性能的基于长期护理的医疗系统的十个关键前提条件，并将其应用于当前的西班牙国家卫生系统（NHS）。我们发现，西班牙NHS的设计已经满足了其中一些先决条件。但是，其他功能仍处于开发的早期阶段，或仅在有限的地理和临床环境中使用。我们概述了正在实施的政策以及西班牙NHS正在采取的途径，以应对向着重于慢性护理的最佳卫生系统过渡的重大挑战。鉴于目前的证据和趋势，我们预计西班牙NHS遵循的制定慢性病策略的途径将在未来几年内极大地改变其当前的医疗保健提供模式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Severity of illness scores are helpful in predicting mortality; however, no standardized scoring system has been validated in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). The modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS), the CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age 65) and the Charlson weighted index of comorbidity (CWIC) were compared in predicting outcomes at the onset of SAB. METHODS:All adult inpatients with SAB from July 15, 2008, to December 31, 2009, were prospectively assessed. The 3 scoring systems were applied: REMS, CURB-65 and CWIC. The end points were attributable and overall mortality. RESULTS:A total of 241 patients with SAB were reviewed during the study period. The all-cause mortality rate was 22.8% and attributable mortality 14.1%. Patients who died had higher mean CURB-65 score and REMS than those who lived, whereas the difference in the CWIC score was not significant. Two logistic regression models based on CURB-65 score or REMS, after controlling for CWIC, revealed that both scores were independent predictors of mortality, with an odds ratio of 3.38 (P < 0.0001) and 1.45 (P < 0.0001) for CURB-65 and REMS, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a cutoff point of 3.0 (CURB-65) and 6.0 (REMS) provided the highest sensitivity and specificity. The area under the curves for all-cause mortality were 0.832 and 0.806, and for attributable mortality 0.845 and 0.819, for CURB-65 and REMS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:REMS and CURB-65 scores outperformed CWIC as predictors of mortality in SAB and may be effective in predicting the severity of illness at the onset of bacteremia.

背景与目标： 背景：疾病评分的高低有助于预测死亡率。但是，尚无标准的评分系统在金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症（SAB）患者中得到验证。在预测SAB发作的结果时，比较了修改后的快速急诊医学评分（REMS），CURB-65（意识模糊，尿素，呼吸频率，血压和65岁）和Charlson合并症加权指数（CWIC）。
方法：对2008年7月15日至2009年12月31日期间所有成人SAB患者进行前瞻性评估。应用了3种评分系统：REMS，CURB-65和CWIC。终点归因于总死亡率。
结果：在研究期间，共对241名SAB患者进行了回顾。全因死亡率为22.8％，归因死亡率为14.1％。死亡患者的CURB-65平均得分和REMS均高于活着的患者，而CWIC得分的差异并不显着。在控制了CWIC之后，基于CURB-65得分或REMS的两个逻辑回归模型显示，两个得分都是死亡率的独立预测因子，CURB-65的优势比为3.38（P <0.0001）和1.45（P <0.0001）。和REMS分别。接收器工作特性分析显示，临界点3.0（CURB-65）和6.0（REMS）提供了最高的灵敏度和特异性。对于CURB-65和REMS，全因死亡率的曲线下面积分别为0.832和0.806，归因死亡率分别为0.845和0.819。
结论：REMS和CURB-65得分优于CWIC作为SAB死亡率的预测指标，可能有效地预测菌血症发作时疾病的严重程度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Surface contamination in hospitals is involved in the transmission of pathogens in a proportion of healthcare-associated infections. Admission to a room previously occupied by a patient colonized or infected with certain nosocomial pathogens increases the risk of acquisition by subsequent occupants; thus, there is a need to improve terminal disinfection of these patient rooms. Conventional disinfection methods may be limited by reliance on the operator to ensure appropriate selection, formulation, distribution and contact time of the agent. These problems can be reduced by the use of 'no-touch' automated room disinfection (NTD) systems. AIM:To summarize published data related to NTD systems. METHODS:Pubmed searches for relevant articles. FINDINGS:A number of NTD systems have emerged, which remove or reduce reliance on the operator to ensure distribution, contact time and process repeatability, and aim to improve the level of disinfection and thus mitigate the increased risk from the prior room occupant. Available NTD systems include hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) vapour systems, aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) and ultraviolet radiation. These systems have important differences in their active agent, delivery mechanism, efficacy, process time and ease of use. Typically, there is a trade-off between time and effectiveness among NTD systems. The choice of NTD system should be influenced by the intended application, the evidence base for effectiveness, practicalities of implementation and cost constraints. CONCLUSION:NTD systems are gaining acceptance as a useful tool for infection prevention and control.

背景与目标： 背景：医院中的表面污染在一定比例的医疗保健相关感染中与病原体的传播有关。进入先前由某些医院病原体定植或感染的患者所居住的房间，会增加随后的乘员被获取的风险；因此，需要改善这些患者房间的终端消毒。常规消毒方法可以通过依赖于操作者的限制，以确保试剂的适当选择，制剂分布和接触时间。通过使用“非接触式”自动房间消毒（NTD）系统，可以减少这些问题。
目的：总结与NTD系统有关的公开数据。
方法：对相关文章进行公开搜索。
结果：已经出现了许多NTD系统，这些系统消除或减少了对操作员的依赖，以确保分配，接触时间和过程可重复性，并旨在提高消毒水平，从而减轻前房客带来的增加的风险。可用的NTD系统包括过氧化氢（H（2）O（2））蒸气系统，雾化的过氧化氢（aHP）和紫外线辐射。这些系统在其活性剂，递送机制，功效，处理时间和易用性方面具有重要差异。通常，NTD系统之间在时间和有效性之间进行权衡。 NTD系统的选择应受预期的应用，有效性的证据基础，实施的实用性和成本约束的影响。
结论：NTD系统已被接受为预防和控制感染的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is neuroinvasive and can be neurovirulent. Indeed, 20-30% of individuals with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop cognitive and motor dysfunction (termed the AIDS dementia complex or HIV dementia) coincident with advanced immunosuppression. Despite massive research efforts to discern viral neuropathogenic mechanisms, much remains incompletely understood. Recently, we and others developed animal model systems to elucidate how HIV infection within the brain can lead to impairment of central nervous system function. In this report, we evaluate each of the published animal models for their ability to mirror HIV dementia. Ease of handling and expense were also under consideration. Ultimately, studies in animal systems should permit a better understanding of the nature of HIV-1-induced neurological injury and aid in the development of effective treatments for this dreaded complication of HIV infection.

背景与目标： 人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）是神经侵袭性的，可以是神经毒性的。实际上，患有后天免疫机能丧失综合症（AIDS）的个体中有20-30％会出现认知和运动功能障碍（称为AIDS痴呆综合症或HIV痴呆），并伴有先进的免疫抑制作用。尽管为识别病毒性神经致病机制进行了大量的研究，但仍未完全了解。最近，我们和其他人开发了动物模型系统，以阐明大脑内的HIV感染如何导致中枢神经系统功能受损。在此报告中，我们评估了每种已发表的动物模型反映HIV痴呆症的能力。还考虑了易于处理和费用问题。最终，在动物系统中进行的研究应该可以使人们更好地了解HIV-1引起的神经系统损伤的性质，并帮助开发有效的治疗方法来治疗这种可怕的HIV感染并发症。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chronic stress in rats has been shown to impair learning and memory, and precipitate several affective disorders like depression and anxiety. The mechanisms involved in these stress-induced disorders and the possible reversal are poorly understood, thus limiting the number of drugs available for their treatment. Our earlier studies suggest cholinergic dysfunction as the underlying cause in the behavioral deficits following stress. Muscarinic cholinergic agonist, oxotremorine is demonstrated to have a beneficial effect in reversing brain injury-induced behavioral dysfunction. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of oxotremorine treatment on chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive deficits. Rats were subjected to restraint stress (6 h/day) for 21 days followed by oxotremorine treatment for 10 days. Spatial learning and memory was assessed in a partially baited eight-arm radial maze task. Stressed rats exhibited impairment in performance, with decreased percentage of correct choices and an increase in the number of reference memory errors (RMEs). Oxotremorine treatment (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) to stressed rats resulted in a significant increase in the percent correct choices and a decrease in the number of RMEs compared with stress as well as the stress+vehicle-treated groups. In the retention test, oxotremorine treated rats committed less RMEs compared with the stress group. Chronic restraint stress decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and septum, which was reversed by both the doses of oxotremorine. Further, oxotremorine treatment also restored the norepinephrine levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of cholinergic muscarinic agonists and the involvement of both cholinergic and noradrenergic systems in the reversal of stress-induced learning and memory deficits.

背景与目标： 大鼠慢性应激已被证明会损害学习和记忆，并引发多种情绪障碍，如抑郁和焦虑。这些压力引起的疾病和可能的逆转涉及的机制了解甚少，因此限制了可用于治疗的药物数量。我们较早的研究表明，胆碱能功能障碍是压力后行为缺陷的根本原因。毒蕈碱胆碱能激动剂，oxotremorine被证明在逆转脑损伤引起的行为功能障碍方面具有有益作用。在这项研究中，我们评估了氧代雷莫林治疗对慢性束缚应激诱导的认知缺陷的影响。对大鼠进行束缚应激（6小时/天），持续21天，然后进行氧代莫瑞林治疗10天。在部分诱饵的八臂径向迷宫任务中评估了空间学习和记忆。应激大鼠表现出功能受损，正确选择的百分比降低，参考记忆错误（RME）数量增加。与应激组和应激载体治疗组相比，对应激大鼠进行氧代雷莫林治疗（0.1或0.2 mg / kg，腹膜内）导致正确选择的百分比显着增加，RME数量减少。在保留测试中，与应激组相比，用氧代苯甲酸治疗的大鼠的RME较少。慢性束缚应激会降低海马，额叶皮层和隔垫中的乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性，这两种剂量的奥索莫瑞宁均可逆转。此外，oxotremorine治疗还可以恢复海马和额叶皮层的去甲肾上腺素水平。因此，这项研究证明了胆碱能毒蕈碱激动剂的潜力以及胆碱能和去甲肾上腺素能系统在逆转应激诱导的学习和记忆缺陷中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the micro-shear bond strength to enamel and dentin, pH and hardness of two self-etching adhesives over a period of 60 weeks storage at different temperatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Two self-etching systems, an all-in-one adhesive, Clearfil Tri-S Bond (TS) and a two-step adhesive, Clearfil SE Bond (SE) were used in this study (both by Kuraray Medical, Osaka, Japan). Their micro-shear bond strengths to enamel and dentin were measured. The materials were then stored at 4, 23 or 37 degrees C. Their bond strengths were measured again after 1, 4, 16 and 60 weeks and compared to the base line. The nano-indentation hardness of the polymerized bonding, pH of SE primer and TS were also measured at the baseline and after 60 weeks of storage at three different temperatures. Bond-strength and hardness data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS:Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that both storage conditions and material type had significant effects on bond strength to enamel or dentin but the interactions of these factors were not significant for any of the substrates. One-way ANOVA post hoc tests revealed that the bond strength of adhesives stored at 37 degrees C significantly decreased during the storage period; with the earliest significant decreases observed at 4 weeks for TS and at 16 weeks for SE. After 60 weeks of storage, the hardness obtained for SE bonding resin was not significantly different with that at the baseline for 4, 23 and 37 degrees C groups, but there was a significant decrease observed in hardness for TS stored at 37 degrees C, compared to that at the baseline. The pH of both self-etching materials decreased when they were stored at 37 degrees C. CONCLUSION:Storage time and temperature significantly affected the bond strength of both materials through the time dependent hydrolysis and other changes that are likely to occur in the water-containing self-etching agents at high temperatures.

背景与目标： 目的：评估两种在不同温度下储存60周的自蚀刻胶粘剂对牙釉质和牙本质的微剪切粘合强度，pH值和硬度。
材料与方法：这项研究使用了两个自蚀刻系统，即一体式粘合剂Clearfil Tri-S Bond（TS）和两步式粘合剂Clearfil SE Bond（SE）（均由Kuraray Medical，日本大阪）。测量了它们对牙釉质和牙本质的微剪切粘合强度。然后将材料存储在4、23或37摄氏度下。在1、4、16和60周后再次测量其粘合强度，并与基准线进行比较。还在基线和在三种不同温度下储存60周后，测量了聚合键的纳米压痕硬度，SE底漆和TS的pH。使用ANOVA和事后检验分析粘结强度和硬度数据，显着性水平为0.05。
结果：双向方差分析表明，储存条件和材料类型对与牙釉质或牙本质的粘合强度均具有显着影响，但这些因素的相互作用对任何底物均不显着。单向方差分析事后测试表明，在37°C下储存的胶粘剂的粘合强度在储存期间显着降低；在TS的第4周和SE的第16周观察到最早的显着下降。储存60周后，SE粘合树脂的硬度与4、23和37摄氏度组的基线硬度没有显着差异，但是与在37摄氏度下储存的TS相比，硬度明显降低达到基线时的水平。两种自蚀刻材料的pH值均在37摄氏度下存储时降低。
结论：储存时间和温度通过时间依赖性水解和在高温下水性自蚀刻剂中可能发生的其他变化，显着影响两种材料的粘合强度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Reverse engineering cellular networks is currently one of the most challenging problems in systems biology. Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) seem to be particularly suitable for inferring relationships between cellular variables from the analysis of time series measurements of mRNA or protein concentrations. As evaluating inference results on a real dataset is controversial, the use of simulated data has been proposed. However, DBN approaches that use continuous variables, thus avoiding the information loss associated with discretization, have not yet been extensively assessed, and most of the proposed approaches have dealt with linear Gaussian models. RESULTS:We propose a generalization of dynamic Gaussian networks to accommodate nonlinear dependencies between variables. As a benchmark dataset to test the new approach, we used data from a mathematical model of cell cycle control in budding yeast that realistically reproduces the complexity of a cellular system. We evaluated the ability of the networks to describe the dynamics of cellular systems and their precision in reconstructing the true underlying causal relationships between variables. We also tested the robustness of the results by analyzing the effect of noise on the data, and the impact of a different sampling time. CONCLUSION:The results confirmed that DBNs with Gaussian models can be effectively exploited for a first level analysis of data from complex cellular systems. The inferred models are parsimonious and have a satisfying goodness of fit. Furthermore, the networks not only offer a phenomenological description of the dynamics of cellular systems, but are also able to suggest hypotheses concerning the causal interactions between variables. The proposed nonlinear generalization of Gaussian models yielded models characterized by a slightly lower goodness of fit than the linear model, but a better ability to recover the true underlying connections between variables.

背景与目标： 背景技术：反向工程蜂窝网络目前是系统生物学中最具挑战性的问题之一。动态贝叶斯网络（DBN）似乎特别适用于通过对mRNA或蛋白质浓度的时间序列测量结果进行分析来推断细胞变量之间的关系。由于评估真实数据集上的推理结果存在争议，因此提出了使用模拟数据的建议。然而，尚未对使用连续变量，从而避免与离散化相关的信息丢失的DBN方法进行了广泛的评估，并且大多数提议的方法已经处理了线性高斯模型。
结果：我们提出了动态高斯网络的一般化，以适应变量之间的非线性依赖性。作为测试新方法的基准数据集，我们使用了发芽酵母中细胞周期控制数学模型的数据，真实地再现了细胞系统的复杂性。我们评估了网络描述蜂窝系统动态的能力及其在重构变量之间真正的因果关系上的精度。我们还通过分析噪声对数据的影响以及不同采样时间的影响，测试了结果的鲁棒性。
结论：结果证实具有高斯模型的DBN可以有效地用于复杂细胞系统数据的第一级分析。推断的模型是简约的，并且具有令人满意的拟合优度。此外，这些网络不仅提供了细胞系统动力学的现象学描述，而且还能够提出有关变量之间因果关系的假设。提出的高斯模型非线性泛化得出的模型的拟合优度比线性模型低，但具有恢复变量之间真正基础联系的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chemical genetics employs diverse small-molecule compounds to elucidate biological processes in a manner analogous to the mutagenesis strategies at the core of classical genetics. Screening small-molecule libraries for compounds that induce a phenotype of interest represents the forward chemical genetic approach, whereas the reverse approach involves small molecules targeting a single protein. Here, we review key differences between the goals for small-molecule screening in industry versus academia, recent developments in high-throughput screening, and publicly available resources of compound collections, screening facilities, and databases. A particularly exciting outcome of a chemical genetic screen is the discovery of a previously unknown role for a protein in a pathway together with compounds that affect the function of that protein. In illustrative cases, such discoveries have led to progress toward therapeutic development and more commonly have increased the size of the small molecule "toolbox" available to the research community for the study of biological processes.

背景与目标： 化学遗传学采用多种小分子化合物来阐明生物学过程，其方式类似于经典遗传学的核心诱变策略。在小分子文库中筛选诱导目标表型的化合物代表了正向化学遗传方法，而反向方法则涉及靶向单个蛋白质的小分子。在这里，我们回顾了工业界和学术界对小分子筛选的目标，高通量筛选的最新发展以及化合物集合，筛选设施和数据库的公开可用资源之间的主要区别。化学遗传筛选的一个特别令人兴奋的结果是，发现一种蛋白质在通路中的作用是未知的，而化合物会影响该蛋白质的功能。在说明性情况下，这样的发现导致了治疗发展的进步，并且更普遍地增加了可供研究团体用于生物学过程研究的小分子“工具箱”的大小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most living systems, ranging from animal flocks, self-motile microorganisms to the cytoskeleton rely on self-organization processes to perform their own specific function. Despite its importance, the general understanding of how individual active constituents initiate the intriguing pattern formation phenomena on all these different length scales still remains elusive. Here, using a high density actomyosin motility assay system, we show that the observed collective motion arises from a seeding process driven by enhanced acute angle collisions. Once a critical size is reached, the clusters coarsen into high and low density phases each with fixed filament concentrations. The steady state is defined by a balance of collision induced randomization and alignment effects of the filaments by multi-filament collisions within ordered clusters.Self-organization is observed in cytoskeletal systems but emergence of order from disorder is poorly understood. Using a high density actomyosin system, the authors capture the transition from disorder to order, which is driven by enhanced alignment effects caused by increase in multi-filament collisions.

背景与目标： ：从动物群，自我活动性微生物到细胞骨架的大多数生命系统都依赖于自我组织过程来执行其自身的特定功能。尽管它很重要，但是对于各个活性成分如何在所有这些不同的长度尺度上引发有趣的图案形成现象的一般理解仍然是难以捉摸的。在这里，使用高密度放线菌素运动分析系统，我们显示观察到的集体运动是由增强的锐角碰撞驱动的播种过程产生的。一旦达到临界尺寸，簇就粗化为高密度相和低密度相，每个相都具有固定的灯丝浓度。稳态是由碰撞诱导的随机化和在有序簇内的多丝碰撞引起的长丝排列效应之间的平衡所定义的。在细胞骨架系统中观察到自组织，但对从无序出现的顺序了解甚少。使用高密度放线菌素系统，作者捕获了从无序到有序的过渡，这是由多丝碰撞增加引起的增强排列效果驱动的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This account revolves around fascination and excitement with science. Early curiosity and fortunate opportunities can lead to a satisfying career. The privilege of performing basic research in biochemistry and molecular biology at a university coupled with teaching motivated students and working with dedicated co-workers makes for sustained thrust in the advance of knowledge. Research fields centered around cellular redox systems, oxidants and antioxidants, and the concept of oxidative stress. A noteworthy aspect is the global network of scientists joining in these endeavors worldwide.

背景与目标： ：这个科目围绕着对科学的迷恋和兴奋。早期的好奇心和幸运的机会可以带来令人满意的职业。在一所大学从事生物化学和分子生物学基础研究的特权，再加上积极进取的学生教学以及与敬业的同事一起工作的特权，为不断发展的知识提供了动力。研究领域围绕细胞氧化还原系统，氧化剂和抗氧化剂以及氧化应激的概念。一个值得注意的方面是参与全球这些努力的全球科学家网络。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to ascertain the effects of different carbon sources (methanol, glucose, starch and NaHCO(3)) on denitrification in BESs, the experiment was conducted in a constant current, 3.5 of chemical oxygen demand to nitrate ratio in a greenhouse. Among the four carbon sources investigated in BESs, NaHCO(3) showed the highest nitrite accumulation and the ratio of soluble microbial products to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SMP/SCOD) with a value of 3.68 ± 0.68 mg/L and 94%, respectively. And the addition of organic substrates could reduce SMP production and enhance the denitrification process. In the constant voltage experiment, it was observed that the organics could be used by microbes to generate electrons at the anode. And a maximal current value of 11.0 mA in the BESs fed with starch indicated that the complex carbon source was easier to be used by microorganisms to generate electricity than the simple carbon source.

背景与目标： ：为了确定不同碳源（甲醇，葡萄糖，淀粉和NaHCO（3））对BES中反硝化的影响，该实验在恒定电流下进行，该温室中化学需氧量与硝酸盐的比率为3.5。在BES中研究的四种碳源中，NaHCO（3）表现出最高的亚硝酸盐积累和可溶性微生物产物与可溶性化学需氧量（SMP / SCOD）的比率，分别为3.68±0.68 mg / L和94％ 。并且添加有机底物可以减少SMP的产生并增强反硝化过程。在恒压实验中，观察到微生物可以将有机物用于在阳极产生电子。淀粉喂养的BES中的最大电流值为11.0 mA，这表明与简单碳源相比，微生物更容易使用复杂的碳源发电。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twenty first century systems toxicology approaches enable the discovery of biological pathways affected in response to active substances. Here, we briefly summarize current network approaches that facilitate the detailed mechanistic understanding of the impact of a given stimulus on a biological system. We also introduce our network-based method with two use cases and show how causal biological network models combined with computational methods provide quantitative mechanistic insights. Our approach provides a robust comparison of the transcriptional responses in different experimental systems and enables the identification of network-based biomarkers modulated in response to exposure. These advances can also be applied to pharmacology, where the understanding of disease mechanisms and adverse drug effects is imperative for the development of efficient and safe treatment options.

背景与目标： ：20世纪系统毒理学方法使人们能够发现响应活性物质而受到影响的生物途径。在这里，我们简要概述了当前的网络方法，这些方法有助于对给定刺激对生物系统的影响进行详细的机械理解。我们还将介绍基于网络的方法以及两个用例，并说明因果生物学网络模型与计算方法的结合如何提供定量的机理见解。我们的方法提供了不同实验系统中转录反应的可靠比较，并能够鉴定响应暴露而调制的基于网络的生物标记。这些进展也可以应用于药理学，在这种药理学中，对于疾病机理和药物不良作用的了解对于开发有效和安全的治疗方法至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Serotonin was administered intrathecally onto cat spinal cords to evaluate the pharmacology by which it suppresses noxiously evoked activity of wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Doses of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 micrograms serotonin produced significant suppression of the mean noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (21, 44, and 69% at 30 min, respectively). The dose-dependent effects were partially reversed by the intravenous administration of the serotonin antagonist methysergide (1 or 2 mg). Intravenous administration of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) produced a significant antagonism of the effects of serotonin. In contrast to the effects of methysergide and yohimbine, intravenous administration of naloxone or the alpha 1-antagonist corynanthine had no effect upon the suppressive effects of serotonin. The combination of low-dose serotonin and low-dose clonidine produced a supraadditive effect (30% at 30 min). These data support the concept that noradrenergic systems, possibly through an alpha 2-adrenergic mechanism, are involved in the modulation of spinal WDR neurons by serotonin.

背景与目标： ：5-羟色胺通过鞘内注射到猫脊髓上，以评估其抑制脊髓背角宽动态范围（WDR）神经元的有害诱发活性的药理作用。剂量为500、1,000和2,000微克的血清素可显着抑制脊髓背角中WDR神经元的平均有害诱发活性（分别在30分钟时分别为21％，44％和69％）。通过静脉内注射5-羟色胺拮抗剂美塞麦肽（1或2毫克）可部分逆转剂量依赖性作用。静脉内注射α2-肾上腺素拮抗剂育亨宾（0.5或1.0 mg / kg）对5-羟色胺的作用产生明显的拮抗作用。与甲基异麦角胺和育亨宾的作用相反，纳洛酮或α1拮抗药七氢鸟嘌呤的静脉内给药对5-羟色胺的抑制作用没有影响。低剂量5-羟色胺和低剂量可乐定的组合产生了超加和作用（30分钟时为30％）。这些数据支持以下概念：去甲肾上腺素系统可能通过α2-肾上腺素机制参与了5-羟色胺对脊髓WDR神经元的调节。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This publication reviews the framework of abstract competition, which is aimed at studying complex systems with competition in their generic form. Although the concept of abstract competition has been derived from a specific field--modelling of mixing in turbulent reacting flows--this concept is, generally, not attached to a specific phenomenon or application. Two classes of competition rules, transitive and intransitive, need to be distinguished. Transitive competitions are shown to be consistent (at least qualitatively) with thermodynamic principles, which allows for introduction of special competitive thermodynamics. Competitive systems can thus be characterized by thermodynamic quantities (such as competitive entropy and competitive potential), which determine that the predominant direction of evolution of the system is directed towards higher competitiveness. There is, however, an important difference: while conventional thermodynamics is constrained by its zeroth law and is fundamentally transitive, the transitivity of competitive thermodynamics depends on the transitivity of the competition rules. The analogy with conventional thermodynamics weakens as competitive systems become more intransitive, while strongly intransitive competitions can display types of behaviour associated with complexity: competitive cooperation and leaping cycles. Results of simulations demonstrating complex behaviour in abstract competitions are presented in the electronic supplementary material.

背景与目标： ：本出版物回顾了抽象竞争的框架，该框架旨在研究具有通用形式竞争的复杂系统。尽管抽象竞争的概念是从特定领域派生出来的-湍流反应流中的混合建模-但是，该概念通常不附属于特定现象或应用。需要区分两类竞争规则，即传递规则和不传递规则。传递竞争被证明与热力学原理一致（至少在定性上），这允许引入特殊的竞争热力学。竞争系统因此可以通过热力学量（例如竞争熵和竞争潜力）来表征，这确定了系统演化的主要方向是朝着更高的竞争力发展。但是，有一个重要的区别：常规热力学受其零定律约束并从根本上具有传递性，而竞争热力学的传递性取决于竞争规则的传递性。随着竞争系统变得更加不可传递，与传统热力学的类比减弱了，而强烈的不可传递竞争则可能显示出与复杂性相关的行为类型：竞争合作和跨越式循环。在电子补充材料中提供了证明抽象比赛中复杂行为的模拟结果。