• 【按年龄和性别划分的霍奇金淋巴瘤的体重和风险:康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州的一项基于人群的病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10552-012-0100-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li Q,Chang ET,Bassig BA,Dai M,Qin Q,Gao Y,Zhang Y,Zheng T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.
    背景与目标: 目的:描述性研究表明,霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)的发病率在年轻人中,尤其是女性中呈上升趋势。越来越多的证据表明,与HL相关的某些危险因素可能随年龄或性别而变化。最近的研究报告了与体重指数(BMI)增加相关的HL风险增加,但结果不一致。这项研究的目的是检查身体大小(身高,体重和BMI)与HL风险之间的关系是否随年龄和/或性别而变化。
    方法:在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。在1997-2000年间,共招募了567例HL病例和679例对照。使用无条件逻辑回归来计算比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CIs)。
    结果:<35岁的年轻女性中,超重(25-29.9 kg / m(2))与正常体重(18.5-24.9 kg / m(2))与HL风险增加显着相关(OR = 2.1 ,95%CI = 1.1-4.0)。风险随着体重和BMI的增加而增加(p趋势<0.01)。相比之下,≥35岁的女性中,体重增加和BMI升高与HL风险降低相关(p趋势<0.01)。相反,年轻或老年男性的BMI与HL风险之间没有显着相关性。
    结论:这些发现表明,体型与HL风险之间的关联因性别和年龄而异,需要在其他人群中进行确认。
  • 【肥胖男性中大剂量白藜芦醇的补充:一项由研究人员发起,随机,安慰剂对照的底物代谢,胰岛素敏感性和身体成分的临床试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/db12-0975 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poulsen MM,Vestergaard PF,Clasen BF,Radko Y,Christensen LP,Stødkilde-Jørgensen H,Møller N,Jessen N,Pedersen SB,Jørgensen JO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.
    背景与目标: 肥胖,糖尿病,高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究,白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1(SIRT1)来逆转这些危险因素,但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机,安慰剂对照,双盲和平行组设计中,将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查,包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性(高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹)。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗;脂质的氧化速率;异位或内脏脂肪含量;或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同,并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。
  • 【大型草食动物的纤维消化率与消化类型和体重有关-一种体外方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Steuer P,Südekum KH,Müller DW,Kaandorp J,Clauss M,Hummel J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of different ungulate species in a given ecosystem has been the focus of many studies. Differences between ruminant foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters were remarkable for example in the way they ingest and digest high fibre diets. Digestion trials based on total collections are difficult to conduct or are sometimes even not possible for wild animals in the field or in zoos. To gain information on the fibre digestion achieved by these animals and the influence of body mass (BM) thereon, a method using spot sampling is desirable. In this study, in vitro fermentation of faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a measure of fibre digestion in large ungulates. Food and faecal samples of 10 ruminant foregut fermenting and 7 hindgut fermenting species/breeds were collected. All animals received 100% grass hay with ad libitum access. The NDF of food and faeces was fermented in vitro in a Hohenheim gas test (HGT) for 96 h. The digestion type generally had an effect on the gas production (GP) of faecal NDF in the HGT with hindgut fermenters showing higher values than ruminant foregut fermenters. At any time interval of incubation, BM had no influence on GP. The results are in accordance with both findings that ruminant foregut fermenters have longer mean retention times and more comprehensive particle reduction and findings of a lack of influence of BM on digesta mean retention time. It can be stated that the HGT (96 h) is a useful and quick method to show also small differences within groups in fibre digestion.
    背景与目标: 在一个给定的生态系统中,有蹄类动物的共存一直是许多研究的重点。反刍动物前肠发酵罐和后肠发酵罐之间的差异非常明显,例如,它们摄取和消化高纤维饮食的方式不同。基于总收集物的消化试验很难进行,有时甚至对于野外或动物园中的野生动物也无法进行。为了获得有关这些动物实现的纤维消化及其体重(BM)的影响的信息,需要一种使用点采样的方法。在这项研究中,粪便中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)的体外发酵被用作大有蹄类动物中纤维消化的量度。收集了10种反刍动物前肠发酵食品和7种后肠发酵物种/品种的食物和粪便样本。所有动物均自由采食100%干草。食物和粪便的NDF在Hohenheim气体试验(HGT)中进行了96 h的体外发酵。消化类型通常会对HGT中粪便NDF的产气量(GP)产生影响,其中后肠发酵罐的值要高于反刍动物前肠发酵罐的值。在任何孵育时间间隔,BM对GP均无影响。结果与两个发现均一致:反刍动物前肠发酵罐具有更长的平均保留时间和更全面的颗粒减少,并且发现BM对消化物的平均保留时间缺乏影响。可以说,HGT(96 h)是一种有用且快速的方法,可以显示纤维消化组内的细微差异。
  • 【由带状孢子间体连接的形成子囊孢子的两种新的哈萨克斯坦菌种:Kazachstania zonata和Kazachstania gamospora。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00163.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Imanishi Y,Ueda-Nishimura K,Mikata K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].
    背景与目标: :从日本南部两个地方收集的样品中分离出四株子囊酵母。这些菌株形成了两个疣状的子囊孢子,它们通过一个呈带状的孢子间体连接在一起。 rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株代表了哈萨克斯坦属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离物来自宫崎县,而其他物种的分离物则来自西表岛。这两个物种的遗传分离进一步通过DNA-DNA重新关联(其值为63.3-78.1%)以及种间杂交获得了无生命的子囊孢子而得到证实。基于这些数据,来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326,交配类型NBRC 101821(),NBRC 101822(-)]和来自西表岛的分离物被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328,配合类型NBRC 101825(),NBRC 101826(-)]。
  • 【体重指数对青春期延迟男孩生长的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.8.971 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nathan BM,Sedlmeyer IL,Palmert MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is unclear whether overweight but otherwise healthy boys with delayed puberty have a variation of constitutional delay of growth and maturation (CDGM) or a different etiology for their pubertal delay. To characterize better this group of boys and investigate whether their growth pattern distinguishes them from boys with typical CDGM, growth data were analyzed in eight overweight (BMI SDS > or = 85th percentile) and 37 non-overweight (BMI SDS <85th percentile) boys with delayed puberty. Primary outcome measures included predicted height (PH) and adult height (AH). At diagnosis of delayed puberty, the overweight boys had less delayed bone ages (chronological age [CA] - bone age [BA] = 1.2 +/- 1.0 vs 2.5 +/- 1.1 years, p <0.01), greater height SDS for CA (-0.5 +/- 0.7 vs -2.4 +/- 0.8, p <0.001), and greater height SDS for BA (0.6 +/- 0.9 vs -0.4 +/- 1.1, p <0.05). PH for the overweight boys exceeded their mid-parental height (MPH) by 5.0 +/- 7.2 cm while non-overweight boys were predicted to fall below their MPH by 2.8 +/- 6.3 cm (p <0.01). Available AH data corroborated the differences in PH, with a trend for overweight boys to have greater height relative to their MPH than the non-overweight boys. These observations suggest that in the context of delayed puberty, being overweight may modulate adult height and/or that the etiology of delayed puberty in overweight boys may differ from typical CDGM.
    背景与目标: :目前尚不清楚超重但健康的青春期延迟男孩是否具有体质发育和成熟延迟(CDGM)的变化或青春期延迟的病因有所不同。为了更好地表征这组男孩并研究他们的生长方式是否与典型CDGM的男孩区分开来,分析了8个超重(BMI SDS>或= 85%百分位数)和37个非超重(BMI SDS <85th百分位数)的男孩的生长数据青春期延迟。主要结局指标包括预测身高(PH)和成人身高(AH)。在诊断为青春期延迟时,超重男孩的延迟骨龄较少(先后年​​龄[CA]-骨龄[BA] = 1.2 /-1.0与2.5 /-1.1岁,p <0.01),CA的身高SDS较高(- 0.5 /-0.7 vs -2.4 /-0.8,p <0.001)和更高的BA SDS高度(0.6 /-0.9 vs -0.4 /-1.1,p <0.05)。超重男孩的PH值超出其父母中间高度(MPH)5.0 /-7.2 cm,而非超重男孩的PH值则低于其MPH 2.8 /-6.3 cm(p <0.01)。现有的AH数据证实了PH值的差异,超重男孩相对于其MPH的身高趋势要高于非超重男孩。这些观察结果表明,在青春期延迟的背景下,超重可能会调节成年人的身高,和/或在超重男孩中青春期延迟的病因可能与典型的CDGM不同。
  • 【体重指数对中年男性和绝经后女性载脂蛋白A-I动力学的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.01.022 复制DOI
    作者列表:Welty FK,Lichtenstein AH,Lamon-Fava S,Schaefer EJ,Marsh JB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of body mass index (BMI) and obesity on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels and kinetics was examined by gender. Apo A-I kinetics were determined with a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine in the fed state in 19 men and 13 postmenopausal women. Compared with nonobese men, nonobese women had a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I due to a 48% higher apo A-I production rate (PR) (P = .05). Obesity had no significant effects on apo A-I kinetics in women. In contrast, compared with nonobese men, obese men had a 9% lower apo A-I level due to a 64% higher fractional catabolic rate (FCR) partially offset by a 47% higher PR. Obese women had a 52% higher HDL-C than obese men (50 vs 33 mg/dL, respectively; P = .012), a finding related to the faster apo A-I FCR in obese men. BMI was directly correlated with apo A-I FCR (r = 0.84, P < .001) and PR (r = 0.79, P < .001) in men but not in women. Sixty-two percent of the variability in PR and 71% of the variability in FCR were due to BMI in men and only 3% and 23%, respectively, in women. In conclusion, BMI has a significant effect on apo A-I PR and FCR in men but not in women.
    背景与目标: :通过性别检查了体重指数(BMI)和肥胖对载脂蛋白(apo)A-I水平和动力学的影响。在19名男性和13名绝经后女性中,在喂食状态下,经初次,恒定输注氘代亮氨酸测定了Apo A-I动力学。与非肥胖男性相比,非肥胖女性具有较高水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和载脂蛋白A-I,这是由于载脂蛋白A-I的产生率(PR)升高了48%(P = 0.05)。肥胖对女性的载脂蛋白A-I动力学没有显着影响。相比之下,与非肥胖男性相比,肥胖男性的分解代谢率(FCR)升高了64%,而部分PR被47%的升高所抵消,因此其apo A-I水平降低了9%。肥胖女性的HDL-C比肥胖男性高52%(分别为50和33 mg / dL; P = 0.012),这一发现与肥胖男性的apo A-I FCR更快有关。男性的BMI与apo A-I FCR(r = 0.84,P <.001)和PR(r = 0.79,P <.001)直接相关,而与女性无关。 PR变异性的62%和FCR变异性的71%是由于男性的BMI而引起的,而女性分别仅为3%和23%。总之,BMI对男性的apo A-I PR和FCR有明显影响,而对女性则没有。
  • 【前交叉韧带重建后全身振动板训练对运动员力量的功效:一项随机对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000466 复制DOI
    作者列表:Costantino C,Bertuletti S,Romiti D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.
    背景与目标: 目的:评估为期8周的全身振动训练计划是否可以改善关节镜前交叉韧带(ACL)重建后运动员屈膝/伸展肌肉力量的恢复。
    设计:随机对照试验。
    地点:单个门诊康复中心。
    参与者:38名女子排球/篮球运动员(年龄在20至30岁之间),随机分为2个治疗组。
    干预措施:在标准化的六个月康复计划中,从手术后第13周到第20周,全身振动组(n = 19)和对照组(n = 19)进行了额外的静态膝屈肌/伸肌练习。振动平台。对于全身振动组,将振动平台设置为2.5毫米的振幅和26赫兹的频率。对照组接受相同的全身振动板训练,无振动。
    主要观察指标:在其他治疗方案的开始和结束时,均用Biodex测功机通过等速肌力测试对所有患者进行评估。测试的参数是执行力量和耐力测试的峰值扭矩和膝盖屈肌和伸肌的最大力量。
    结果:未观察到与振动相关的副作用。两组均注意到改善,但与对照组相比,全身振动组膝部肌肉的等速肌力值在统计学上具有显着意义(延伸差异:峰值扭矩11.316 / 10.263 N·m和最大功率13.684 / 11.211 W;屈曲:峰值扭矩9.632 / 11.105 N·m,最大功率10.158 / 9.474 W; P <0.001)。
    结论:与标准的康复计划结合使用时,全身振动可能会增加肌肉力量,并成为ACL关节镜重建术后运动员康复的有效附加治疗选择。
  • 【执法机构防弹衣政策简介-LEMAS 2013数据的潜在类别分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/15459624.2017.1339163 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liu W,Taylor B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The life-saving benefits of body armor have been well-documented, and law enforcement agency (LEA) body armor wear requirements have been cited by police officers as one of the most important reasons for them to wear body armor. However, research on LEAs' policies and practices regarding body armor is scarce. This study examined whether there are different agency-level profiles of various body armor-related policies, and related these body armor policy profiles to agency characteristics, size, location, etc. U.S. LEAs fell into four distinct profiles based on their body armor policies. Close to half of the LEAs had comprehensive coverage of body armor policies in all aspects. However, nearly one in five LEAs had very weak body armor policies in all aspects. The rest of the LEAs split into two groups, each with different strengths and weaknesses on selection, training, fitting, wearing, and inspection policies. Sheriff's offices and smaller LEAs were found to have weaker policies. In contrast, LEAs with a community policing emphasis and those with body armor grants were found to have stronger body armor polices, especially when it comes to mandatory wearing polices. Findings from the study provide a portrait of the current state of LEA body armor policies, and provide guidance for improving LEAs' body armor policies and practices.
    背景与目标: :防弹衣的挽救生命的好处已得到充分证明,并且执法机构(LEA)的防弹衣磨损要求已被警察引用为他们佩戴防弹衣的最重要原因之一。但是,关于LEA关于防弹衣的政策和实践的研究很少。这项研究检查了各种防弹衣相关政策是否具有不同的机构级档案,并将这些防弹衣档案与代理机构的特征,规模,位置等相关联。美国LEA根据其防弹衣政策分为四个不同的档案。近一半的LEA全面涵盖了防弹衣政策的各个方面。但是,几乎五分之一的LEA在各个方面的防弹衣政策都很薄弱。其他LEA分为两组,每组在选择,培训,装修,穿着和检查政策方面各有优缺点。警长办公室和较小的LEA被发现政策较弱。相比之下,人们发现,以社区治安为重点的LEA和获得防弹衣津贴的LEA具有更强的防弹衣政策,尤其是在涉及强制性穿法政策时。该研究的结果提供了LEA防弹衣政策的当前状态的画像,并为改进LEA的防弹衣政策和实践提供了指导。
  • 【高盐分胁迫会导致深色小麦中的前类固醇膨胀,并改变辐照后的层状体转化和重组。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/jxb/erm085 复制DOI
    作者列表:Abdelkader AF,Aronsson H,Solymosi K,Böddi B,Sundqvist C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High salinity causes ion imbalance and osmotic stress in plants. Leaf sections from 8-d-old dark-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Giza 168) were exposed to high salt stress (600 mM) and the native arrangements of plastid pigments together with the ultrastructure of the plastids were studied using low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Although plastids from salt-treated leaves had highly swollen prothylakoids (PTs) the prolamellar bodies (PLBs) were regular. Accordingly, a slight intensity decrease of the short-wavelength protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) form was observed, but no change was found in the long-wavelength Pchlide form emitting at 656 nm. After irradiation, newly formed swollen thylakoids showed traversing stromal strands. The PLB dispersal was partly inhibited and remnants of the PLBs formed an electron-dense structure, which remained after prolonged (8 h) irradiation. The difference in fluorescence emission maximum of the main chlorophyll form in salt-stressed leaves (681 nm) and in control leaves (683 nm) indicated a restrained formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Overall chlorophyll accumulation during prolonged irradiation was inhibited. Salt-stressed leaves returned to darkness after 3 h of irradiation had, compared with the control, a reduced amount of Pchlide and reduced re-formation of regular net-like PLBs. Instead, the size of the electron-dense structures increased. This study reports, for the first time, the salt-induced swelling of PTs and reveals traversing stromal strands in newly formed thylakoids. Although the PLBs were intact and the Pchlide fluorescence emission spectra appeared normal after salt stress in darkness, plastid development to chloroplasts was highly restricted during irradiation.
    背景与目标: :高盐度会导致植物中的离子失衡和渗透胁迫。将8天黑熟小麦(Triticum aestivum cv。Giza 168)的叶片切片暴露于高盐胁迫(600 mM)下,并使用低温研究了质体色素的天然排列以及质体的超微结构荧光光谱和透射电子显微镜。尽管来自盐处理过的叶片的质体具有高度溶胀的前类固醇(PTs),但层状体(PLB)却是规则的。因此,观察到短波长原叶绿素化物(Pchlide)形式的强度略有降低,但是在656nm处发射的长波长Pchlide形式没有发现变化。辐射后,新形成的类囊体显示出横贯的基质链。 PLB的扩散受到部分抑制,PLB的残留物形成电子致密结构,长时间(8 h)照射后仍保留下来。盐胁迫叶片(681 nm)和对照叶片(683 nm)中主要叶绿素形式的最大荧光发射差异表明光合作用装置的形成受到限制。长时间辐射期间总的叶绿素积累受到抑制。与对照相比,盐胁迫的叶片在辐照3 h后恢复黑暗,减少了Pchlide的量,减少了规则网状PLB的重整。相反,电子致密结构的尺寸增加。这项研究首次报道了盐诱导的PTs溶胀,并揭示了新形成的类囊体中横穿的基质链。尽管在黑暗中的盐胁迫后,PLB完好无损且Pchlide荧光发射光谱看起来正常,但是在照射过程中,质体向叶绿体的发育受到了极大的限制。
  • 【改变生活方式和行为疗法可有效减轻肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者的体重,并增加其血清脑源性神经营养因子的水平。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.020 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kuo FC,Lee CH,Hsieh CH,Kuo P,Chen YC,Hung YJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of the study was to elucidate the relationship between serum circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight reduction via lifestyle modification and behavior therapy in obese non-diabetic patients with chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-three obese non-diabetic subjects with schizophrenia treated with stable antipsychotic medication in a day-care unit for at least 3 months were recruited. Thirty age-, body weight-matched subjects without psychiatric disorders were enrolled as controls. All participants underwent a 10-week weight reduction program, including lifestyle modification, psychosocial treatment, behavior therapy and exercise in the day-care unit. Blood biochemistry, serum BDNF, adipokine (adiponectin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated before and after the program. Serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased following the weight reduction program. Elevations in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with body weight and body mass index reduction. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a non-pharmacological weight reduction program effectively reduces body weight with significant elevation of serum BDNF levels in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.
    背景与目标: :该研究的目的是阐明肥胖非糖尿病慢性精神分裂症患者的血清循环脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)与通过生活方式改变和行为疗法减轻体重之间的关系。招募了33例在日托室中接受稳定抗精神病药物治疗,至少3个月的精神分裂症肥胖非糖尿病患者。纳入30名年龄,体重匹配且无精神疾病的受试者作为对照。所有参与者都接受了为期10周的减肥计划,包括在日间护理室进行的生活方式改变,心理社会治疗,行为疗法和锻炼。在该计划之前和之后,评估了血液生化,血清BDNF,脂肪因子(脂联素),炎性标志物(C反应蛋白,肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素6)以及口服葡萄糖耐量测试。与对照组相比,精神分裂症患者的血清BDNF浓度显着降低。减重计划后,血清BDNF水平显着增加。血清BDNF水平升高与体重和体重指数降低呈正相关。总而言之,我们的结果表明,在肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者中,非药物减肥计划可以有效减轻体重,同时血清BDNF水平显着升高。
  • 【怀孕期间身体不满意:横断面和前瞻性相关因素的系统评价。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1359105312462437 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M,Skouteris H,Watson BE,Hill B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article systematically reviews the literature pertaining to correlates of body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. A total of 8 electronic databases were searched and 251 papers identified, 56 of which met inclusion criteria. Full text scrutiny of these papers reduced the final list of reviewed papers to 22. Results of the review highlight that psychological factors were associated with body dissatisfaction during pregnancy, and noted the surfeit of studies examining the relationship was between body dissatisfaction and depression. It is concluded that the prevention of heightened body dissatisfaction during the reproductive phase will only be effective when models of risk factors have been examined systematically and rigorously.
    背景与目标: :本文系统地回顾了与怀孕期间身体不满意相关的文献。共检索了8个电子数据库,鉴定了251篇论文,其中56篇符合纳入标准。这些论文的全文审查将最终审阅论文列表减少至22。审阅结果突出表明,心理因素与怀孕期间的身体不满有关,并指出有大量研究检查了身体不满与抑郁之间的关系。结论是,只有在系统地和严格地检查了危险因素模型之后,才能防止在生殖阶段加剧机体不满。
  • 【位于身体附近10 cm处的点伽马射线源的等效有效剂量。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.HP.0000202237.19610.20 复制DOI
    作者列表:Xu XG,Bushart S,Anderson R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The key component in the so-called EPRI effective dose equivalent (EDE) methodology is an algorithm that utilizes two dosimeters (instead of multiple dosimeters) to predict the EDE for external photon exposures. The exposure scenarios that were previously studied in deriving the algorithm include parallel photon beams and point sources 33 cm from the body surface. The motivation for this study was the need to investigate source locations within 33 cm from the body so the method is more widely applicable. The ORNL stylized mathematical human phantoms and the MCNP code were used to calculate organ doses in this study. This paper presents the EDE data for point gamma sources at 0.3, 1.0, and 1.5 MeV, respectively, which are located at 10 cm from the surface of the body. The results and analyses show that the locations ranging from the overhead to the foot have resulted in conservative ratios except for two general regions near the front upper thigh and directly overhead. If all locations considered in this study were averaged for each photon energy, the overall ratio is on the conservative side. These data suggest that the EPRI EDE methodology is still valid for sources located 10 cm from the body, although the chance for resulting in a non-conservative estimate of the EDE has increased in comparison with the sources located at 30 cm from the body. Finally, this paper provides recommendations on how to apply the EPRI EDE methodology.
    背景与目标: :所谓的EPRI有效剂量当量(EDE)方法中的关键组件是一种算法,该算法利用两个剂量计(而不是多个剂量计)来预测外部光子暴露的EDE。先前在推导算法时曾研究过的曝光场景包括平行光子束和距体表33 cm的点光源。这项研究的动机是需要调查距人体33厘米以内的放射源位置,因此该方法更广泛地适用。在本研究中,使用了ORNL程式化的数学人体模型和MCNP代码来计算器官剂量。本文介绍了分别位于距人体表面10 cm处的0.3 MeV,1.0 MeV和1.5 MeV的点伽马源的EDE数据。结果和分析表明,从头顶到脚的位置范围导致了保守的比率,除了大腿前上方和直接头顶附近的两个一般区域。如果在本研究中考虑的所有位置均针对每种光子能量求平均值,则总体比率处于保守的一面。这些数据表明,EPRI EDE方法对于距离人体10厘米处的放射源仍然有效,尽管与位于人体30厘米处的放射源相比,导致EDE非保守估计的机会有所增加。最后,本文提供了有关如何应用EPRI EDE方法的建议。
  • 【纹身和身体穿刺是巴西青少年风险行为的生活方式指示。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10654-006-9028-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Oliveira MD,Matos MA,Martins RM,Teles SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tattooing and body piercing may be visible markers to identify adolescents whose lifestyle may put them at a higher risk for morbidity and mortality. In 664 Brazilian adolescents we found 8.4% of body modifications. Further, sexual experience, illicit drug, alcohol consumption, and anti-HBc positivity were independently associated with them. These data suggest the potential risk of tattooing/body piercing in our youths.
    背景与目标: :纹身和刺穿身体可能是识别青少年的标志,这些青少年的生活方式可能使他们患病和死亡的风险更高。在664个巴西青少年中,我们发现有8.4%的身体变异。此外,性经历,违禁药物,饮酒和抗HBc阳性与他们独立相关。这些数据表明在我们的年轻人中有纹身/刺穿身体的潜在风险。
  • 【老年男性进行力量和/或耐力训练时的身体成分和健康状况。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318165c854 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sillanpää E,Häkkinen A,Nyman K,Mattila M,Cheng S,Karavirta L,Laaksonen DE,Huuhka N,Kraemer WJ,Häkkinen K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:This study examined adaptations in body composition and physical fitness during a 21-wk strength and/or endurance training period in 40- to 65-yr-old men. We also compared the usefulness of different methods for the analysis of body composition to detect training-induced adaptations. METHODS:Fifty-three men were randomized into the endurance training (E: N = 14), strength training (S: N = 13), combined strength and endurance training (SE: N = 15), or control (C: N = 11) groups. S and E trained 2 and SE 2 x 2 times a week for strength and endurance. RESULTS:Percentage of fat (fat%) decreased (5-8%) similarly in all training groups. Fat% measured by DXA at baseline and its change correlated with those recorded by bioimpedance (r = 0.90 and 0.66), skinfolds (r = 0.80 and 0.78), and waistline (r = 0.84 and 0.74). Lean mass in legs (DXA) increased only in S (2.0 +/- 1.5%, P < 0.001), but the thickness of vastus lateralis and intermedius measured by ultrasound increased (7-11%) in all training groups, and that of triceps brachii increased in S (22%) and SE (20%). Maximal concentric force increased significantly in S, SE, and E (by 22, 23, and 7%), and maximal oxygen uptake increased in both E (11%) and SE (11%). CONCLUSIONS:Waist circumference and skinfold thickness seem to reasonably assess changes in percent body fat during training. However, only DXA was capable to separate small differences between the groups in training-induced changes in lean body mass. Combined strength and endurance training is of greater value than either alone in optimizing body composition or improving physical fitness in older men.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究调查了40至65岁男性在21周强度和/或耐力训练期间身体成分和身体适应的适应性。我们还比较了不同方法对人体成分分析以检测训练引起的适应性的有用性。
    方法:53名男性被随机分为耐力训练(E:N = 14),力量训练(S:N = 13),力量与耐力训练相结合(SE:N = 15)或对照(C:N = 11)小组。 S和E每周训练2次和SE 2次,每次2次,以提高力量和耐力。
    结果:所有训练组中的脂肪百分比(脂肪%)降低了(5-8%)。通过DXA在基线测量的脂肪百分比及其变化与通过生物阻抗(r = 0.90和0.66),皮褶皱(r = 0.80和0.78)和腰围(r = 0.84和0.74)记录的脂肪百分比相关。在所有训练组和三头肌训练组中,腿部瘦质量(DXA)仅在S组增加(2.0 /-1.5%,P <0.001),但超声测量的外侧阔肌和中间间隔的厚度增加(7-11%) S(22%)和SE(20%)的臂膀增加。 S,SE和E的最大同心力显着增加(分别增加22%,23%和7%),E(11%)和SE的最大吸氧量均增加(11%)。
    结论:腰围和皮褶厚度似乎可以合理地评估训练中人体脂肪百分比的变化。但是,只有DXA能够区分训练引起的瘦体重变化中各组之间的细微差异。结合力量和耐力训练对优化老年人的身体成分或改善身体健康比单独使用具有更大的价值。
  • 【体重指数,腰围和腰臀比以及性类固醇激素的变化:马萨诸塞州男性衰老研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02560.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Derby CA,Zilber S,Brambilla D,Morales KH,McKinlay JB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Cross-sectional data suggest that obesity, particularly central obesity, may be associated with decreased production of sex steroid hormones in men. However, longitudinal hormone data on men in relation to obesity status are limited. Previous studies have not consistently demonstrated whether sex steroids are associated specifically to body mass index or to measures of central obesity. Our objective was to examine the relation of obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2), and of central obesity (waist circumference > 100 cm or waist to hip ratio > 0.95) to longitudinal change in sex steroid hormones in men. DESIGN:Prospective follow-up of a population-based sample of men in Boston. PATIENTS:Nine hundred forty-two (942) men in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study with complete anthropometry and hormone data at baseline (1987-1989, ages 40-70) and follow-up (1995-1997). MEASUREMENTS:Free and total testosterone (FT and TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were assessed using standardized methods. Health behaviours and medical history were obtained by structured interview. Repeated measures regression was used to describe trends in steroid hormones and SHBG in relation to obesity status, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, comorbidities, and physical activity. RESULTS:Obesity was associated with decreased levels of total and free testosterone, and of SHBG at follow-up relative to baseline. For any given baseline concentration of TT, FT or SHBG, follow-up levels were lowest among men who remained obese or who became obese during follow-up. This was true for all three indices of obesity. Central adiposity was associated with lower DHEAS levels at follow-up, while elevated body mass index was not. CONCLUSIONS:Obesity may predict greater decline in testosterone and SHBG levels with age. Central adiposity may be a more important predictor of decline in DHEAS than is body mass index.
    背景与目标: 目的:横断面数据表明,肥胖症,尤其是中枢型肥胖症,可能与男性性类固醇激素的产生减少有关。但是,有关肥胖状况的男性纵向激素数据有限。先前的研究并未始终证明性类固醇是否与体重指数或中枢性肥胖症的测量指标特别相关。我们的目标是检查肥胖(体重指数> 30 kg / m2)和中性肥胖(腰围> 100 cm或腰臀比> 0.95)与男性性类固醇激素的纵向变化之间的关系。
    设计:对波士顿的一项以人群为基础的男性样本进行的前瞻性随访。
    患者:马萨诸塞州男性衰老研究中的九十二名(942名)男性在基线(1987-1989,年龄40-70)和随访(1995-1997)时具有完整的人体测量学和激素数据。
    测量:使用标准化方法评估游离和总睾丸激素(FT和TT),硫酸脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS)和性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)。通过结构化访谈获得健康行为和病史。重复测量回归用于描述与肥胖状况相关的类固醇激素和SHBG的趋势,并根据年龄,吸烟,饮酒,合并症和体育锻炼进行调整。
    结果:相对于基线,肥胖与随访时总睾丸激素和游离睾丸激素水平以及SHBG水平降低有关。对于任何给定的TT,FT或SHBG基线浓度,随访水平在仍然肥胖或在随访过程中变得肥胖的男性中最低。肥胖的所有三个指标都是如此。随访中,中央肥胖与DHEAS水平降低有关,而体重指数升高与肥胖无关。
    结论:肥胖可能预示着随着年龄的增长,睾丸激素和SHBG的下降将更大。与体重指数相比,中央肥胖可能是DHEAS下降的更重要的预测指标。

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