• 【[鸟分枝杆菌亚种。食物中的副结核病及其与克罗恩病的关系]】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cirone K,Morsella C,Romano M,Paolicchi F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic enteritis of the cattle and other small ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In Argentina, the strains were characterized in beef and dairy cattle and deer in different genetic patterns by molecular tools. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been linked in men to a chronic inflammation of the intestine, named Crohn's disease. There is clinical and experimental evidence to link M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with Crohn's disease by PCR, positive bacteriological culture from mother milk, blood and affected tissues by in situ hybridization. The milk and sub-products might be one of the possible infection sources and it has been suggested that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis could resist pasteurization. Several works showed that this mycobacteria could be present in retail milk of countries such as United Kingdom, USA, Czech Republic, and recently in Argentina. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was associated with different dairy products and water for human consumption. Therefore, it is possible that these food sources may have a role for transmission. New investigations should emphasize the role of contaminated food and water in human infection around the world and determine the possible zoonotic role of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
    背景与目标: :肺结核或约翰氏病是由鸟分枝杆菌亚种引起的牛和其他小反刍动物的慢性肠炎。副结核病。在阿根廷,通过分子工具以不同的遗传模式对牛,奶牛和鹿中的菌株进行了鉴定。鸟分枝杆菌亚种副结核病在男性中与一种称为克罗恩氏病的肠道慢性炎症有关。有临床和实验证据将鸟分枝杆菌亚种联系起来。 PCR检测克罗恩病副结核病,通过原位杂交从母乳,血液和受影响的组织中进行阳性细菌培养。牛奶和副产品可能是可能的感染源之一,并且有人建议禽鸟支原体亚种。副结核病可以抵抗巴氏灭菌。几项研究表明,这种分枝杆菌可能存在于英国,美国,捷克共和国等国家的零售奶中,最近还出现在阿根廷。鸟分枝杆菌亚种副结核病与人类消费的各种乳制品和水有关。因此,这些食物来源可能具有传播的作用。新的调查应强调受污染的食物和水在全世界人类感染中的作用,并确定鸟分枝杆菌亚种可能的人畜共患病作用。副结核病。
  • 【评价Biolog系统以鉴定食品和饮料酵母。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00057.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Praphailong W,Van Gestel M,Fleet GH,Heard GM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The inconvenience of conventional yeast identification methods has resulted in the development of rapid, commercial systems, mainly for clinical yeast species. The Biolog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) is a new semi-automated, computer-linked technology for rapid identification of clinical and non-clinical yeasts. The system is based around a microtitre tray and includes assimilation and oxidation tests. This paper evaluates the Biolog system for the identification of 21 species (72 strains) of yeasts of food and wine origin. Species correctly identified included Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kloeckera apiculata, Dekkera bruxellensis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were identified correctly 50% of the time and Pichia membranaefaciens 20% of the time.
    背景与目标: :常规酵母鉴定方法的不便导致开发了快速,商业化的系统,主要用于临床酵母菌种。 Biolog系统(Biolog Inc.,美国加利福尼亚州海沃德)是一种新型的半自动计算机链接技术,用于快速鉴定临床和非临床酵母菌。该系统基于微量滴定盘,包括同化和氧化测试。本文评估了Biolog系统,以鉴定21种食物和葡萄酒来源的酵母(72个菌株)。正确鉴定出的物种包括酿酒酵母,汉逊脱酵母,解脂耶氏酵母,马克斯克鲁维酵母,短吻K,布鲁克德氏菌和粟酒裂殖酵母。 50%的时间正确识别了百里酵母和鲁氏酵母,20%的时间正确识别了膜毕赤酵母。
  • 【性别,家庭状况和医师劳动力供应。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang C,Sweetman A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the increasing participation of women in the physician workforce, it is important to understand the sources of differences between male and female physicians' market labour supply for developing effective human resource policies in the health care sector. Gendered associations between family status and physician labour supply are explored in the Canadian labour market, where physicians are paid according to a common fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their hours of work. Canadian 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 twenty percent census files with 22,407 physician observations are used for the analysis. Although both male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of market work when never married and without children, married male physicians have higher market hours, and their hours are unchanged or increased with parenthood. In contrast, female physicians have lower market hours when married, and much lower hours when a parent. Little change over time in these patterns is observed for males, but for females two offsetting trends are observed: the magnitude of the marriage-hours effect declined, whereas that for motherhood increased. Preferences and/or social norms induce substantially different labour market outcomes. In terms of work at home, the presence of children is associated with higher hours for male physicians, but for females the hours increase is at least twice as large. A male physician's spouse is much less likely to be employed, and if employed, has lower market hours in the presence of children. In contrast, a female physician's spouse is more likely to be employed if there are three or more children. Both male and female physicians have lower hours of work when married to another physician. Overall, there is no gender difference in physician market labour supply after controlling for family status and demographics.
    背景与目标: 随着女性越来越多地参与医师队伍,了解男性和女性医师市场劳动力供应差异的根源对于在医疗保健部门制定有效的人力资源政策非常重要。在加拿大的劳动力市场中,探索了家庭状况和医师劳动力供应之间的性别关联,在该市场中,医师根据共同的费用表获得报酬,并在确定工作时间方面拥有充分的酌处权。加拿大1991年,1996年,2001年和2006年的20%人口普查文件中有22407位医生的观察结果用于分析。尽管从没有结婚和没有孩子的情况下,男性和女性医生的市场工作时间在统计上是无法区分的,但已婚男性医生的市场工作时间更长,并且他们的工作时间随着父母的养育而保持不变或增加。相比之下,女性医师结婚时的市场营业时间较短,而父母一方的市场营业时间较低。在男性中,这些模式随时间的变化很小,但是在女性中,观察到了两个相互抵消的趋势:结婚时间影响的幅度减小了,而孕育时间的影响增大了。偏好和/或社会规范导致劳动力市场的结果大不相同。在家庭工作方面,男医生的工作时间较长,而女性的工作时间至少增加了两倍。男性医师的配偶受雇的可能性要小得多,如果受雇,则在有孩子的情况下其营业时间较短。相反,如果有三个或三个以上的孩子,则更有可能雇用女医生的配偶。与另一位医生结婚时,男性和女性医生的工作时间都较短。总体而言,控制家庭状况和人口统计后,医师市场劳动力供应没有性别差异。
  • 【二次诱导和牙神经供应的发展。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2007.10.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Luukko K,Moe K,Sijaona A,Furmanek T,Hals Kvinnsland I,Midtbø M,Kettunen P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During embryogenesis, dental trigeminal axon navigation and patterning in the developing tooth take place in a highly spatio-temporally directed manner that is tightly linked to tooth morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Tooth formation is regulated by sequential and reciprocal tissue interactions between dental epithelium and neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells. This odontogenic secondary induction is mediated by signal molecules of different conserved families. Recent molecular and experimental data have provided evidence that local instructive signaling from the early odontogenic epithelium also controls dental axon navigation in the dental mesenchyme. In this review, we discuss recent molecular data regarding tooth formation and innervation and the putative role of the secondary induction in coordinating these two developmental processes. Importantly, because it has not yet been shown that the interactions that regulate tooth innervation include signaling to the dental epithelium and that they are reciprocal, it remains to be demonstrated that secondary induction controls the establishment of tooth nerve supply. Moreover, the key question of which molecule(s), if any, integrate tooth morphogenesis and the development of dental sensory trigeminal innervation remains to be answered.
    背景与目标: :在胚胎发生过程中,正在发育的牙齿中的三叉神经轴突导航和构图以高度时空定向的方式发生,与牙齿的形态发生和细胞分化密切相关。牙齿的形成受牙齿上皮和神经c来源的间充质细胞之间的顺序和相互组织相互作用的调节。这种牙源性次级诱导是由不同保守家族的信号分子介导的。最近的分子和实验数据提供了证据,表明来自早期牙源性上皮的局部指导性信号也控制牙间充质中的牙轴突导航。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了有关牙齿形成和神经支配的最新分子数据,以及次生诱导在协调这两个发育过程中的推定作用。重要的是,由于尚未显示出调节牙齿神经支配的相互作用包括发往牙齿上皮的信号,并且它们是相互的,因此仍有待证明,次级诱导控制着牙齿神经供应的建立。此外,关键的问题是哪个分子(如果有)整合了牙齿的形态发生和牙齿感觉三叉神经支配的发展。
  • 【泰国不断发展的食品零售环境及其对健康和营养过渡的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S1368980012004223 复制DOI
    作者列表:Banwell C,Dixon J,Seubsman SA,Pangsap S,Kelly M,Sleigh A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate evolving food retail systems in Thailand. DESIGN:Rapid assessment procedures based on qualitative research methods including interviews, focus groups discussions and site visits. SETTING:Seven fresh markets located in the four main regions of Thailand. SUBJECTS:Managers, food specialists, vendors and shoppers from seven fresh markets who participated in interviews and focus group discussions. RESULTS:Fresh markets are under economic pressure and are declining in number. They are attempting to resist the competition from supermarkets by improving convenience, food diversity, quality and safety. CONCLUSIONS:Obesity has increased in Thailand at the same time as rapid growth of modern food retail formats has occurred. As fresh markets are overtaken by supermarkets there is a likely loss of fresh, healthy, affordable food for poorer Thais, and a diminution of regional culinary culture, women's jobs and social capital, with implications for the health and nutrition transition in Thailand.
    背景与目标: 目的:研究泰国不断发展的食品零售系统。
    设计:基于定性研究方法的快速评估程序,包括访谈,焦点小组讨论和实地考察。
    地点:位于泰国四个主要地区的七个新鲜市场。
    主题:来自七个新鲜市场的经理,食品专家,摊贩和购物者参加了访谈和焦点小组讨论。
    结果:新鲜市场承受着经济压力,数量正在下降。他们试图通过提高便利性,食品多样性,质量和安全性来抵抗超市的竞争。
    结论:随着现代食品零售业的快速发展,泰国的肥胖率也在增加。由于超市取代了新鲜市场,泰国较贫穷的人可能会损失新鲜,健康,负担得起的食物,区域烹饪文化,妇女的工作和社会资本的减少,这对泰国的健康和营养过渡产生了影响。
  • 【食物供应的波动促使海水鱼类的招聘变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rspb.2012.1862 复制DOI
    作者列表:Okamoto DK,Schmitt RJ,Holbrook SJ,Reed DC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reproductive rates and survival of young in animal populations figure centrally in generating management and conservation strategies. Model systems suggest that food supply can drive these often highly variable properties, yet for many wild species, quantifying such effects and assessing their implications have been challenging. We used spatially explicit time series of a well-studied marine reef fish (black surfperch Embiotoca jacksoni) and its known prey resources to evaluate the extent to which fluctuations in food supply influenced production of young by adults and survival of young to subadulthood. Our analyses reveal: (i) variable food available to both adults and to their offspring directly produced an order of magnitude variation in the number of young-of-year (YOY) produced per adult and (ii) food available to YOY produced a similar magnitude of variation in their subsequent survival. We also show that such large natural variation in vital rates can significantly alter decision thresholds (biological reference points) important for precautionary management. These findings reveal how knowledge of food resources can improve understanding of population dynamics and reduce risk of overharvest by more accurately identifying periods of low recruitment.
    背景与目标: :动物种群的繁殖率和成活率在制定管理和保护策略中至关重要。模型系统表明,粮食供应可以驱动这些往往高度可变的特性,但是对于许多野生物种而言,量化此类影响并评估其影响一直是一项挑战。我们使用了经过充分研究的海洋珊瑚鱼(黑色冲浪者Embiotoca jacksoni)及其已知猎物的空间显式时间序列,以评估食品供应波动对成年年轻人的生产和成年后至成年的影响的程度。我们的分析表明:(i)成年人及其后代可获得的可变食物直接导致每个成年人的年幼(YOY)数量数量级的变化,并且(ii)YOY可获得的食物产生了相似的数量他们随后生存的变异幅度。我们还表明,生命率的如此大的自然变化会显着改变对于预防性管理很重要的决策阈值(生物学参考点)。这些发现揭示了对粮食资源的了解如何通过更准确地确定低招聘期来增进对人口动态的了解并减少过度收获的风险。
  • 【设计食堂每周:食堂板建议在每周食物摄入中的应用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S1368980012004193 复制DOI
    作者列表:Leslie WS,Comrie F,Lean ME,Hankey CR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To develop a menu and resource to illustrate to consumers and health professionals what a healthy balanced diet looks like over the course of a week. DESIGN:Development and analysis of an illustrative 7 d 'eatwell week' menu to meet current UK recommendations for nutrients with a Dietary Reference Value, with a daily energy base of 8368 kJ (2000 kcal). Foods were selected using market research data on meals and snacks commonly consumed by UK adults. Analysis used the food composition data set from year 1 (2008) of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme. The eatwell week menu was developed using an iterative process of nutritional analysis with adjustments made to portion sizes and the inclusion/exclusion of foods in order to achieve the target macronutrient composition. RESULTS:Three main meals and two snacks were presented as interchangeable within the weekdays and two weekend days to achieve adult food and nutrient recommendations. Main meals were based on potatoes, rice or pasta with fish (two meals; one oily), red meat (two meals), poultry or vegetarian accompaniments. The 5-a-day target for fruit and vegetables (range 5-6·7 portions) was achieved daily. Mean salt content was below recommended maximum levels (<6 g/d). All key macro- and micronutrient values were achieved. CONCLUSIONS:Affordable foods, and those widely consumed by British adults, can be incorporated within a 7 d healthy balanced menu. Future research should investigate the effect of using the eatwell week on adults' dietary habits and health-related outcomes.
    背景与目标: 目的:开发菜单和资源,以向消费者和保健专业人员说明一周内健康均衡饮食的状况。
    设计:开发并分析了一个7天的“饮食周”菜单,以符合英国目前对膳食参考值的营养建议,每日能量基础为8368 kJ(2000 kcal)。使用关于英国成年人通常食用的餐食和零食的市场研究数据选择食物。分析使用了英国国家饮食和营养调查滚动计划第一年(2008年)中的食物成分数据。饮食时间周菜单是使用营养分析的迭代过程开发的,其中对份量和食物的添加/排除进行了调整,以实现目标的大量营养素组成。
    结果:在工作日和两个周末之间提供了三份主餐和两份零食可互换,以实现成人饮食和营养推荐。主餐以土豆,米饭或通心粉配鱼(两餐;一份油腻),红肉(两餐),家禽或素食为基础。每天达到5天的水果和蔬菜目标(范围为5-6·7份)。平均盐含量低于建议的最高水平(<6 g / d)。实现了所有关键的常量和微量营养素值。
    结论:价格合理的食物以及英国成年人广泛食用的食物可以纳入7天健康均衡菜单中。未来的研究应该调查使用“围坐式休息日”对成年人的饮食习惯和健康相关结局的影响。
  • 【肠内长链脂肪酸输注对人体食物摄入的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1053/gast.2000.18139 复制DOI
    作者列表:French SJ,Conlon CA,Mutuma ST,Arnold M,Read NW,Meijer G,Francis J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & AIMS:Dietary fat intake is related to the degree of obesity, but the specific mechanisms by which fats regulate food intake in humans are unclear. We compared food intake suppression, plasma triglyceride appearance, and cholecystokinin (CCK) response after intestinal infusion of oils enriched with C18 fatty acids of increasing unsaturation. METHODS:Food intake and appetite changes after upper intestinal infusion of 0.9% saline, 20% Intralipid, and 20% emulsions of oils enriched with stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were tested in 10 healthy male volunteers. Plasma triglyceride appearance and CCK release were tested separately in 7 additional volunteers. RESULTS:Intralipid and linoleic acid infusions significantly reduced food intake compared with saline infusion (P<0.05). No changes were observed in appetite ratings. There were no differences in plasma triglyceride response over the initial 75 minutes of intestinal infusion. Plasma CCK concentration increased after all lipid infusions (P<0.001), Intralipid infusion produced the highest increase in plasma CCK (P<0.05), and CCK response was similar between the 3 enriched oil emulsions. CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate marked differences in the ability of C18 fatty acids to reduce food intake that appear not to be related to rate of absorption but may partially be explained by CCK release.
    背景与目标: 背景与目的:饮食中的脂肪摄入与肥胖程度有关,但是脂肪调节人类食物摄入的具体机制尚不清楚。我们比较了肠内输注富含不饱和度增加的C18脂肪酸的油后,食物摄入抑制,血浆甘油三酯外观和胆囊收缩素(CCK)反应。
    方法:在10名健康男性志愿者中,对上肠输注0.9%盐水,20%脂质和20%富含硬脂酸,油酸和亚油酸的油的乳剂后的食物摄入和食欲变化进行了测试。在另外7名志愿者中分别测试了血浆甘油三酸酯的外观和CCK释放。
    结果:与盐水注射相比,脂质和亚油酸注射显着减少了食物摄入(P <0.05)。食欲分级未见变化。在肠内输注的最初75分钟内,血浆甘油三酸酯反应无差异。在所有脂质输注后血浆CCK浓度均升高(P <0.001),脂质内输注使血浆CCK增幅最大(P <0.05),并且在3种富油乳剂中CCK响应相似。
    结论:这些结果表明,C18脂肪酸减少食物摄入的能力存在明显差异,这似乎与吸收速率无关,但可以部分由CCK释放来解释。
  • 【基于计算机的预期饱腹感评估可预测份量选择和食物摄入量的行为指标。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wilkinson LL,Hinton EC,Fay SH,Ferriday D,Rogers PJ,Brunstrom JM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previously, expected satiety (ES) has been measured using software and two-dimensional pictures presented on a computer screen. In this context, ES is an excellent predictor of self-selected portions, when quantified using similar images and similar software. In the present study we sought to establish the veracity of ES as a predictor of behaviours associated with real foods. Participants (N=30) used computer software to assess their ES and ideal portion of three familiar foods. A real bowl of one food (pasta and sauce) was then presented and participants self-selected an ideal portion size. They then consumed the portion ad libitum. Additional measures of appetite, expected and actual liking, novelty, and reward, were also taken. Importantly, our screen-based measures of expected satiety and ideal portion size were both significantly related to intake (p<.05). By contrast, measures of liking were relatively poor predictors (p>.05). In addition, consistent with previous studies, the majority (90%) of participants engaged in plate cleaning. Of these, 29.6% consumed more when prompted by the experimenter. Together, these findings further validate the use of screen-based measures to explore determinants of portion-size selection and energy intake in humans.
    背景与目标: :以前,使用软件和在计算机屏幕上显示的二维图片来测量预期的饱腹感(ES)。在这种情况下,当使用相似的图像和相似的软件进行量化时,ES是自我选择部分的极佳预测指标。在本研究中,我们试图将ES的准确性确定为与真实食品相关的行为的预测指标。参与者(N = 30)使用计算机软件评估其ES和三种常见食物的理想部分。然后展示了一个真正的一碗食物(意大利面和酱汁),参与者自行选择了理想的份量。然后,他们随意消费了这部分。还采取了食欲,预期和实际喜好,新颖性和奖励的其他措施。重要的是,我们基于屏幕的预期饱腹感和理想部位大小的测量均与摄入量显着相关(p <.05)。相比之下,喜好的衡量指标相对较差(p> .05)。此外,与以前的研究一致,大多数(90%)参与者进行了印版清洁。其中,有29.6%的人在实验人员的提示下消耗了更多。在一起,这些发现进一步验证了基于屏幕的测量方法的使用,以探索决定人体部分尺寸选择和能量摄入的决定因素。
  • 【简短的引导图像和身体扫描干预措施可减少对食物的渴望。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hamilton J,Fawson S,May J,Andrade J,Kavanagh DJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Elaborated Intrusion (EI) Theory proposes that cravings occur when involuntary thoughts about food are elaborated; a key part of elaboration is affectively-charged imagery. Craving can be weakened by working memory tasks that block imagery. EI Theory predicts that cravings should also be reduced by preventing involuntary thoughts being elaborated in the first place. Research has found that imagery techniques such as body scanning and guided imagery can reduce the occurrence of food thoughts. This study tested the prediction that these techniques also reduce craving. We asked participants to abstain from food overnight, and then to carry out 10 min of body scanning, guided imagery, or a control mind wandering task. They rated their craving at 10 points during the task on a single item measure, and before and after the task using the Craving Experience Questionnaire. While craving rose during the task for the mind wandering group, neither the guided imagery nor body scanning group showed an increase. These effects were not detected by the CEQ, suggesting that they are only present during the competing task. As they require no devices or materials and are unobtrusive, brief guided imagery strategies might form useful components of weight loss programmes that attempt to address cravings.
    背景与目标: :Elaborated Intrusion(EI)理论提出,当对食物的非自愿思想被阐述时,就会产生渴望。精心设计的关键部分是充满情感的图像。渴望可以通过阻止图像的工作记忆任务来减弱。 EI理论预测,首先也应该通过防止非自愿思想的产生来减少渴望。研究发现,诸如人体扫描和引导图像之类的图像技术可以减少食物思想的发生。这项研究检验了这些技术还可以减少渴望的预测。我们要求参与者隔夜不吃食物,然后进行10分钟的身体扫描,引导图像或控制意识流浪任务。他们使用一项渴望体验问卷调查,在一项任务中以及一项任务之前和之后,在一项任务中对自己的渴望评分为10分。尽管在心理游荡组的任务中渴望增加,但引导图像和身体扫描组均未显示出增加。 CEQ未检测到这些影响,表明它们仅在竞争任务中存在。由于它们不需要任何设备或材料并且不引人注目,因此简短的指导图像策略可能会构成减肥计划的有用组成部分,以尝试解决渴望问题。
  • 【是否需要按顺序取回存储的食物?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/anbe.1996.0386 复制DOI
    作者列表:HÄRDLING R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: No Abstract

    背景与目标: 没有摘要

  • 【餐后人类对食物的反应以及精确营养的潜力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Metabolic responses to food influence risk of cardiometabolic disease, but large-scale high-resolution studies are lacking. We recruited n = 1,002 twins and unrelated healthy adults in the United Kingdom to the PREDICT 1 study and assessed postprandial metabolic responses in a clinical setting and at home. We observed large inter-individual variability (as measured by the population coefficient of variation (s.d./mean, %)) in postprandial responses of blood triglyceride (103%), glucose (68%) and insulin (59%) following identical meals. Person-specific factors, such as gut microbiome, had a greater influence (7.1% of variance) than did meal macronutrients (3.6%) for postprandial lipemia, but not for postprandial glycemia (6.0% and 15.4%, respectively); genetic variants had a modest impact on predictions (9.5% for glucose, 0.8% for triglyceride, 0.2% for C-peptide). Findings were independently validated in a US cohort (n = 100 people). We developed a machine-learning model that predicted both triglyceride (r = 0.47) and glycemic (r = 0.77) responses to food intake. These findings may be informative for developing personalized diet strategies. The ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier is NCT03479866.
    背景与目标: 食物代谢反应影响心脏代谢疾病的风险,但缺乏大规模的高分辨率研究。我们在英国招募了n = 1002的双胞胎和无关的健康成年人参加PREDICT 1研究,并在临床和在家中评估了餐后代谢反应。我们观察到在同一餐后血液中甘油三酸酯(103%),葡萄糖(68%)和胰岛素(59%)的餐后反应中存在较大的个体间差异(通过群体变异系数(标准偏差/平均值,%)衡量)。餐后脂肪血症的人特异性因素(如肠道微生物组)的影响(膳食中的大量营养素(3.6%))比餐后营养素(3.6%)的影响更大,而餐后血糖的影响则不大(分别为6.0%和15.4%);遗传变异对预测的影响不大(葡萄糖为9.5%,甘油三酸酯为0.8%,C肽为0.2%)。研究结果在美国队列中独立验证(n = 100人)。我们开发了一种机器学习模型,该模型可以预测甘油三酸酯(r = 0.47)和血糖(r = 0.77)对食物摄入的反应。这些发现可能有助于制定个性化的饮食策略。 ClinicalTrials.gov的注册标识符为NCT03479866。
  • 【估计食物不安全和社会支持对炎性肠病患者财务毒性和医疗保健使用的普遍性和影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.056 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nguyen NH,Khera R,Ohno-Machado L,Sandborn WJ,Singh S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & AIMS:We estimated the prevalence of social determinants of health (SDH, food insecurity and social support) in adults with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in the United States and evaluated associations with financial toxicity and healthcare use. METHODS:In the National Health Interview Survey 2015, we identified adults with IBD and estimated the prevalence of food insecurity and/or lack of social support. We evaluated associations with financial toxicity (financial hardship due to medical bills, personal and health-related financial distress, cost-related medication nonadherence, healthcare affordability) and emergency department use. RESULTS:Of estimated 3.1 million adults with IBD in the US, 42% or estimated 1,277,215 patients with IBD reported at least one negative SDH, with 12% reporting both food insecurity and lack of social support. On multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, family income and comorbidities, patients with food insecurity were significantly more likely to experience financial hardship due to medical bills (odds ratio [OR], 3.31; 95% CI, 1.48-7.39), financial distress (OR, 6.92; 95% CI, 2.28-21.0) and cost-related medication non-adherence (OR, 8.07; 95% CI, 3.16-20.6). Similarly, patients with inadequate social support were significantly more likely to experience financial hardship due to medical bills (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.56-5.67), financial distress (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.64-5.67) and cost-related medication non-adherence (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.10-6.66). Food insecurity and/or lack of social support was not associated with increased risk of emergency department use. CONCLUSIONS:In an analysis of data from the National Health Interview Survey 2015, we found that 1 in 8 patients with IBD have food insecurity and lack social support, which is associated with higher financial toxicity. Patients with IBD should be assessed for SDH to tailor healthcare delivery and improve population health.
    背景与目标: 背景与目的:我们估算了美国炎症性肠病(IBD)成年人中健康的社会决定因素(SDH,食品不安全和社会支持)的流行程度,并评估了其与财务毒性和医疗保健的相关性。
    方法:在2015年《国家健康访问调查》中,我们确定了患有IBD的成年人,并估计了粮食不安全和/或缺乏社会支持的患病率。我们评估了财务毒性(由于医疗费用,与个人和健康相关的财务困境,与费用相关的药物不依从性,医疗保健负担能力)导致的财务困难与紧急情况部门之间的关联。
    结果:在美国约310万IBD成年人中,有42%或约1,277,215例IBD患者报告了至少一种SDH阴性,其中12%的人报告了粮食不安全和缺乏社会支持。在对年龄,性别,种族,家庭收入和合并症进行调整的多变量分析中,由于医疗费用的原因,粮食不安全的患者更有可能遭受经济困难(赔率[OR],3.31; 95%CI,1.48-7.39),财务困境(OR,6.92; 95%CI,2.28-21.0)和与费用相关的药物不依从性(OR,8.07; 95%CI,3.16-20.6)。同样,由于医疗费用(OR,2.98; 95%CI,1.56-5.67),财务困境(OR,3.05; 95%CI,1.64-5.67)和成本,社会支持不足的患者更有可能遭受财务困难相关药物的不依从性(OR,2.71; 95%CI,1.10-6.66)。粮食不安全和/或缺乏社会支持与增加急诊室使用风险无关。
    结论:在对《 2015年美国国民健康访问调查》的数据进行的分析中,我们发现,八分之一的IBD患者患有粮食不安全和缺乏社会支持,这与较高的财务毒性相关。应该对IBD患者进行SDH评估,以调整医疗保健提供方式并改善人群健康状况。
  • 【在英国国家饮食与营养调查中,所食用食物组的份量与肥胖测量之间的关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S0007114508060777 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kelly MT,Rennie KL,Wallace JM,Robson PJ,Welch RW,Hannon-Fletcher MP,Livingstone MB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed with measures of adiposity using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of British adults. Seven-day weighed dietary records, physical activity diaries and anthropometric measurements were used. Foods eaten were assigned to thirty different food groups and analyses were undertaken separately for men and women. The median daily portion size of each food group consumed was calculated. The potential mis-reporting [corrected] of dietary energy intake (EI) was identified using the following equation: EI--estimated energy requirements/EER [corrected] x 100 = percentage of under-reporting (UR) of energy needs. Multinomial logistic regression (adjusted for age, social class, physical activity level and UR) was used to determine the portion sizes of food groups most strongly associated with obesity status. Few positive associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed and obesity status were found. However, UR was prevalent, with a median UR of predicted energy needs of 34 and 33 % in men and women, respectively. After the adjustment was made for UR, more associations between the food groups and obesity status became apparent in both sexes. The present study suggests that the true effect of increased portion size of foods on obesity status may be masked by high levels of UR. Alternatively, these data may indicate that an increased risk of obesity is not associated with specific foods/food groups but rather with an overall increase in the range of foods and food groups being consumed.
    背景与目标: :本研究的目的是使用英国成年人的国家饮食和营养调查所提供的数据,通过肥胖测量来检验食用的食物组的份量之间的关联。使用7天称重的饮食记录,体力活动日记和人体测量值。食用的食物被分配到30个不同的食物组中,并且分别对男性和女性进行了分析。计算每个食用食物组的中位数每日份量。饮食能量摄入(EI)的潜在错误报告[校正]使用以下公式确定:EI-估计能量需求/ EER [校正] x 100 =能量需求报告不足(UR)的百分比。使用多项式逻辑回归(根据年龄,社会阶层,体育活动水平和UR进行调整)来确定与肥胖状况最相关的食物组的份量。在食用的食物类别的份量与肥胖状况之间几乎没有正相关。但是,UR普遍存在,男性和女性的预期能量需求中值UR分别为34%和33%。在对UR进行调整后,两性之间的食物组与肥胖状况之间的联系更加明显。本研究表明,高比例的尿素可能掩盖了食物份量增加对肥胖状况的真正影响。或者,这些数据可能表明肥胖的风险增加与特定食品/食物类别无关,而与所食用的食品和食物类别范围的总体增加有关。
  • 【在μ阿片受体上抑制阿片类药物的传播会阻止食物寻找和暴饮暴食。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/npp.2012.128 复制DOI
    作者列表:Giuliano C,Robbins TW,Nathan PJ,Bullmore ET,Everitt BJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Endogenous opioids, and in particular μ-opioid receptors, have been linked to hedonic and rewarding mechanisms engaged during palatable food intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GSK1521498, a novel μ-opioid receptor antagonist, on food-seeking behavior and on binge-like eating of a highly preferred chocolate diet. Food seeking was measured in rats trained to respond for chocolate under a second-order schedule of reinforcement, in which prolonged periods of food-seeking behavior were maintained by contingent presentation of a reward-associated conditioned reinforcer. After reaching a stable baseline in both procedures, animals were treated with GSK1521498 (0.1, 1, and 3 mg/kg; IP) or naltrexone (NTX, 0.1, 1, and 3 mg/kg; SC). The binge eating model was characterized by four temporally contiguous phases: 1-h chow access, 2-h food deprivation, 10-min chow access, and 10-min access to either chocolate-flavoured food or standard chow. During training the rats developed binge-like hyperphagia of palatable food and anticipatory chow hypophagia (anticipatory negative contrast). Both compounds reduced binge-like palatable food hyperphagia. However, GSK1521498 reduced the impact of high hedonic value on ingestion more specifically than NTX, abolishing anticipatory chow hypophagia. GSK1521498 also dose-dependently reduced food seeking both before and after food ingestion, whereas NTX reduced food seeking only after food ingestion. Thus, while both drugs affected the hedonic value of the preferred food, GSK1521498 also directly decreased incentive motivation for chocolate. Selective μ-opioid receptor antagonism by GSK1521498 may have utility as a treatment for reducing maladaptive, palatability-driven eating behavior by reducing the motivational properties of stimuli that elicit the binge eating commonly associated with obesity.
    背景与目标: :内源性阿片类药物,尤其是μ阿片类药物受体,已与可口食物摄入中所享享的享乐和奖励机制有关。这项研究的目的是研究一种新型的μ阿片受体拮抗剂GSK1521498对寻求食物的行为以及暴饮暴食的巧克力饮食的影响。在训练后对巧克力有反应的大鼠中测量食物的觅食能力,其中通过与奖励相关的条件增强剂的偶然性表现来维持长时间的食物寻找行为。在两种方法中均达到稳定的基线后,用GSK1521498(0.1、1和3μmg/ kg; IP)或纳曲酮(NTX,0.1、1和3μmg/ kg; SC)治疗动物。暴饮暴食模型的特征在于四个时间上连续的阶段:1-h饮食,2-h食物匮乏,10分钟的饮食和10分钟的巧克力味食品或标准食物。在训练过程中,大鼠出现了可口食物的暴食状食欲过大和预期的食物不足(预期的负对比)。两种化合物均减少了暴食样可食性食物过多症。但是,GSK1521498比NTX更能降低高享乐值对摄入的影响,从而消除了预期食物的吞咽不足。 GSK1521498还可以在食物摄取之前和之后剂量依赖性地减少食物摄取,而NTX仅在食物摄取之后减少食物摄取。因此,尽管两种药物都影响首选食品的享乐价值,但GSK1521498也直接降低了巧克力的诱因。 GSK1521498的选择性μ阿片类药物受体拮抗作用可通过减少引起肥胖症的暴食饮食的动机来减少不良适应性,适口性驱动的饮食行为。

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