BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:MR digital subtraction angiography (MR-DSA) is a contrast-enhanced MR angiographic sequence that enables time-resolved evaluation of the cerebral circulation. OBJECTIVE:We describe the feasibility and technical success of our attempts at MR-DSA for the assessment of intracranial pathology in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We performed MR-DSA in 15 children (age range 5 days to 16 years) referred for MR imaging because of known or suspected intracranial pathology that required a dynamic assessment of the cerebral vasculature. MR-DSA consisted of a thick (6-10 mm) slice-selective RF-spoiled fast gradient-echo sequence (RF-FAST) acquired before and during passage of an intravenously administered bolus of Gd-DTPA. The images were subtracted and viewed as a cine loop. RESULTS:MR-DSA was performed successfully in all patients. High-flow lesions were shown in four patients; these included vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, dural fistula, and two partially treated arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Low-flow lesions were seen in three patients, all of which were tumours. Normal flow was confirmed in eight patients including two with successfully treated AVMs, and in three patients with cavernomas. CONCLUSION:Our early experience suggests that MR-DSA is a realistic, non-invasive alternative to catheter angiography in certain clinical settings.

背景与目标： 背景：MR数字减影血管造影（MR-DSA）是一种对比增强的MR血管造影序列，可对脑循环进行时间分辨评估。
目的：我们描述了MR-DSA评估儿童颅内病理的尝试的可行性和技术成功。
材料与方法：由于已知或疑似颅内病理，需要动态评估脑血管，我们对15例接受MR成像的儿童（年龄范围5天至16岁）进行了MR-DSA检查。 MR-DSA由厚的（6-10 mm）切片选择性RF破坏的快速梯度回波序列（RF-FAST）组成，在静脉内给予Gd-DTPA推注之前和期间均已获得。减去图像并将其视为电影循环。
结果：所有患者均成功进行了MR-DSA检查。四名患者出现高流量病灶。其中包括Galen动脉瘤畸形静脉，硬脑膜瘘和两个经过部分治疗的动静脉畸形（AVM）。在三名患者中均发现了低流量病变，所有这些都是肿瘤。在八名患者中确认了正常血流，其中包括两名成功治疗过的AVM和三名患有海绵状瘤的患者。
结论：我们的早期经验表明，在某些临床情况下，MR-DSA是导管血管造影术的一种现实的，非侵入性的替代方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :JMV 236, a new cholecystokinin-octapeptide-sulfate (CCK 8 S) derivative (Boc-Tyr (SO3)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2) has been synthesized in the Centre de Pharmacologie-Endocrinologie (Montpellier). This peptide has been shown to present the same activity as CCK 8 S on pancreatic amylase secretion and has the advantage of a better chemical stability. With a view to further characterization, the effect of JMV 236 on food intake and brain monoamine and metabolite variations was assayed in the rat after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administrations. JMV 236 decreased food intake 2 and 3 hours after i.p. administration of 12.5 and 50 micrograms/kg but was inactive after i.c.v. injection. Its global action was similar to that of CCK 8 S, but was less marked with delayed onset of response. As in our previous work with CCK 8 S, JMV 236 was more potent in inducing monoaminergic variations after i.p. than after i.c.v. administration. The main effects were decreases in striatal dopamine metabolite levels and increases in hypothalamic and striatal serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) levels. These effects are classically observed with CCK 8 S and are described in our previous reports. The interesting peptide will require further characterization and may serve as a possible reference compound for studies on CCK derivatives.

背景与目标： ：JMV 236是一种新的胆囊收缩素-八肽硫酸盐（CCK 8 S）衍生物（Boc-Tyr（SO3）-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2），已在药理学-内分泌中心（蒙彼利埃）。已显示该肽在胰腺淀粉酶分泌方面具有与CCK 8 S相同的活性，并且具有更好的化学稳定性的优点。为了进一步表征，在腹膜内（i.p.）和脑室内（i.c.v.）给药后，在大鼠中测定了JMV 236对食物摄入以及脑单胺和代谢产物变化的影响。腹腔注射后2和3小时，JMV 236的食物摄入量减少了。静脉注射12.5和50微克/公斤，但在静脉内注射后无效。注射。它的整体作用与CCK 8 S相似，但反应迟发的症状较少。正如我们以前使用CCK 8 S所做的工作一样，JMV 236腹腔注射后在诱导单胺能变化方面更有效。比在i.c.v.之后行政。主要影响是纹状体多巴胺代谢物水平降低，下丘脑和纹状体5-羟色胺代谢物（5-HIAA）水平升高。这些效应在CCK 8 S上得到了经典观察，并在我们以前的报告中有所描述。令人感兴趣的肽将需要进一步表征，并可能用作研究CCK衍生物的可能参考化合物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus species from chickens and pigs in Beijing and Shandong Province, China. METHODS AND RESULTS:Swab samples were collected from four farms in Beijing and two in Shandong Province in 2009 and tested for Enterococcus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents were determined using broth microdilution or agar screening methods. A total of 453 Enterococcus isolates were recovered, belonging to six different Enterococcus species. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Resistance to tetracycline (92.5%), amikacin (89.4%), erythromycin (72.8%) and rifampin (58.1%), and high-level streptomycin resistance (HLSR, 50.3%) were prevalent, while resistance to penicillins (7.9% to penicillin and 4.2% to ampicillin) was rare. The resistance rates to phenicols (chloramphenicol and florfenicol) and enrofloxacin, and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) were approximately 30%. The vast majority of the Enterococcus isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant organisms. CONCLUSIONS:Resistance of Enterococcus sp. to most antimicrobials was more prevalent in China than in European or other Asian countries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:Our findings reveal a high level of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates from food animals in China and underline the need for prudent use of antibiotics in chicken and pig production to minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

背景与目标： 目的：评估北京和山东省鸡和猪的肠球菌的流行情况和耐药性。
方法与结果：2009年从北京的四个农场和山东的两个农场收集了拭子样本，并进行了肠球菌检测。使用肉汤微量稀释或琼脂筛选方法确定最小抑菌浓度。总共回收了453种肠球菌分离株，属于6种不同的肠球菌。所有分离株均对万古霉素敏感。对四环素（92.5％），丁胺卡那霉素（89.4％），红霉素（72.8％）和利福平（58.1％）以及高水平链霉素耐药性（HLSR，50.3％）的耐药性普遍存在，而对青霉素的耐药性（对青霉素的耐药性为7.9％）和氨苄西林占4.2％）是罕见的。对苯甲酚（氯霉素和氟苯尼考）和恩诺沙星的耐药率以及对庆大霉素的高耐药率（HLGR）约为30％。绝大多数肠球菌分离株被归类为耐多药生物。
结论：肠球菌的抗性与欧洲或其他亚洲国家相比，大多数抗菌药物在中国的流行程度更高。
研究的意义和影响：我们的发现表明，中国食用动物肠球菌分离株具有很高的抗药性，并强调在鸡和猪的生产中需要谨慎使用抗生素，以最大程度地减少对抗生素耐药的肠球菌的传播。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intensive agricultural practices and current western consumption patterns are associated with increased ecological pressure. One way to reduce the ecological impact could be a shift to more sustainable food choices. This study investigates consumer opinions towards a series of food choices with a lower ecological impact. The investigated food choices range from well-known meat substitutes to alternatives which are more radical or innovative and that require an adaptation of food habits and cultural patterns. Results are obtained through a survey among 221 Flemish respondents in Spring 2011. Many consumers underestimate the ecological impact of animal production. Well-known alternatives such as organic meat, moderation of meat consumption and sustainable fish are accepted, although willingness to pay is clearly lower than willingness to consume. Consumers are more reluctant to alternatives that (partly) ban or replace meat in the meal. Opportunities of introducing insects currently appear to be non-existent. Five consumer segments were identified based on self-evaluated ecological footprint and personal relevance of the ecological footprint. The segments were termed Conscious, Active, Unwilling, Ignorant and Uncertain. A profile in terms of demographics, attitudinal and behavioral characteristics is developed for each segments, and conclusions with respect to opportunities for sustainable food choices are discussed.

背景与目标： ：集约化的农业实践和当前的西方消费模式与生态压力的增加有关。减少生态影响的一种方法可能是转向更具可持续性的食物选择。这项研究调查了消费者对一系列生态影响较小的食品选择的意见。研究的食物选择范围从知名的肉类替代品到更具激进性或创新性且需要适应饮食习惯和文化习惯的替代品。 2011年春季，通过对221名佛兰德受访者进行的调查获得了结果。许多消费者低估了动物生产对生态的影响。公认的替代品，例如有机肉，适度的肉类消费和可持续的鱼类，尽管支付意愿明显低于消费意愿。消费者更不愿选择（部分）禁止或代替餐中肉类的替代品。目前似乎没有引入昆虫的机会。根据自我评估的生态足迹和生态足迹的个人相关性，确定了五个细分市场。这些部分被称为有意识的，活跃的，不愿意的，无知的和不确定的。针对每个细分市场在人口统计学，态度和行为特征方面进行了介绍，并讨论了有关可持续食物选择机会的结论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the effect of food simulating liquids on visco-elastic properties of bulk-fill restoratives using dynamic mechanical analysis. One conventional composite (Filtek Z350 [FZ]), two bulk-fill composites (Filtek Bulk-fill [FB] and Tetric N Ceram [TN]) and a bulk-fill giomer (Beautifil-Bulk Restorative [BB]) were evaluated. Specimens (12 × 2 × 2mm) were fabricated using customized stainless steel molds. The specimens were light-cured, removed from their molds, finished, measured and randomly divided into six groups. The groups (n = 10) were conditioned in the following mediums for 7 days at 37°C: air (control), artificial saliva (SAGF), distilled water, 0.02N citric acid, heptane, 50% ethanol-water solution. Specimens were assessed using dynamic mechanical testing in flexural three-point bending mode and their respective mediums at 37°C and a frequency range of 0.1-10Hz. The distance between the supports were fixed at 10mm and an axial load of 5N was employed. Data for elastic modulus, viscous modulus and loss tangent were subjected to ANOVA/Tukey's tests at significance level p < 0.05. Significant differences in visco-elastic properties were observed between materials and mediums. Apart from bulk-fill giomer, elastic modulus was the highest after conditioning in heptane. No apparent trends were noted for viscous modulus. Generally, loss tangent was the highest after conditioning in ethanol. The effect of food-simulating liquids on the visco-elastic properties of bulk-fill composites was material and medium dependent.

背景与目标： ：这项研究使用动态力学分析研究了食品模拟液体对填充填充修复剂粘弹性的影响。评估了一种传统的复合材料（Filtek Z350 [FZ]），两种大块填充的复合材料（Filtek大块填充[FB]和Tetric N Ceram [TN]）和大块填充giomer（Beautifil-大块修复剂[BB]）。样品（12×2×2mm）是使用定制的不锈钢模具制造的。将样品光固化，从模具中取出，精加工，测量并随机分为六组。将各组（n ＝ 10）在以下培养基中在37℃下调节7天：空气（对照），人工唾液（SAGF），蒸馏水，0.02N柠檬酸，庚烷，50％乙醇-水溶液。使用动态机械测试在弯曲三点弯曲模式下以及在37°C和0.1-10Hz的频率下对它们各自的介质进行评估。支撑之间的距离固定为10mm，轴向载荷为5N。弹性模量，粘滞模量和损耗角正切的数据在显着性水平p <0.05下进行了ANOVA / Tukey检验。在材料和介质之间观察到粘弹性的显着差异。除了块状填充的高聚物外，在庚烷中调理后的弹性模量最高。没有观察到粘弹性模量的明显趋势。通常，在乙醇中调理后，损耗角正切值最高。模拟食物的液体对填充复合材料的粘弹性的影响取决于材料和介质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally low frequency of the behaviour in the wild with the high rates obtained in previous experiments, we tested three conditions where dunking varied between 0 and 70%. Dunking was very rare when it had been made unnecessary by pre-soaking the food, water was far from the dry items offered and only one food item was given, focusing all competitive interactions and theft attempts on a single individual. In contrast, dunking rate was high when food was not pre-soaked, water was close to dry food and more than one item (and hence target for competition and theft) was given. These experiments confirm that dunking rates, like other proto-tool-like food-processing techniques, depend on the costs and benefits of the situation where they are used.

背景与目标： ：灌水是软化干食品以加快消耗时间的水，通常在巴巴多斯的野生加勒比海gra（Quiscalus lugubris）中非常罕见。在将种内竞争和盗窃风险降至最低的条件下，将大量干燥物品反复放置在站立的水源附近时，可以通过实验提高其频率。为了使正常情况下野生动物行为的低频与先前实验中获得的高频率相一致，我们测试了3种情况，其中扣篮在0％到70％之间变化。当通过预先浸泡食物而使不必要的粪便稀少，水远离所提供的干粮时，仅提供一种粮食，所有竞争性互动和盗窃企图都集中在一个人身上。相比之下，当不预先浸泡食物时，扣篮率很高，水接近干粮，并且不止一项（因此成为竞争和盗窃的目标）。这些实验证实，与其他类似原型工具的食品加工技术一样，灌篮率取决于使用情况的成本和收益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sex and gender are the major determinants of health and disease in both men and women. The aim of this review paper was to examine differences in gender and sex in relation to the prevalence and effects of food allergy. There are still major gaps in our knowledge about the kinds of processes which shape men's and women's perceptions and experiences of food allergy. The expression and experience of health and illness may be moderated by variables such as biological vulnerability, exposure to health risks, perception of symptoms, evaluation of risk, information processing and role expectations. This review highlights the complex links between biological sex, gender, and health in general and offers a synthesis of how these may interact to produce sex and gender differences in biopsychosocial manifestations of food allergy. Implications for research and public health practice are discussed.

背景与目标： 性别和性别是男女健康和疾病的主要决定因素。本文的目的是研究与食物过敏的患病率和影响有关的性别差异。我们对影响男人和女人对食物过敏的认识和经历的各种过程的知识仍然存在很大差距。健康和疾病的表达和经验可以通过变量来调节，例如生物脆弱性，暴露于健康风险，症状的感知，风险评估，信息处理和角色期望。这篇综述着重指出了生物性别，性别和健康之间的复杂联系，并对这些相互作用如何相互作用以产生食物过敏的生物心理社会表现中的性别和性别差异进行了综述。讨论了对研究和公共卫生实践的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic enteritis of the cattle and other small ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In Argentina, the strains were characterized in beef and dairy cattle and deer in different genetic patterns by molecular tools. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been linked in men to a chronic inflammation of the intestine, named Crohn's disease. There is clinical and experimental evidence to link M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with Crohn's disease by PCR, positive bacteriological culture from mother milk, blood and affected tissues by in situ hybridization. The milk and sub-products might be one of the possible infection sources and it has been suggested that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis could resist pasteurization. Several works showed that this mycobacteria could be present in retail milk of countries such as United Kingdom, USA, Czech Republic, and recently in Argentina. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was associated with different dairy products and water for human consumption. Therefore, it is possible that these food sources may have a role for transmission. New investigations should emphasize the role of contaminated food and water in human infection around the world and determine the possible zoonotic role of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

背景与目标： ：肺结核或约翰氏病是由鸟分枝杆菌亚种引起的牛和其他小反刍动物的慢性肠炎。副结核病。在阿根廷，通过分子工具以不同的遗传模式对牛，奶牛和鹿中的菌株进行了鉴定。鸟分枝杆菌亚种副结核病在男性中与一种称为克罗恩氏病的肠道慢性炎症有关。有临床和实验证据将鸟分枝杆菌亚种联系起来。 PCR检测克罗恩病副结核病，通过原位杂交从母乳，血液和受影响的组织中进行阳性细菌培养。牛奶和副产品可能是可能的感染源之一，并且有人建议禽鸟支原体亚种。副结核病可以抵抗巴氏灭菌。几项研究表明，这种分枝杆菌可能存在于英国，美国，捷克共和国等国家的零售奶中，最近还出现在阿根廷。鸟分枝杆菌亚种副结核病与人类消费的各种乳制品和水有关。因此，这些食物来源可能具有传播的作用。新的调查应强调受污染的食物和水在全世界人类感染中的作用，并确定鸟分枝杆菌亚种可能的人畜共患病作用。副结核病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The inconvenience of conventional yeast identification methods has resulted in the development of rapid, commercial systems, mainly for clinical yeast species. The Biolog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) is a new semi-automated, computer-linked technology for rapid identification of clinical and non-clinical yeasts. The system is based around a microtitre tray and includes assimilation and oxidation tests. This paper evaluates the Biolog system for the identification of 21 species (72 strains) of yeasts of food and wine origin. Species correctly identified included Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kloeckera apiculata, Dekkera bruxellensis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were identified correctly 50% of the time and Pichia membranaefaciens 20% of the time.

背景与目标： ：常规酵母鉴定方法的不便导致开发了快速，商业化的系统，主要用于临床酵母菌种。 Biolog系统（Biolog Inc.，美国加利福尼亚州海沃德）是一种新型的半自动计算机链接技术，用于快速鉴定临床和非临床酵母菌。该系统基于微量滴定盘，包括同化和氧化测试。本文评估了Biolog系统，以鉴定21种食物和葡萄酒来源的酵母（72个菌株）。正确鉴定出的物种包括酿酒酵母，汉逊脱酵母，解脂耶氏酵母，马克斯克鲁维酵母，短吻K，布鲁克德氏菌和粟酒裂殖酵母。 50％的时间正确识别了百里酵母和鲁氏酵母，20％的时间正确识别了膜毕赤酵母。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the increasing participation of women in the physician workforce, it is important to understand the sources of differences between male and female physicians' market labour supply for developing effective human resource policies in the health care sector. Gendered associations between family status and physician labour supply are explored in the Canadian labour market, where physicians are paid according to a common fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their hours of work. Canadian 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 twenty percent census files with 22,407 physician observations are used for the analysis. Although both male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of market work when never married and without children, married male physicians have higher market hours, and their hours are unchanged or increased with parenthood. In contrast, female physicians have lower market hours when married, and much lower hours when a parent. Little change over time in these patterns is observed for males, but for females two offsetting trends are observed: the magnitude of the marriage-hours effect declined, whereas that for motherhood increased. Preferences and/or social norms induce substantially different labour market outcomes. In terms of work at home, the presence of children is associated with higher hours for male physicians, but for females the hours increase is at least twice as large. A male physician's spouse is much less likely to be employed, and if employed, has lower market hours in the presence of children. In contrast, a female physician's spouse is more likely to be employed if there are three or more children. Both male and female physicians have lower hours of work when married to another physician. Overall, there is no gender difference in physician market labour supply after controlling for family status and demographics.

背景与目标： 随着女性越来越多地参与医师队伍，了解男性和女性医师市场劳动力供应差异的根源对于在医疗保健部门制定有效的人力资源政策非常重要。在加拿大的劳动力市场中，探索了家庭状况和医师劳动力供应之间的性别关联，在该市场中，医师根据共同的费用表获得报酬，并在确定工作时间方面拥有充分的酌处权。加拿大1991年，1996年，2001年和2006年的20％人口普查文件中有22407位医生的观察结果用于分析。尽管从没有结婚和没有孩子的情况下，男性和女性医生的市场工作时间在统计上是无法区分的，但已婚男性医生的市场工作时间更长，并且他们的工作时间随着父母的养育而保持不变或增加。相比之下，女性医师结婚时的市场营业时间较短，而父母一方的市场营业时间较低。在男性中，这些模式随时间的变化很小，但是在女性中，观察到了两个相互抵消的趋势：结婚时间影响的幅度减小了，而孕育时间的影响增大了。偏好和/或社会规范导致劳动力市场的结果大不相同。在家庭工作方面，男医生的工作时间较长，而女性的工作时间至少增加了两倍。男性医师的配偶受雇的可能性要小得多，如果受雇，则在有孩子的情况下其营业时间较短。相反，如果有三个或三个以上的孩子，则更有可能雇用女医生的配偶。与另一位医生结婚时，男性和女性医生的工作时间都较短。总体而言，控制家庭状况和人口统计后，医师市场劳动力供应没有性别差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During embryogenesis, dental trigeminal axon navigation and patterning in the developing tooth take place in a highly spatio-temporally directed manner that is tightly linked to tooth morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Tooth formation is regulated by sequential and reciprocal tissue interactions between dental epithelium and neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells. This odontogenic secondary induction is mediated by signal molecules of different conserved families. Recent molecular and experimental data have provided evidence that local instructive signaling from the early odontogenic epithelium also controls dental axon navigation in the dental mesenchyme. In this review, we discuss recent molecular data regarding tooth formation and innervation and the putative role of the secondary induction in coordinating these two developmental processes. Importantly, because it has not yet been shown that the interactions that regulate tooth innervation include signaling to the dental epithelium and that they are reciprocal, it remains to be demonstrated that secondary induction controls the establishment of tooth nerve supply. Moreover, the key question of which molecule(s), if any, integrate tooth morphogenesis and the development of dental sensory trigeminal innervation remains to be answered.

背景与目标： ：在胚胎发生过程中，正在发育的牙齿中的三叉神经轴突导航和构图以高度时空定向的方式发生，与牙齿的形态发生和细胞分化密切相关。牙齿的形成受牙齿上皮和神经c来源的间充质细胞之间的顺序和相互组织相互作用的调节。这种牙源性次级诱导是由不同保守家族的信号分子介导的。最近的分子和实验数据提供了证据，表明来自早期牙源性上皮的局部指导性信号也控制牙间充质中的牙轴突导航。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了有关牙齿形成和神经支配的最新分子数据，以及次生诱导在协调这两个发育过程中的推定作用。重要的是，由于尚未显示出调节牙齿神经支配的相互作用包括发往牙齿上皮的信号，并且它们是相互的，因此仍有待证明，次级诱导控制着牙齿神经供应的建立。此外，关键的问题是哪个分子（如果有）整合了牙齿的形态发生和牙齿感觉三叉神经支配的发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate evolving food retail systems in Thailand. DESIGN:Rapid assessment procedures based on qualitative research methods including interviews, focus groups discussions and site visits. SETTING:Seven fresh markets located in the four main regions of Thailand. SUBJECTS:Managers, food specialists, vendors and shoppers from seven fresh markets who participated in interviews and focus group discussions. RESULTS:Fresh markets are under economic pressure and are declining in number. They are attempting to resist the competition from supermarkets by improving convenience, food diversity, quality and safety. CONCLUSIONS:Obesity has increased in Thailand at the same time as rapid growth of modern food retail formats has occurred. As fresh markets are overtaken by supermarkets there is a likely loss of fresh, healthy, affordable food for poorer Thais, and a diminution of regional culinary culture, women's jobs and social capital, with implications for the health and nutrition transition in Thailand.

背景与目标： 目的：研究泰国不断发展的食品零售系统。
设计：基于定性研究方法的快速评估程序，包括访谈，焦点小组讨论和实地考察。
地点：位于泰国四个主要地区的七个新鲜市场。
主题：来自七个新鲜市场的经理，食品专家，摊贩和购物者参加了访谈和焦点小组讨论。
结果：新鲜市场承受着经济压力，数量正在下降。他们试图通过提高便利性，食品多样性，质量和安全性来抵抗超市的竞争。
结论：随着现代食品零售业的快速发展，泰国的肥胖率也在增加。由于超市取代了新鲜市场，泰国较贫穷的人可能会损失新鲜，健康，负担得起的食物，区域烹饪文化，妇女的工作和社会资本的减少，这对泰国的健康和营养过渡产生了影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reproductive rates and survival of young in animal populations figure centrally in generating management and conservation strategies. Model systems suggest that food supply can drive these often highly variable properties, yet for many wild species, quantifying such effects and assessing their implications have been challenging. We used spatially explicit time series of a well-studied marine reef fish (black surfperch Embiotoca jacksoni) and its known prey resources to evaluate the extent to which fluctuations in food supply influenced production of young by adults and survival of young to subadulthood. Our analyses reveal: (i) variable food available to both adults and to their offspring directly produced an order of magnitude variation in the number of young-of-year (YOY) produced per adult and (ii) food available to YOY produced a similar magnitude of variation in their subsequent survival. We also show that such large natural variation in vital rates can significantly alter decision thresholds (biological reference points) important for precautionary management. These findings reveal how knowledge of food resources can improve understanding of population dynamics and reduce risk of overharvest by more accurately identifying periods of low recruitment.

背景与目标： ：动物种群的繁殖率和成活率在制定管理和保护策略中至关重要。模型系统表明，粮食供应可以驱动这些往往高度可变的特性，但是对于许多野生物种而言，量化此类影响并评估其影响一直是一项挑战。我们使用了经过充分研究的海洋珊瑚鱼（黑色冲浪者Embiotoca jacksoni）及其已知猎物的空间显式时间序列，以评估食品供应波动对成年年轻人的生产和成年后至成年的影响的程度。我们的分析表明：（i）成年人及其后代可获得的可变食物直接导致每个成年人的年幼（YOY）数量数量级的变化，并且（ii）YOY可获得的食物产生了相似的数量他们随后生存的变异幅度。我们还表明，生命率的如此大的自然变化会显着改变对于预防性管理很重要的决策阈值（生物学参考点）。这些发现揭示了对粮食资源的了解如何通过更准确地确定低招聘期来增进对人口动态的了解并减少过度收获的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To develop a menu and resource to illustrate to consumers and health professionals what a healthy balanced diet looks like over the course of a week. DESIGN:Development and analysis of an illustrative 7 d 'eatwell week' menu to meet current UK recommendations for nutrients with a Dietary Reference Value, with a daily energy base of 8368 kJ (2000 kcal). Foods were selected using market research data on meals and snacks commonly consumed by UK adults. Analysis used the food composition data set from year 1 (2008) of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme. The eatwell week menu was developed using an iterative process of nutritional analysis with adjustments made to portion sizes and the inclusion/exclusion of foods in order to achieve the target macronutrient composition. RESULTS:Three main meals and two snacks were presented as interchangeable within the weekdays and two weekend days to achieve adult food and nutrient recommendations. Main meals were based on potatoes, rice or pasta with fish (two meals; one oily), red meat (two meals), poultry or vegetarian accompaniments. The 5-a-day target for fruit and vegetables (range 5-6·7 portions) was achieved daily. Mean salt content was below recommended maximum levels (<6 g/d). All key macro- and micronutrient values were achieved. CONCLUSIONS:Affordable foods, and those widely consumed by British adults, can be incorporated within a 7 d healthy balanced menu. Future research should investigate the effect of using the eatwell week on adults' dietary habits and health-related outcomes.

背景与目标： 目的：开发菜单和资源，以向消费者和保健专业人员说明一周内健康均衡饮食的状况。
设计：开发并分析了一个7天的“饮食周”菜单，以符合英国目前对膳食参考值的营养建议，每日能量基础为8368 kJ（2000 kcal）。使用关于英国成年人通常食用的餐食和零食的市场研究数据选择食物。分析使用了英国国家饮食和营养调查滚动计划第一年（2008年）中的食物成分数据。饮食时间周菜单是使用营养分析的迭代过程开发的，其中对份量和食物的添加/排除进行了调整，以实现目标的大量营养素组成。
结果：在工作日和两个周末之间提供了三份主餐和两份零食可互换，以实现成人饮食和营养推荐。主餐以土豆，米饭或通心粉配鱼（两餐；一份油腻），红肉（两餐），家禽或素食为基础。每天达到5天的水果和蔬菜目标（范围为5-6·7份）。平均盐含量低于建议的最高水平（<6 g / d）。实现了所有关键的常量和微量营养素值。
结论：价格合理的食物以及英国成年人广泛食用的食物可以纳入7天健康均衡菜单中。未来的研究应该调查使用“围坐式休息日”对成年人的饮食习惯和健康相关结局的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & AIMS:Dietary fat intake is related to the degree of obesity, but the specific mechanisms by which fats regulate food intake in humans are unclear. We compared food intake suppression, plasma triglyceride appearance, and cholecystokinin (CCK) response after intestinal infusion of oils enriched with C18 fatty acids of increasing unsaturation. METHODS:Food intake and appetite changes after upper intestinal infusion of 0.9% saline, 20% Intralipid, and 20% emulsions of oils enriched with stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were tested in 10 healthy male volunteers. Plasma triglyceride appearance and CCK release were tested separately in 7 additional volunteers. RESULTS:Intralipid and linoleic acid infusions significantly reduced food intake compared with saline infusion (P<0.05). No changes were observed in appetite ratings. There were no differences in plasma triglyceride response over the initial 75 minutes of intestinal infusion. Plasma CCK concentration increased after all lipid infusions (P<0.001), Intralipid infusion produced the highest increase in plasma CCK (P<0.05), and CCK response was similar between the 3 enriched oil emulsions. CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate marked differences in the ability of C18 fatty acids to reduce food intake that appear not to be related to rate of absorption but may partially be explained by CCK release.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：饮食中的脂肪摄入与肥胖程度有关，但是脂肪调节人类食物摄入的具体机制尚不清楚。我们比较了肠内输注富含不饱和度增加的C18脂肪酸的油后，食物摄入抑制，血浆甘油三酯外观和胆囊收缩素（CCK）反应。
方法：在10名健康男性志愿者中，对上肠输注0.9％盐水，20％脂质和20％富含硬脂酸，油酸和亚油酸的油的乳剂后的食物摄入和食欲变化进行了测试。在另外7名志愿者中分别测试了血浆甘油三酸酯的外观和CCK释放。
结果：与盐水注射相比，脂质和亚油酸注射显着减少了食物摄入（P <0.05）。食欲分级未见变化。在肠内输注的最初75分钟内，血浆甘油三酸酯反应无差异。在所有脂质输注后血浆CCK浓度均升高（P <0.001），脂质内输注使血浆CCK增幅最大（P <0.05），并且在3种富油乳剂中CCK响应相似。
结论：这些结果表明，C18脂肪酸减少食物摄入的能力存在明显差异，这似乎与吸收速率无关，但可以部分由CCK释放来解释。