BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Cortical mapping (CM) with direct cortical stimulation (DCS) in awake craniotomy is used to preserve cognitive functions such as language. Nevertheless, patient collaboration during this procedure is influenced by previous neurological symptoms and growing discomfort with DCS duration. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of navigated task-specific functional magnetic resonance imaging (nfMRI) on the practical aspects of DCS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We recruited glioma patients scheduled for awake craniotomy for prior fMRI-based CM, acquired during motor and language tasks (i.e., verb generation, semantic and syntactic decision tasks). Language data was combined to generate a probabilistic map indicating brain regions activated with more than one paradigm. Presurgical neurophysiological language tests (i.e., verb generation, picture naming, and semantic tasks) were also performed. We considered for subsequent study only the patients with a minimum rate of correct responses of 50% in all tests. These patients were then randomized to perform intraoperative language CM either using the multimodal approach (mCM), using nfMRI and DCS combined, or electrical CM (eCM), with DCS alone. DCS was done while the patient performed picture naming and nonverbal semantic decision tasks. Methodological features such as DCS duration, number of stimuli, total delivered stimulus duration per task, and frequency of seizures were analyzed and compared between groups. The correspondence between positive responses obtained with DCS and nfMRI was also evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-one surgeries were included, thirteen of which using mCM (i.e., test group). Patients with lower presurgical neuropsychological performance (correct response rate between 50 and 80% in language tests) showed a decreased DCS duration in comparison with the control group. None of the compared methodological features showed differences between groups. Correspondence between DCS and nfMRI was 100/84% in the identification of the precentral gyrus for motor function/opercular frontal inferior gyrus for language function, respectively. CONCLUSION: Navigated fMRI data did not influence DCS in practice. Presurgical language disturbances limited the applicability of DCS mapping in awake surgery.

背景与目标： 背景与研究目的：在清醒的开颅手术中使用带有直接皮质刺激（DCS）的皮质映射（CM）来保留诸如语言之类的认知功能。然而，在此过程中的患者协作会受到先前的神经症状和DCS持续时间的不适感的影响。我们的研究旨在评估导航任务特定功能磁共振成像（nfMRI）对DCS实用方面的影响。
材料和方法：我们招募了计划进行清醒开颅手术的脑胶质瘤患者，以进行基于功能磁共振成像的先前CM，并在运动和语言任务（即动词生成，语义和句法决策任务）中获得。语言数据被合并以生成一个概率图，该概率图指示了被多个范式激活的大脑区域。还进行了术前神经生理语言测试（即动词生成，图片命名和语义任务）。对于随后的研究，我们仅考虑所有测试中正确反应率最低为50％的患者。然后将这些患者随机分为两组，分别使用多模式方法（mCM），nfMRI和DCS组合或电CM（eCM）单独使用DCS进行术中语言CM。在患者执行图片命名和非言语语义决策任务的同时进行了DCS。分析方法特征，例如DCS持续时间，刺激次数，每项任务的总传递刺激持续时间以及癫痫发作频率，并在各组之间进行比较。还评估了DCS和nfMRI获得的阳性反应之间的对应关系。
结果：包括21例手术，其中13例使用mCM（即测试组）。与对照组相比，术前神经心理性能较低的患者（语言测试中正确的应答率在50％至80％之间）显示DCS持续时间缩短。比较的方法学特征均未显示组之间的差异。 DCS和nfMRI之间的对应关系在识别运动功能的中央前回/语言功能的额叶下回分别为100/84％。
结论：f功能性MRI数据在实践中不影响DCS。术前语言障碍限制了DCS绘图在清醒手术中的适用性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Objective: Recent studies suggested that diabetic optic neuropathy(DON) independently increases the incidence of brain diseases like cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. In this study, voxel-level degree centrality (DC) was used to study potential changes in functional network brain activity in DON patients. Methods: The study included 14 DON patients and 14 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age, sex, and weight. All subjects underwent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Pearson correlation analysis were performed. Results: The DC values of the left frontal mid orb (LFMO) and right middle frontal Gyrus (RMFG)/right frontal sup (RFS) were significantly lower in DON patients compared to HCs. The DC value of the left temporal lobe (LTL) was also significantly higher than in HCs. Conclusion: Three different brain regions show DC changes in DON patients, suggesting common optic neuropathy in the context of diabetes and providing new ideas for treating optic nerve disease in patients with long-term diabetes. Abbreviations: DC = degree centrality; DON = diabetic optic neuropathy; HC = healthy control; LFMO = left frontal mid orb; RMFS = right middle frontal gyrus; RFS = right frontal sup; LTL = left temporal lobe; FFA = fluorescein fundus angiography; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; VMHC = voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity; ALFF = low-frequency fluctuation amplitude; AUC = area under the curve; BCVA = best corrected visual acuity.

背景与目标： ：目的：最近的研究表明，糖尿病性视神经病变（DON）独立增加了脑梗塞和出血等脑部疾病的发生率。在这项研究中，体素水平度中心（DC）用于研究DON患者的功能网络脑部活动的潜在变化。方法：该研究包括14例DON患者和14例按年龄，性别和体重配对的健康对照（HCs）。所有受试者均接受静息功能磁共振成像。进行接收机工作特性曲线和Pearson相关分析。结果：与HCs相比，DON患者的左额中球（LFMO）和右中额回（RMFG）/右额上视（RFS）的DC值显着降低。左颞叶（LTL）的DC值也显着高于HCs。结论：三个不同的大脑区域显示DON患者DC的变化，提示在糖尿病背景下常见的视神经病变，并为治疗长期糖尿病患者的视神经疾病提供了新的思路。缩写：DC =中心度； DON =糖尿病性视神经病变； HC =健康对照； LFMO =左额中球； RMFS =右中额回； RFS =右前额； LTL =左颞叶； FFA =荧光素眼底血管造影；功能磁共振成像=功能磁共振成像; VMHC =体素镜像同位连接； ALFF =低频波动幅度； AUC =曲线下面积； BCVA =最佳矫正视力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Advances in breast cancer (BC) treatments have resulted in significantly improved survival rates. However, BC chemotherapy is often associated with several side effects including cognitive dysfunction. We applied multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to find a brain connectivity pattern that accurately and automatically distinguishes chemotherapy-treated (C+) from non-chemotherapy treated (C-) BC females and healthy female controls (HC). Twenty-seven C+, 29 C-, and 30 HC underwent fMRI during an executive-prefrontal task (Go/Nogo). The pattern of functional connectivity associated with this task discriminated with significant accuracy between C+ and HC groups (72%, p = .006) and between C+ and C- groups (71%, p = .012). However, the accuracy of discrimination between C- and HC was not significant (51%, p = .46). Compared with HC, behavioral performance of the C+ and C- groups during the task was intact. However, the C+ group demonstrated altered functional connectivity in the right frontoparietal and left supplementary motor area networks compared to HC, and in the right middle frontal and left superior frontal gyri networks, compared to C-. Our results provide further evidence that executive function performance may be preserved in some chemotherapy-treated BC survivors through recruitment of additional neural connections.

背景与目标： ：乳腺癌（BC）治疗方面的进展已显着提高了存活率。但是，BC化疗通常与多种副作用相关，包括认知功能障碍。我们将多元模式分析（MVPA）应用到功能磁共振成像（fMRI）中，以找到一种大脑连接模式，该模式可以准确，自动地将化学疗法治疗的（C）与非化学疗法治疗的（C-）BC女性和健康女性对照（HC）区分开来）。在执行前额任务（Go / Nogo）时，对27 C，29 C和30 HC进行了功能磁共振成像。 C和HC组之间（72％，p = .006）以及C和C-组之间（71％，p = .012）的准确度高，可以区分与此任务相关的功能连接模式。但是，C-和HC区分的准确性不高（51％，p = 0.46）。与HC相比，C和C-组在任务期间的行为表现是完整的。但是，与C-组相比，C组在右额顶和左侧辅助运动区域网络中以及右中额叶和左上额回回网络中的功能连接性均发生了改变。我们的结果提供了进一步的证据，即通过募集额外的神经连接，在某些经化学疗法治疗的BC幸存者中可以保留执行功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Similar "what/where" functional segregations have been proposed for both visual and auditory cortical processing. In this fMRI study, we investigated if the same segregation exists in the crossmodal domain, when visual and auditory stimuli have to be matched in order to perform either a recognition or a localization task. Recent neuroimaging research highlighted the contribution of different heteromodal cortical regions during various forms of crossmodal binding. Interestingly, crossmodal effects during audiovisual speech and object recognition have been found in the superior temporal sulcus, while crossmodal effects during the execution of spatial tasks have been found over the intraparietal sulcus, suggesting an underlying "what/where" segregation. In order to directly compare the specific involvement of these two heteromodal regions, we scanned ten male right-handed subjects during the execution of two crossmodal matching tasks. Participants were simultaneously presented with a picture and an environmental sound, coming from either the same or the opposite hemifield and representing either the same or a different object. The two tasks required a manual YES/NO response respectively about location or semantic matching of the presented stimuli. Both group and individual subject analysis were performed. Task-related differences in BOLD response were observed in the right intraparietal sulcus and in the left superior temporal sulcus, providing a direct confirmation of the "what-where" functional segregation in the crossmodal audiovisual domain.

背景与目标： 对于视觉和听觉皮层处理，已经提出了类似的“什么/在哪里”功能隔离。在这项功能磁共振成像研究中，我们调查了在视觉和听觉刺激必须匹配以执行识别或定位任务时，交叉模态域中是否存在相同的隔离。最近的神经影像学研究强调了在各种形式的交叉峰结合中不同异峰皮质区域的贡献。有趣的是，在上颞沟中发现了视听语音和物体识别过程中的交叉峰效应，而在顶壁沟中发现了执行空间任务期间的交叉峰效应，表明了潜在的“什么/在哪里”隔离。为了直接比较这两个异峰区域的具体参与情况，我们在执行两个交叉峰匹配任务期间扫描了十个男性惯用右手的受试者。与会者同时获得来自同一或相反半场的图像和环境声音，并代表相同或不同的物体。这两个任务需要分别对所显示刺激的位置或语义匹配进行手动“是/否”响应。进行小组和个体受试者分析。在右侧顶壁沟和左侧颞上沟中观察到与任务相关的BOLD反应差异，这直接证实了跨模态视听域中“何处”功能分离。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Delineation of large-scale functional networks (FNs) from resting state functional MRI data has become a standard tool to explore the functional brain organization in neuroscience. However, existing methods sacrifice subject specific variation in order to maintain the across-subject correspondence necessary for group-level analyses. In order to obtain subject specific FNs that are comparable across subjects, existing brain decomposition techniques typically adopt heuristic strategies or assume a specific statistical distribution for the FNs across subjects, and therefore might yield biased results. Here we present a novel data-driven method for detecting subject specific FNs while establishing group level correspondence. Our method simultaneously computes subject specific FNs for a group of subjects regularized by group sparsity, to generate subject specific FNs that are spatially sparse and share common spatial patterns across subjects. Our method is built upon non-negative matrix decomposition techniques, enhanced by a data locality regularization term that makes the decomposition robust to imaging noise and improves spatial smoothness and functional coherences of the subject specific FNs. Our method also adopts automatic relevance determination techniques to eliminate redundant FNs in order to generate a compact set of informative sparse FNs. We have validated our method based on simulated, task fMRI, and resting state fMRI datasets. The experimental results have demonstrated our method could obtain subject specific, sparse, non-negative FNs with improved functional coherence, providing enhanced ability for characterizing the functional brain of individual subjects.

背景与目标： ：从静止状态的功能性MRI数据中划定大型功能网络（FNs）已成为探索神经科学中功能性大脑组织的标准工具。然而，现有方法牺牲了受试者特定的变异性，以维持组水平分析所必需的跨学科对应。为了获得在各个受试者之间可比较的特定于受试者的FN，现有的大脑分解技术通常采用启发式策略或对各个受试者的FN采取特定的统计分布，因此可能会产生偏差的结果。在这里，我们提出了一种新的数据驱动方法，用于在建立组级别对应关系时检测主题特定的FN。我们的方法同时为一组由组稀疏性正规化的主题计算特定主题FN，以生成空间稀疏且在各个主题之间共享公共空间模式的特定主题FN。我们的方法建立在非负矩阵分解技术的基础上，并通过数据局部性正则化术语进行了增强，该术语使分解对图像噪声具有鲁棒性，并提高了主题特定FN的空间平滑度和功能相干性。我们的方法还采用自动相关性确定技术来消除冗余FN，以便生成一组紧凑的信息稀疏FN。我们已经基于模拟，任务功能磁共振成像和静止状态功能磁共振成像数据集验证了我们的方法。实验结果表明，我们的方法可以获得具有改进的功能一致性的受试者特异性，稀疏，非阴性FN，从而增强了表征单个受试者的功能性大脑的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender specific effects on human eating have been previously reported. Here we investigated sex-based differences in neural activation via whole-brain blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in response to high energy-dense (high-ED) vs. low-ED visual and auditory food cues in obese men vs. women in both fed and fasted states. The results show that in response to high vs. low ED foods in the fed state, obese men (vs. women) had greater activation in brain areas associated with motor control regions (e.g. supplementary motor areas) whereas women showed greater activation in cognitive-related regions. In the fasted state, obese men had greater activation in a visual-attention region whereas obese women showed greater activation in affective and reward related processing regions (e.g. caudate). Overall the results support our a priori hypothesis that obese women (vs. men) have greater neural activation in regions associated with cognition and emotion-related brain regions. These findings may improve our understanding of sex specific differences among obese individuals in eating behavior.

背景与目标： ：先前已经报道了性别对人类饮食的影响。在这里，我们通过对高能量密度（high-ED）与低ED视觉和听觉食物的反应，通过全脑血氧水平依赖性（BOLD）功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究了神经激活中基于性别的差异在进食和禁食状态下，肥胖男性与女性的暗示。结果表明，在进食状态下，高ED和低ED食物相对应，肥胖男性（相对于女性）在与运动控制区域（例如，补充运动区域）相关的大脑区域具有更大的激活，而女性在认知-运动方面表现出更大的激活。相关区域。在禁食状态下，肥胖男性在视觉注意区域的激活程度更高，而肥胖女性在与情感和奖励相关的加工区域（例如尾状）的激活程度更高。总体而言，这些结果支持了我们的先验假设，即肥胖女性（相对于男性）在与认知和情绪相关的大脑区域相关的区域具有更大的神经激活作用。这些发现可能会增进我们对肥胖个体饮食行为之间性别差异的理解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In this case series, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine brain networks that mediate different aspects of language function in 4 young adults (17-22 years) with a history of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke in childhood (40 years of age). Although it is widely believed that altered lateralization patterns are more likely to occur following early brain injuries compared with later brain injuries, the presumed plasticity of the young brain has been challenged in recent years, particularly in the domain of language. METHODS:We explored this issue by contrasting the brain activation patterns of individuals with childhood left MCA stroke and adult left MCA stroke while performing two language tasks: verb generation and picture-word matching. Importantly, both groups showed significant recovery of language function, based on standard clinical indicators. RESULTS:Controls showed left lateralized activation for both tasks, although much more pronounced for verb generation. Adult stroke patients also showed left lateralization for both tasks, though somewhat weaker than controls. Childhood stroke patients exhibited significantly weaker lateralization than the adult group for verb generation, but there was no significant group difference for picture-word matching. CONCLUSIONS:These preliminary findings suggest that successful reorganization of language function is more likely to involve bilateral recruitment following left MCA stroke in childhood than in adulthood. Of importance, although childhood stroke patients had primarily subcortical lesions, there were substantial alterations in cortical activation patterns.

背景与目标： 背景：在本案例系列中，功能磁共振成像被用来检查介导4名年轻人（17岁至22岁）有儿童左中脑动脉中风病史的语言网络，这些语言介导语言功能的不同方面（40岁）岁）。尽管人们普遍认为，与早期脑部受伤相比，早期脑部受伤后更容易发生偏侧化模式，但近年来，尤其是在语言领域，年轻的大脑的可塑性受到了挑战。
方法：我们通过对比儿童左MCA卒中和成人MCA卒中个体的大脑激活模式，同时执行两种语言任务：动词生成和图片词匹配，探讨了这个问题。重要的是，根据标准的临床指标，两组都显示出语言功能的显着恢复。
结果：控件显示这两个任务的左侧横向激活，尽管在动词生成方面更为明显。成年卒中患者在这两项任务中也表现出左侧偏侧性，尽管比对照组弱一些。童年期中风患者在动词生成方面比成人组表现出明显弱化的偏侧性，但是在图片-单词匹配方面没有显着的组别差异。
结论：这些初步研究结果表明，语言功能的成功重组与儿童成年后MCA卒中后的双边招募有关。重要的是，尽管儿童中风患者主要患有皮层下病变，但皮层激活模式有实质性改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper addresses the issue of the central correlates of the "Kohnstamm phenomenon", i.e. the long-lasting involuntary muscle contraction which develops after a prolonged isometric voluntary contraction. Although this phenomenon was described as early as 1915, the mechanisms underlying these post-effects are not yet understood. It was therefore proposed to investigate whether specific brain areas may be involved in the motor post-effects induced by either wrist muscle contraction or vibration using the fMRI method. For this purpose, experiments were carried out on the right wrist of 11 healthy subjects. Muscle activity (EMG) and regional cerebral blood flow were recorded during isometric voluntary muscle contraction and muscle vibration, as well as during the subsequent involuntary contractions (the post-effects) which occurred under both conditions. Brain activations were found to occur during the post-contraction and post-vibration periods, which were very similar under both conditions. Brain activation involved motor-related areas usually responsible for voluntary motor command (primary sensory and motor cortices, premotor cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus) and sensorimotor integration structures such as the posterior parietal cortex. Comparisons between the patterns of brain activation associated with the involuntary post-effects and those accompanying voluntary contraction showed that cerebellar vermis was activated during the post-effect periods whereas the supplementary motor area was activated only during the induction periods. Although post-effects originate from asymmetric proprioceptive inputs, they might also involve a central network where the motor and somatosensory areas and the cerebellum play a key role. In functional terms, they might result from the adaptive recalibration of the postural reference frame altered by the sustained proprioceptive inputs elicited by muscle contraction and vibration.

背景与目标： ：本文解决了“ Kohnstamm现象”的核心相关性问题，即长期等距自愿收缩后出现的持续性非自愿性肌肉收缩。尽管早在1915年就已经描述了这种现象，但尚未理解这些后效应的潜在机制。因此，建议使用fMRI方法研究特定的大脑区域是否可能与腕部肌肉收缩或振动引起的运动后效应有关。为此，在11名健康受试者的右手腕上进行了实验。在等距自愿性肌肉收缩和肌肉振动期间，以及随后在这两种情况下发生的非自愿收缩（后效应）过程中，均记录了肌肉活动（EMG）和局部脑血流量。发现大脑的激活发生在收缩后和振动后的时期，在两种情况下都非常相似。脑部激活涉及通常与自主运动命令有关的运动相关区域（主要的感觉和运动皮层，运动前皮层，前扣带回和后扣带回）和感觉运动整合结构，例如后顶叶皮层。比较与非自愿性后效应相关的脑部激活模式和伴随自愿性收缩的脑部激活模式，结果表明小脑mis部在后效应期被激活，而辅助运动区仅在诱导期被激活。尽管后效应源于不对称的本体感受输入，但它们也可能涉及一个中央网络，其中运动和体感区以及小脑起着关键作用。从功能上讲，它们可能是由于姿势的参考系的自适应重新校准而产生的，而姿势的参考系是由肌肉收缩和振动引起的持续本体感觉输入改变的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stimulus-reward coupling without attention can induce highly specific perceptual learning effects, suggesting that reward triggers selective plasticity within visual cortex. Additionally, dopamine-releasing events-temporally surrounding stimulus-reward associations-selectively enhance memory. These forms of plasticity may be evoked by selective modulation of stimulus representations during dopamine-inducing events. However, it remains to be shown whether dopaminergic signals can selectively modulate visual cortical activity. We measured fMRI activity in monkey visual cortex during reward-only trials apart from intermixed cue-reward trials. Reward without visual stimulation selectively decreased fMRI activity within the cue representations that had been paired with reward during other trials. Behavioral tests indicated that these same uncued reward trials strengthened cue-reward associations. Furthermore, such spatially-specific activity modulations depended on prediction error, as shown by manipulations of reward magnitude, cue-reward probability, cue-reward familiarity, and dopamine signaling. This cue-selective negative reward signal offers a mechanism for selectively gating sensory cortical plasticity.

背景与目标： ：注意力不集中的刺激-奖励耦合可以诱导高度特定的知觉学习效果，这表明奖励触发了视觉皮层内的选择性可塑性。另外，多巴胺释放事件-暂时围绕刺激-奖励关联-有选择地增强了记忆。这些形式的可塑性可以通过在多巴胺诱导事件期间选择性地刺激刺激来引起。但是，多巴胺能信号是否可以选择性调节视觉皮层活动仍有待观察。除了混合提示奖赏试验外，我们在仅奖励试验期间测量了猴子视皮层的fMRI活性。没有视觉刺激的奖励选择性地降低了在其他试验中已与奖励配对的提示表征内的功能磁共振成像活动。行为测试表明，这些相同的无提示的奖励试验加强了线索与奖励的联系。此外，这种空间特定的活动调制取决于预测误差，如奖励幅度，提示奖励概率，提示奖励熟悉度和多巴胺信号传导的操纵所示。这种提示选择性的负奖励信号提供了一种选择性地控制感觉皮层可塑性的机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Maturation of prefrontal circuits during adolescence contributes to the development of cognitive processes such as decision-making. Recent theories suggest that these neural changes also play a role in the shift from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to depression that often occurs during this developmental period. Cognitive models of the development of GAD highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which can be characterized behaviorally by impairments in decision-making. The present study examines potential developmental differences in frontal regions associated with uncertain decision-making, and tests the impact of IU on these circuits. METHODS:Twelve healthy adults (ages 19-36) and 12 healthy adolescents (ages 13-17) completed a decision-making task with conditions of varied uncertainty while fMRI scans were acquired. They also completed measures of worry and IU, and a questionnaire about their levels of anxiety and certainty during the task. RESULTS:Combined group analyses demonstrated significant linear effects of uncertainty on activity within anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Region of interest (ROI)-based analysis found a significant interaction of group and IU ratings in ACC. Increased IU was associated with robust linear increases in ACC activity only in adolescents. An ROI analysis of feedback-related processing found that adolescents demonstrated greater activation during incorrect trials relative to correct trials, while the adults showed no difference in neural activity associated with incorrect and correct feedback. CONCLUSIONS:This decision-making task was shown to be effective at eliciting uncertainty-related ACC activity in adults and adolescents. Further, IU impacts ACC activity in adolescents during uncertain decision-making, providing preliminary support for a developmental model of GAD.

背景与目标： 背景：青春期前额叶回路的成熟有助于认知过程的发展，例如决策。最近的理论表明，这些神经变化在从广泛性焦虑症（GAD）到抑郁症的转变中也起着一定的作用，而这种转变通常发生在这个发育时期。 GAD发展的认知模型突显了不确定性（IU）的不容忍的作用，不确定性在行为上可以通过决策中的障碍来表征。本研究检查与不确定的决策相关的额叶区域的潜在发展差异，并测试IU对这些电路的影响。
方法：十二个健康的成年人（19-36岁）和12个健康的青少年（13-17岁）在获得功能磁共振成像扫描的同时，在不确定性不同的条件下完成了一项决策任务。他们还完成了忧虑和IU的测量，并完成了一份关于他们在任务期间的焦虑和确定性水平的调查表。
结果：组合组分析表明不确定性对前扣带回皮层（ACC）内活动的显着线性影响。基于兴趣区域（ROI）的分析发现ACC中组和IU评分之间存在显着的相互作用。仅在青少年中，IU增加与ACC活性的强劲线性增加相关。对反馈相关处理的ROI分析发现，与正确的试验相比，青少年在错误的试验中表现出更大的激活作用，而成年人显示出与错误和正确的反馈相关的神经活动没有差异。
结论：该决策任务被证明在引起成人和青少年不确定性相关的ACC活动方面是有效的。此外，IU在不确定的决策过程中影响青少年的ACC活动，为GAD的发展模型提供了初步支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive neuroscience relies on two sets of techniques to map the neural networks underlying cognition in humans: recordings of either regional metabolic changes (fMRI or PET) or fluctuations in the neural electromagnetic fields (EEG and MEG). Despite major advances in the last few years, an explicit linkage between the two is still missing and the neuroimaging community faces two complementary but unrelated sets of functional descriptions of the human brain. Such an explicit framework, linking the two approaches in potentially complex cognitive tasks and in a variety of brain regions would permit to combine them into fine spatio-temporally-grained human brain mapping procedures. We combined fMRI and intra-cranial EEG recordings of the same epileptic patients during a semantic decision task and found a close spatial correspondence between regions of fMRI activations and recording sites showing EEG energy modulations in the gamma range (>40 Hz). Our findings further support previous findings that gamma band modulations co-localize with BOLD variations and also indicate that fMRI may be used as a constraint to improve source reconstruction of gamma band EEG responses.

背景与目标： ：认知神经科学依靠两种技术来绘制人类认知基础的神经网络图：区域代谢变化（fMRI或PET）或神经电磁场波动（EEG和MEG）的记录。尽管最近几年取得了重大进展，但两者之间仍然没有明确的联系，并且神经影像社区面临着人类大脑的两个互补但不相关的功能描述集。这样一个明确的框架将两种方法联系起来，可以将潜在的复杂认知任务和各种大脑区域联系起来，从而可以将它们组合成精细的时空粒度人类大脑映射程序。我们在语义决策任务中将同一名癫痫患者的fMRI和颅内EEG记录结合在一起，发现fMRI激活区域与显示在γ范围（> 40 Hz）中的EEG能量调制的记录部位之间的空间紧密联系。我们的发现进一步支持了以前的发现，即伽玛谱带调制与BOLD变化共定位，并且还表明功能磁共振成像可以用作改善伽玛谱带脑电图反应源重建的约束条件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity and overweight are important risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and associated chronic diseases, and therefore, they have become serious global problems in the western and developed countries. But little is known about the neuroanatomical correlates of eating behavior and its influences on the central nervous processing in humans. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the cortical activation in 12 lean healthy humans during visual stimulation with food-related and nonfood pictures after a fasting period of at least 5 h. Compared to the nonfood pictures, the food stimuli elicited a significantly greater activity in the left orbitofrontal cortex and the insular/opercular cortex bilaterally with a stronger focus on the left side. Subjective ratings of appetite during the presentation of food-related stimuli modulated the activity in the insula bilaterally, the left operculum and the right putamen. These results provide further insights in the central nervous processing of food relevant stimuli in humans, specifically with respect to the subjective experience of appetite.

背景与目标： ：肥胖和超重是2型糖尿病和相关慢性疾病发展的重要危险因素，因此，它们已成为西方和发达国家严重的全球性问题。但是，人们对饮食行为的神经解剖学关联及其对人类中枢神经加工的影响知之甚少。我们使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）在禁食至少5小时后用食物相关图片和非食物图片进行视觉刺激期间，测量了12位瘦肉健康人的皮质激活。与非食物图片相比，食物刺激在左侧眶额叶皮层和双侧岛岛/腹膜皮层的活动明显增加，而对左侧的关注更大。在与食物有关的刺激过程中，主观的食欲评定调节了双侧岛，左left腹和右壳核的活动。这些结果提供了对人类食物相关刺激的中枢神经加工的进一步见解，特别是在食欲的主观感受方面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To test the capacity of a sentence verification (SV) task to reliably activate receptive language areas. Presurgical evaluation of language is useful in predicting postsurgical deficits in patients who are candidates for neurosurgery. Productive language tasks have been successfully elaborated, but more conflicting results have been found in receptive language mapping. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-two right-handed healthy controls made true-false semantic judgements of brief sentences presented auditorily. RESULTS:Group maps showed reliable functional activations in the frontal and temporoparietal language areas. At the individual level, the SV task showed activation located in receptive language areas in 100% of the participants with strong left-sided distributions (mean lateralisation index of 69.27). CONCLUSION:The SV task can be considered a useful tool in evaluating receptive language function in individual subjects. This study is a first step towards designing the fMRI task which may serve to presurgically map receptive language functions.

背景与目标： 目的：测试句子验证（SV）任务的能力，以可靠地激活接受语言区域。语言的术前评估可用于预测神经外科候选患者的术后缺陷。生产性语言任务已成功完成，但在接受性语言映射中发现了更多矛盾的结果。
材料与方法：22名惯用右手的健康对照对听觉出现的简短句子进行了真假语义判断。
结果：群体图显示了额叶和颞顶语言区域中可靠的功能激活。在个人层面，SV任务显示激活位于100％的参与者的接受语言区域中，具有很强的左侧分布（平均横向指数为69.27）。
结论：SV任务可以被认为是评估单个对象的接受语言功能的有用工具。这项研究是设计fMRI任务的第一步，该任务可用于在术前映射接受性语言功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Motor imagery is widely used to study cognitive aspects of the neural control of action. However, what is exactly simulated during motor imagery is still a matter of debate. On the one hand, it is conceivable that motor imagery is an embodied cognitive process, involving a simulation of movements of one's own body. The alternative possibility is that, although motor imagery relies on knowledge of the motor processes, it does not entail an actual motor simulation that is influenced by the physical configuration of one's own body. Here we discriminate between these two hypotheses, in the context of an established motor imagery task: laterality judgments of rotated hand drawings. We found that reaction times of hand laterality judgments followed the biomechanical constraints of left or right hand movements. Crucially, the position of subjects' own left and right arm influenced laterality judgments of left and right hands. In neural terms, hand laterality judgments activated a parieto-frontal network. The activity within this network increased with increasing biomechanical complexity of the imagined hand movements, even when the amount of stimulus rotation was identical. Moreover, activity in the intraparietal sulcus was modulated by subjects' own hand position: a larger incongruence in orientation between the subjects' hand and the stimulus hand led to a selective increase in intraparietal activity. Our results indicate that motor imagery generates motor plans that depend on the current configuration of the limbs. This motor plan is calculated by a parieto-frontal network. Within this network, the posterior parietal cortex appears to incorporate proprioceptive information related to the current position of the body into the motor plan.

背景与目标： ：Motor imagery被广泛用于研究动作神经控制的认知方面。但是，在汽车成像过程中精确模拟的内容仍是一个有争议的问题。一方面，可以想象运动图像是一个具体的认知过程，涉及到模拟人体运动的过程。另一种可能性是，尽管运动图像依赖于对运动过程的了解，但它并不意味着实际的运动模拟会受到人体自身身体形态的影响。在这里，我们在已建立的汽车成像任务中区分这两个假设：旋转手绘图的侧向性判断。我们发现手侧向性判断的反应时间遵循左右手运动的生物力学约束。至关重要的是，受试者自己的左臂和右臂的位置影响了左手和右手的侧向性判断。用神经学的术语来说，手的侧向性判断激活了一个顶额额叶网络。即使刺激旋转量相同，该网络内的活动也会随着所想象的手部运动的生物力学复杂性的增加而增加。此外，顶壁内沟中的活动受受试者自身的手的位置调节：受试者的手和刺激手之间方向上的较大不一致导致顶壁内活动的选择性增加。我们的结果表明，运动图像会生成取决于四肢当前配置的运动计划。这个运动计划是由一个额叶额叶网络计算的。在这个网络中，顶叶后皮质似乎将与身体当前位置有关的本体感受信息纳入运动计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reward related behaviour is linked to dopaminergic neurotransmission. Our aim was to gain insight into dopaminergic involvement in the human reward system. Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with dopaminergic depletion by α-methylparatyrosine we measured dopamine-related brain activity in 10 healthy volunteers. In addition to blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast we assessed the effect of dopaminergic depletion on prolactin response, peripheral markers for dopamine and norepinephrine. In the placebo condition we found increased activation in the left caudate and left cingulate gyrus during anticipation of reward. In the α-methylparatyrosine condition there was no significant brain activation during anticipation of reward or loss. In α-methylparatyrosine, anticipation of reward vs. loss increased activation in the right insula, left frontal, right parietal cortices and right cingulate gyrus. Comparing placebo versus α-methylparatyrosine showed increased activation in the left cingulate gyrus during anticipation of reward and the left medial frontal gyrus during anticipation of loss. α-methylparatyrosine reduced levels of dopamine in urine and homovanillic acid in plasma and increased prolactin. No significant effect of α-methylparatyrosine was found on norepinephrine markers. Our findings implicate distinct patterns of BOLD underlying reward processing following dopamine depletion, suggesting a role of dopaminergic neurotransmission for anticipation of monetary reward.

背景与目标： ：奖励相关行为与多巴胺能神经传递有关。我们的目的是深入了解人类奖励系统中的多巴胺能。将功能磁共振成像与α-甲基对酪氨酸的多巴胺能消耗相结合，我们在10名健康志愿者中测量了多巴胺相关的大脑活动。除了血氧水平依赖性（BOLD）对比外，我们还评估了多巴胺能消耗对催乳素反应，多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的周围标志物的影响。在安慰剂的情况下，我们发现在预期奖励的过程中左尾状和左扣带回的激活增加。在α-甲基对酪氨酸条件下，在预期奖赏或损失期间没有明显的脑部激活。在α-甲基对酪氨酸中，奖励与损失的预期增加了右岛，左额叶，右顶叶皮质和右扣带回的激活。安慰剂与α-甲基对酪氨酸的比较显示，预期奖励的过程中左扣带回的激活增加，预期损失的过程中左内侧额回的激活增加。 α-甲基对酪氨酸可降低尿液中的多巴胺水平和血浆中的高香草酸水平，并增加催乳激素。在去甲肾上腺素标记上未发现α-甲基对酪氨酸的显着影响。我们的发现暗示了多巴胺耗尽后潜在的BOLD奖励处理的独特模式，表明多巴胺能神经传递对预期金钱奖励的作用。