• 【使用印度奎斯夸利斯(Quisqualis indica)一锅法制备银纳米晶体:对疟疾和寨卡病毒蚊媒的有效性,以及对非目标水生生物的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.036 复制DOI
    作者列表:Govindarajan M,Vijayan P,Kadaikunnan S,Alharbi NS,Benelli G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Currently, mosquito vector control is facing a number of key challenges, including the rapid development of resistance to synthetic pesticides and the recent spread of aggressive arbovirus outbreaks. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is currently considered an environmental friendly alternative to the employ of pyrethroids, carbamates and microbial agents (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis), since AgNPs are easy to produce, effective and stable in the aquatic environment. However, their biophysical features showed wide variations according to the botanical agent using for the green synthesis, outlining the importance of screening local floral resources used as reducing and stabilizing agents. In this study, we focused on the biophysical properties and the mosquitocidal action of Quisqualis indica-fabricated AgNPs. AgNPs were characterized using spectroscopic (UV, FTIR, XRD) and microscopic (AFM, SEM, TEM and EDX) techniques. AFM, SEM and TEM confirmed the synthesis of poly-dispersed AgNPs with spherical shape and size ranging from 1 to 30nm. XRD shed light on the crystalline structure of these AgNPs. The acute toxicity of Quisqualis indica extract and AgNPs was evaluated against malaria, arbovirus, and filariasis vectors, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, as well as on three important non-target aquatic organisms. The Q. indica leaf extract showed moderate larvicidal effectiveness on Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50=220.42), Ae. aegypti (LC50=203.63) and An. stephensi (LC50=185.98). Q. indica-fabricated AgNPs showed high toxicity against Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50=14.63), Ae. aegypti (LC50=13.55) and An. stephensi (LC50=12.52), respectively. Notably, Q. indica-synthesized AgNPs were moderately toxic to non-target aquatic mosquito predators Anisops bouvieri (LC50=653.05μg/mL), Diplonychus indicus (LC50=860.94μg/mL) and Gambusia affinis (LC50=2183.16μg/mL), if compared to the targeted mosquitoes. Overall, the proposed one-pot biogenic fabrication of AgNPs using Q. indica is a low-cost and eco-friendly tool in the fight against Zika virus, malaria and filariasis vectors, with little impact against non-target aquatic mosquito predators.
    背景与目标: 目前,蚊媒的控制面临许多关键挑战,包括对合成农药的抗性迅速发展以及近期侵略性虫媒病毒爆发的蔓延。银纳米颗粒(AgNPs)的生物合成目前被认为是替代拟除虫菊酯,氨基甲酸酯和微生物制剂(例如苏云金芽孢杆菌var.israelensis)的一种环境友好替代方法,因为AgNPs在水生环境中易于生产,有效且稳定。然而,根据用于绿色合成的植物剂,它们的生物物理特征显示出很大的差异,突出了筛选用作还原剂和稳定剂的当地花卉资源的重要性。在这项研究中,我们集中于Quisqualis d制造的AgNPs的生物物理特性和灭蚊作用。 AgNPs使用光谱技术(UV,FTIR,XRD)和微观技术(AFM,SEM,TEM和EDX)进行表征。 AFM,SEM和TEM证实了球形和尺寸范围为1至30nm的多分散AgNP的合成。 XRD揭示了这些AgNP的晶体结构。评价了Quisqualis indica提取物和AgNPs对疟疾,虫媒病毒和丝虫病载体,Stephensi按蚊,埃及伊蚊和库克西库克斯犬以及三种重要的非目标水生生物的急性毒性。 in叶提取物对Cx表现出中等杀幼虫效果。 quinquefasciatus(LC50 = 220.42),Ae。埃及(LC50 = 203.63)和An。斯蒂芬斯(LC50 = 185.98)。 Q. Ag制造的AgNP对Cx表现出高毒性。 quinquefasciatus(LC50 = 14.63),Ae。埃及(LC50 = 13.55)和An。斯蒂芬斯(LC50 = 12.52)。值得注意的是,Q合成的AgNPs对非目标水生捕食性蚊食美洲大按蚊(LC50 =653.05μg/ mL),印度洋双翅目(LC50 =860.94μg/ mL)和革兰(Gambusia affinis)(LC50 =2183.16μg/ mL)具有中等毒性。 ,如果与目标蚊子相比。总体而言,拟议的使用印度Q草的一锅式AgNP的生物生产是对抗寨卡病毒,疟疾和丝虫病媒介的一种低成本且生态友好的工具,对非目标水生蚊虫几乎没有影响。
  • 【从印度南部喀拉拉邦水生环境分离的霍乱弧菌中的毒力基因检测。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s12010-008-8184-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kumar P,Peter WA,Thomas S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of cholera. It is an autochthonous inhabitant of all aquatic environments. The virulence of V. cholerae is maintained by the CTX genetic element and tcpA gene. In the present investigation, environmental strains of V. cholerae isolated from different aquatic biotopes in Kerala were identified and serotyped. The antibiotic resistance pattern and presence of virulence and regulatory genes were examined. We found the presence of toxigenic non-O1/non-O139 strains harboring the CTX genetic element, heat-stable enterotoxin, rtxA gene, El Tor hemolysin, and Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI). The strains also produced the cholera toxin (CT) as determined by monosialoganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A few strains belonging to the O1 serogroup but lacking the CTX genetic element were also observed. The majority of the environmental strains belonged to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup with many possessing toxR, ompU, heat-stable enterotoxin, and rtxA gene. The toxigenic non-O1/non-O139 strains exhibited resistance to trimethoprim, ampicillin, and polymixin B and intermediate resistance to co-trimoxazole. However, all other environmental strains were found resistant to ampicillin and polymixin B. Our findings demonstrate that the virulence genes are dispersed among the environmental strains of V. cholerae and a complex aquatic environment can give rise to pathogenic V. cholerae.
    背景与目标: :霍乱弧菌是霍乱的病原体。它是所有水生环境的土生土长的居民。霍乱弧菌的毒力由CTX遗传元件和tcpA基因维持。在本研究中,从喀拉拉邦不同水生生物群落中分离出的霍乱弧菌环境菌株被鉴定并进行了血清分型。检查了抗生素的耐药性模式以及毒力和调控基因的存在。我们发现存在具有CTX遗传元件,热稳定肠毒素,rtxA基因,El Tor溶血素和弧菌致病岛(VPI)的产毒非O1 / non-O139菌株。通过单唾液酸神经节苷脂酶联免疫吸附试验测定,该菌株还产生了霍乱毒素(CT)。还观察到一些属于O1血清群但缺乏CTX遗传元件的菌株。大多数环境菌株属于非O1 /非O139血清群,其中许多具有toxR,ompU,热稳定肠毒素和rtxA基因。产毒的非O1 / non-O139菌株对甲氧苄啶,氨苄青霉素和多粘菌素B表现出抗性,对复方新诺明的耐药性中等。但是,所有其他环境菌株均被发现对氨苄西林和多菌灵B具有抗性。我们的发现表明,致病性基因分散在霍乱弧菌的环境菌株中,复杂的水生环境会引起霍乱弧菌。
  • 【基于使用斑马鱼幼虫的行为测定法检测水生污染物的灵敏生物标记物。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.033 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nüßer LK,Skulovich O,Hartmann S,Seiler TB,Cofalla C,Schuettrumpf H,Hollert H,Salomons E,Ostfeld A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An effective biological early warning system for the detection of water contamination should employ undemanding species that rapidly react to the presence of contaminants in their environment. The demonstrated reaction should be comprehensible and unambiguously evidential of the contamination event. This study utilized 96h post fertilization zebrafish larvae and tested their behavioral response to acute exposure to low concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625mg/L) and permethrin (0.05, 0.029, 0.017, 0.01μg/L). We hypothesize that the number of larvae that show advanced trajectories in a group corresponds with water contamination, as the latter triggers avoidance behavior in the organisms. The proportion of advanced trajectories in the control and treated groups during the first minute of darkness was designated as a segregation parameter. It was parametrized and a threshold value was set using one CdCl2 trial and then applied to the remaining CdCl2 and permethrin replicates. For all cases, the method allowed distinguishing between the control and treated groups within two cycles of light: dark. The calculated parameter was statistically significantly different between the treated and control groups, except for the lowest CdCl2 concentration (0.625mg/L) in one replicate. This proof-of-concept study shows the potential of the proposed methodology for utilization as part of a multispecies biomonitoring system.
    背景与目标: :用于检测水污染的有效生物预警系统应采用对环境中污染物的存在有快速反应的不昂贵物种。所证明的反应应该是可理解的,并且是污染事件的明确证据。本研究利用斑马鱼受精后96小时的幼虫,测试了它们对急性暴露于低浓度氯化镉(CdCl2)(5.0、2.5、1.25、0.625mg / L)和氯菊酯(0.05、0.029、0.017、0.01μg / L)的行为响应)。我们假设一组中显示高级轨迹的幼虫数量与水污染相对应,因为后者会触发生物体中的回避行为。在黑暗的第一分钟内,对照组和治疗组中先进轨迹的比例被指定为隔离参数。将其参数化,并使用一项CdCl2试验设置阈值,然后将其应用于其余的CdCl2和苄氯菊酯重复样品。对于所有情况,该方法都可以在两个亮周期:暗周期内区分对照组和治疗组。除了一组重复实验中最低的CdCl2浓度(0.625mg / L)外,治疗组和对照组之间的计算参数在统计学上有显着差异。这项概念验证研究表明了所提出的方法在多物种生物监测系统中的应用潜力。
  • 【新的多单位左旋多巴持续释放浮动剂型的开发和评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.10.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Goole J,Vanderbist F,Amighi K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work relates to the development and the in vitro evaluation of sustained-release minitablets (MT), prepared by melt granulation and subsequent compression, which are designed to float over an extended period of time. Levodopa was used as a model drug. The importance of the composition and manufacturing parameters of the MT on their floating and dissolution properties was then examined. The investigation showed that MT composition and MT diameter had the greatest influence on drug release, which was sustained for more than 8h. By using the same formulation, the best floating properties were obtained with 3mm MT prepared at low compression forces ranging between 50 and 100N. Their resultant-weight (RW) values were always higher than those obtained with a marketed HBS dosage form within 13h. When they were filled into gelatin capsules, no sticking was observed. By evaluating the dissolution profiles of levodopa at different pH values, it was found that dissolution profiles depend more on the prolonged-release ability of Methocel K15M than on the pH-dependent solubility of levodopa. Finally, the robustness of the floating MT was assessed by testing the drug release variability in function of the stirring conditions during dissolution tests.
    背景与目标: :这项工作涉及通过熔融制粒和随后的压制制备的缓释微型片剂(MT)的开发和体外评估,这些制剂旨在长时间漂浮。左旋多巴用作模型药物。然后检查了MT的组成和制造参数对它们的漂浮和溶解特性的重要性。调查表明,MT的组成和MT的直径对药物释放的影响最大,持续时间超过8h。通过使用相同的配方,在50至100N的低压缩力下制备3mm MT可获得最佳漂浮性能。它们的总重量(RW)值始终高于在13小时内使用市售HBS剂型获得的结果。当将它们装入明胶胶囊中时,未观察到粘附。通过评估左旋多巴在不同pH值下的溶出曲线,发现溶出曲线更多地取决于Methocel K15M的延长释放能力,而不是取决于左旋多巴的pH依赖性溶解度。最后,通过在溶出度测试中测试药物释放在搅拌条件下的功能变化来评估浮动MT的坚固性。
  • 【白内障手术后,前房中的游离漂浮囊肿。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.131128 复制DOI
    作者列表:Malta JB,Banitt M,Soong HK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe a free-floating cyst in the anterior chamber after cataract surgery in a 73-year-old woman who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification in her right eye (OD). The best-corrected visual acuity one week after surgery was 20/20 OD; however, six weeks later, she noted the onset of intermittent "shadows" in this eye whenever she changed head position. Slit lamp examination showed a round, free-floating, clear cyst (3-4 mm in diameter) that traversed the central visual axis during eye movement. The cyst was removed through a limbal incision, by expressing it gently out of the eye with viscoelastic injection into the anterior chamber. On pathological examination the inner wall of the cyst was lined with non-keratinized squamous epithelium, typical of ocular surface cells.
    背景与目标: :我们描述了一名白内障手术后,一名73岁妇女右眼(OD)接受了正常超声乳化术的前房中前囊的自由浮动囊肿。手术后一周的最佳矫正视力为20/20 OD。然而,六个星期后,她注意到每当改变头位时,这只眼睛就会出现间歇性“阴影”。裂隙灯检查显示出圆形,自由漂浮的透明囊肿(直径3-4 mm),在眼球运动过程中横穿了中心视轴。通过角膜缘切口去除囊肿,方法是将粘膜轻轻注入眼前囊,将其从眼中表达出来。在病理检查中,囊肿的内壁衬有非角质化的鳞状上皮,这是眼表细胞的典型特征。
  • 【水上运动和传统运动计划对膝盖骨关节炎患者的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wyatt FB,Milam S,Manske RC,Deere R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of the study was to detect if increases in functional levels for patients with osteoarthritis show differences between an aquatic exercise program and a land-based exercise program. Forty-six subjects between the ages of 45 and 70 years participated in 1 of 2 exercise groups. Pre- and posttest measurements included knee range of motion (ROM), thigh girth, subjective pain scale, and time for a 1-mile walk. Both exercise groups showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in all measurements between pre- and posttests. There were no significant differences between the aquatic exercise group and the land-based exercise group pertaining to knee ROM, thigh girth, and time for a 1-mile walk. Subjective pain levels were significantly less in the aquatic group when compared with the land-based group. This study concludes that both aquatic and land-based exercise programs are beneficial to patients with osteoarthritis.
    背景与目标: :该研究的目的是检测骨关节炎患者功能水平的提高是否显示出水上运动计划和陆上运动计划之间的差异。年龄在45至70岁之间的46位受试者参加了2个运动组中的1个运动组。测试前和测试后的测量包括膝盖的运动范围(ROM),大腿周长,主观疼痛量表和1英里步行时间。两个运动组在测试前和测试后之间的所有测量结果均显示显着(p <0.05)增加。水上运动组和陆上运动组之间在膝部ROM,大腿周长和步行1英里的时间方面没有显着差异。与陆基组相比,水生组的主观疼痛水平明显降低。这项研究得出的结论是,水上运动和陆上运动计划都对骨关节炎患者有益。
  • 【水生环境中致病性弧菌的生态学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4265/bio.18.53 复制DOI
    作者列表:Shinoda S,Furumai Y,Katayama S,Mizuno T,Miyoshi S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An ecological study of pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments of Okayama was carried out. The number of Vibrio parahaemolyticus detected in the sea area was comparatively smaler than that found in the survey of about two decades ago. Various reasons for the decrease in the case of food poisoning by V. parahaemolyticus have been suggested but the lower number of the vibrio in aquatic environments may be one explanation. Although the number of V. vulnificus was also not as large, most of the isolates possessed the pathogenic genes, vvp and vvh, suggesting the potential for fatal pathogenicity to patients having underlying diseases. As for V. cholerae, some non-O1/non-O139 serovar isolates were detected in a fresh water area, and many of them had hlyA, the gene for hemolysin which acts as a pathogenic factor in sporadic cases of diarrhea. Thus, the total number of pathogenic vibrios detected was not of concern. However, the marine products of these areas are shipped in wide area and are for general consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to survey pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments in order to ensure food hygiene.
    背景与目标: :对冈山水生环境中的致病性弧菌进行了生态学研究。在海域中检测到的副溶血性弧菌数量比大约二十年前的调查中发现的数量小得多。已经提出了各种原因来减少副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的情况,但是在水生环境中弧菌数量较低可能是一种解释。尽管创伤弧菌的数量也没有那么多,但大多数分离株都具有致病基因vvp和vvh,这提示潜在疾病患者可能具有致命的致病性。至于霍乱弧菌,在淡水地区发现了一些非O1 /非O139血清型分离株,其中许多具有hlyA基因,即溶血素基因,在偶尔的腹泻病例中是致病因子。因此,所检测到的病原性弧菌的总数是无关紧要的。但是,这些地区的水产品运输范围很广,仅供一般消费。因此,有必要继续调查水生环境中的病原性弧菌,以确保食品卫生。
  • 【改善贫营养水生环境中原油生物降解的策略:W / O / W受精乳剂和碎屑细菌。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s42770-020-00244-x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rodrigues EM,de Carvalho Teixeira AVN,Cesar DE,Tótola MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied petroleum biodegradation by biostimulation by using water in oil in water (W/O/W) double emulsions. These emulsions were developed using seawater, canola oil, surfactants, and mineral salts as sources of NPK. The emulsions were used in the simulation of hydrocarbon bioremediation in oligotrophic sea water. Hydrocarbon biodegradation was evaluated by CO2 emissions from microcosms. We also evaluated the release of inorganic nutrients and the stability of the emulsion's droplets. The double emulsions improved CO2 emission from the microcosms, suggesting the increase in the hydrocarbon biodegradation. Mineral nutrients were gradually released from the emulsions supporting the hydrocarbon biodegradation. This was attributed to the formation of different diameters of droplets and therefore, varying stabilities of the droplets. Addition of the selected hydrocarbonoclastic isolates simulating bioaugmentation improved the hydrocarbon biodegradation. We conclude that the nutrient-rich W/O/W emulsion developed in this study is an effective biostimulation agent for bioremediation in oligotrophic aquatic environments.
    背景与目标: :我们研究了使用水包油(W / O / W)双乳化液中的水通过生物刺激进行的石油生物降解。这些乳液是使用海水,低芥酸菜子油,表面活性剂和无机盐作为NPK的来源开发的。该乳液用于模拟贫营养海水中的烃生物修复。碳氢化合物的生物降解通过微观世界的CO2排放进行评估。我们还评估了无机养分的释放和乳液液滴的稳定性。双乳状液改善了微观世界的CO2排放,表明碳氢化合物的生物降解增加。矿物质养分从乳状液中逐渐释放出来,以支持烃类生物降解。这归因于形成不同直径的液滴,因此液滴的稳定性不同。添加选定的模拟生物强化的烃碎屑分离物改善了烃的生物降解。我们得出的结论是,在这项研究中开发的营养丰富的W / O / W乳液是一种在贫营养水生环境中进行生物修复的有效生物刺激剂。
  • 【噬菌体编码的外毒素基因在南加州的陆地和水生环境中广泛存在。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00345.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Casas V,Miyake J,Balsley H,Roark J,Telles S,Leeds S,Zurita I,Breitbart M,Bartlett D,Azam F,Rohwer F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many human diseases are caused by pathogens that produce exotoxins. The genes that encode these exotoxins are frequently encoded by mobile DNA elements such as plasmids or phage. Mobile DNA elements can move exotoxin genes among microbial hosts, converting avirulent bacteria into pathogens. Phage and bacteria from water, soil, and sediment environments represent a potential reservoir of phage- and plasmid-encoded exotoxin genes. The genes encoding exotoxins that are the causes of cholera, diphtheria, enterohemorrhagic diarrhea, and Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning were found in soil, sediment, and water samples by standard PCR assays from locations where the human diseases are uncommon or nonexistent. On average, at least one of the target exotoxin genes was detected in approximately 15% of the more than 300 environmental samples tested. The results of standard PCR assays were confirmed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and Southern dot blot analyses. Agreement between the results of the standard PCR and QPCR ranged from 63% to 84%; and the agreement between standard PCR and Southern dot blots ranged from 50% to 66%. Both the cholera and shiga exotoxin genes were also found in the free phage DNA fraction. The results indicate that phage-encoded exotoxin genes are widespread and mobile in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
    背景与目标: :许多人类疾病是由产生外毒素的病原体引起的。编码这些外毒素的基因通常由可移动的DNA元件(如质粒或噬菌体)编码。可移动的DNA元素可以在微生物宿主之间移动外毒素基因,从而将无毒细菌转化为病原体。来自水,土壤和沉积物环境的噬菌体和细菌代表着噬菌体和质粒编码的外毒素基因的潜在库。通过标准PCR检测在人类疾病不常见或不存在的地方的土壤,沉积物和水样中发现了编码霍乱,白喉,肠出血性腹泻和金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒的外毒素编码基因。平均而言,在所测试的300多个环境样本中,大约有15%检测到了目标外毒素基因中的至少一种。通过定量PCR(QPCR)和Southern点印迹分析证实了标准PCR测定的结果。标准PCR和QPCR结果之间的一致性介于63%至84%之间;标准PCR和Southern点印迹的一致性介于50%至66%之间。霍乱和志贺外毒素基因也都在游离噬菌体DNA部分中发现。结果表明,噬菌体编码的外毒素基因在陆地和水生环境中广泛存在并且可以移动。
  • 【水禽中存在已知会感染人类的​​小孢子虫物种:对通过水传播的影响?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1128/AEM.02503-05 复制DOI
    作者列表:Slodkowicz-Kowalska A,Graczyk TK,Tamang L,Jedrzejewski S,Nowosad A,Zduniak P,Solarczyk P,Girouard AS,Majewska AC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human microsporidiosis, a serious disease of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed people, can be due to zoonotic and environmental transmission of microsporidian spores. A survey utilizing conventional and molecular techniques for examining feces from 570 free-ranging, captive, and livestock birds demonstrated that 21 animals shed microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans, including Encephalitozoon hellem (20 birds; 3.5%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (1 bird; 0.2%). Of 11 avian species that shed E. hellem and E. intestinalis, 8 were aquatic birds (i.e., common waterfowl). The prevalence of microsporidian infections in waterfowl (8.6%) was significantly higher than the prevalence of microsporidian infections in other birds (1.1%) (P < 0.03); waterfowl fecal droppings contained significantly more spores (mean, 3.6 x 10(5) spores/g) than nonaquatic bird droppings contained (mean, 4.4 x 10(4) spores/g) (P < 0.003); and the presence of microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans in fecal samples was statistically associated with the aquatic status of the avian host (P < 0.001). We demonstrated that a single visit of a waterfowl flock can introduce into the surface water approximately 9.1 x 10(8) microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans. Our findings demonstrate that waterborne microsporidian spores of species that infect people can originate from common waterfowl, which usually occur in large numbers and have unlimited access to surface waters, including waters used for production of drinking water.
    背景与目标: :人小孢子虫病是具有免疫能力和免疫抑制能力的人的严重疾病,可能是由于小孢子虫孢子的人畜共患和环境传播所致。使用常规和分子技术进行的一项调查从570只自由放养,圈养和家禽身上收集的粪便进行的调查表明,有21只动物脱落了已知会感染人类的​​微孢子虫孢子,其中包括大头目乙脑(20例; 3.5%)和大头目肠(1个)鸟; 0.2%)。在11种散布有大肠埃希菌和肠道小肠埃希菌的鸟类中,有8种是水生鸟类(即普通水禽)。水禽中微孢子虫感染的发生率(8.6%)显着高于其他鸟类中的微孢子虫感染的发生率(1.1%)(P <0.03);水禽粪便中所含的孢子(平均值为3.6 x 10(5)孢子/ g)比非水禽粪便中所含的孢子(平均值为4.4 x 10(4)孢子/ g)多(P <0.003);粪便样品中已知会感染人类的​​物种的微孢子虫孢子的存在与禽类寄主的水生状况在统计学上相关(P <0.001)。我们证明,水禽群的单次造访可以将大约9.1 x 10(8)已知会感染人类的​​物种的微孢子虫孢子引入地表水。我们的研究结果表明,感染人类的​​水生微孢子虫孢子可以起源于常见的水禽,该水禽通常大量出现,并且无限制地获取地表水,包括用于生产饮用水的水。
  • 【皮埃尔·罗宾序列中的浮骨现象。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/SCS.0000000000006405 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fontanari M,Vellone V,Maffia F,Papoff P,Cascone P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :After a failed mandibular osteodistraction, the wrong positioned mandible of a few patients with Pierre Robin sequence returned in the most functional position and regained a proper symmetry, without external intervention. The study aims to explain this self-adjustment and introduce the floating bone phenomenon.The inclusion criteria were severe micrognathia, Fast and Early Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis protocol, postoperative mandibular wrong positioning, presurgery, immediate postsurgery, and long-term computed tomography scan. Five patients were included. The considered parameters were the distance between mandibular dental centerline and midsagittal facial axis, the rotation of the mandibular body, the magnitude of elongation, and the lowering of the mandibular body.Three patients went from a decentralization >4 mm in the activation phase to a normalization of the said value in the follow-up. In the same period, the interincisal point of 2 patients moved respectively from 0.5 mm on the left and 0.8 mm on the right to 1.2 mm and 1.6 mm on the right, respectively. The rotation of the mandibular body was meanly 25.6° among all patients. The mean value of the distraction was 14.1 mm. A difference of about 4.4 mm between the left and the right side was measured. The lowering of the mandible varied between 2.8 and 12.6 mm.All patients improved their symmetry. Four of them improved in all the measured parameters, while 1 patient presented a worsening in the decentralization of the interincisal point.The floating bone phenomenon could break new grounds in the management of patients with Pierre Robin sequence.
    背景与目标: :在下颌骨牵引失败后,少数具有Pierre Robin序列的患者的下颌骨位置错误,在没有外部干预的情况下恢复了最功能的位置并恢复了适当的对称性。该研究旨在解释这种自我调整并引入浮骨现象。纳入标准为严重微棘突症,快速和早期下颌骨牵张成骨方案,术后下颌骨错误定位,术前,即刻术后以及长期计算机断层扫描。包括五名患者。考虑的参数包括下颌牙齿中心线与矢状面中轴之间的距离,下颌体的旋转,伸长的幅度以及下颌体的降落。三例患者在激活阶段从分散性> 4 tomm转移到了下颌骨。在随访中将所述值归一化。在同一时期,2例患者的切入点分别从左侧的0.5mm和右侧的0.8mm分别移至右侧的1.2mm和1.6mm。在所有患者中,下颌体的旋转平均为25.6°。牵引力的平均值为14.1mm。测量到左侧和右侧之间的差异约为4.4mm。下颌骨的下降幅度在2.8至12.6mm之间,所有患者的对称性均得到了改善。其中有四个在所有测量参数上都有改善,而有1个患者的切齿间点分散性恶化。浮骨现象可能会为Pierre Robin序列患者的治疗开辟新的领域。
  • 【实施连续电生成的Fe3O4纳米颗粒以活化过硫酸盐以分解水介质中的阿莫西林抗生素:UV254和超声增强。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.072 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sepyani F,Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R,Jorfi S,Godini H,Safari M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present investigation, the treatment of amoxicillin (AMX)-polluted water by the activated persulfate (PS) was considered. As a novel research, continuously electro-generated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (CEMNPs) were utilized as the activator of PS in an electrochemical medium. The PS/CEMNPs displayed a remarkable enhancement in the decomposition of AMX molecules up to 72.6% compared with lonely PS (24.8%) and CEMNPs (13.4%). On the basis of pseudo-first order reaction rate constants, the synergy percent of about 70% was achieved due to the combination of PS with CEMNPs. The adverse influence of free radical-scavenging compounds on the efficiency of the PS/CEMNPs process was in the following order: carbonate < chloride < tert-butyl alcohol < ethanol. Overall, these results proved the main role of free radical species in degrading AMX. The implementation of ultrasound (US) enhanced the performance of the PS/CEMNPs process. Nevertheless, the highest degradation efficiency of about 94% was achieved when UV254 lamp was joined the PS/CEMNPs system. Under UV254 and US irradiation, the results showed significant potential of the PS/CEMNPs process for degrading AMX antibiotic and generating low toxic effluent based on the activated sludge inhibition test. However, more time is needed to achieve the acceptable mineralization.
    背景与目标: :在本研究中,考虑了用活性过硫酸盐(PS)处理阿莫西林(AMX)污染的水。作为一项新的研究,连续电磁铁矿(Fe3O4)纳米粒子(CEMNPs)被用作电化学介质中PS的活化剂。与孤独的PS(24.8%)和CEMNPs(13.4%)相比,PS / CEMNPs在AMX分子的分解中显示出显着增强,高达72.6%。在伪一级反应速率常数的基础上,由于PS与CEMNP的结合,获得了约70%的协同百分比。清除自由基的化合物对PS / CEMNPs工艺效率的不利影响依次为:碳酸盐<氯化物<叔丁醇<乙醇。总体而言,这些结果证明了自由基在降解AMX中的主要作用。超声(美国)的实施增强了PS / CEMNPs工艺的性能。但是,当将UV254灯加入PS / CEMNPs系统时,可获得约94%的最高降解效率。在UV254和US辐射下,基于活性污泥抑制测试,结果表明PS / CEMNPs工艺具有降解AMX抗生素和产生低毒废水的巨大潜力。但是,需要更多时间才能达到可接受的矿化程度。
  • 【健康男性青年水上跑步和陆地跑步主观锻炼强度的比较:一项初步研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3390/medicina56040151 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lee CH,Choi JH,Kim SY
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Background and objectives: Aquatic exercises have demonstrated several advantages over land-based exercise, but only a few studies have compared the workout intensities and efficiencies in a stage-specific manner. This study aimed to investigate workout intensity during aquatic and land-based running, based on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy young male subjects underwent a land-based running test (LRT) and an aquatic running test (ART), in the form of a cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test and a shallow-water running test. The seven stages of the ART were composed of 3 minutes each of the Bruce protocol performed during the LRT. In the ART, the participants were instructed to run in a swimming pool with matching RPE to that obtained at each stage of the LRT. Results: Heart rate (HR) during both LRT and ART exhibited a linear relationship (r = 0.997 and 0.996, respectively; p < 0.001). During the initial and middle period, HR was higher in the ART than in the LRT. However, in the final period, HR was higher in the LRT than in the ART. Conclusions: In aquatic exercises based on the RPE obtained from the LRT, HR exhibited a linear relationship in both the ART and the LRT. The ART appears to increase cardiac loading more efficiently in the initial period and does not increase cardiac loading abruptly at a later period. Although there is no precise, objective, controlled parameter to compare the ART and the LRT, the RPE may be used as a convenient measurement for workout intensity in aquatic running.
    背景与目标: :背景和目标:水上运动已证明比陆上运动有多个优势,但只有少数研究以特定阶段的方式比较了运动强度和效率。这项研究的目的是根据感知运动量(RPE)的等级来调查水上和陆地跑步过程中的锻炼强度。材料和方法:20名健康的年轻男性受试者接受了心肺运动跑步机测试和浅水跑步测试形式的陆基跑步测试(LRT)和水上跑步测试(ART)。 ART的七个阶段包括在LRT期间执行的每个Bruce协议3分钟。在ART中,指示参与者在游泳池中跑步,RPE与在LRT每个阶段获得的RPE相匹配。结果:LRT和ART期间的心率(HR)呈线性关系(分别为r = 0.997和0.996; p <0.001)。在初期和中期,抗逆转录病毒治疗的心率高于轻轨治疗。但是,在最后阶段,轻快铁的心率要高于抗逆转录病毒治疗的心率。结论:在基于从LRT获得的RPE的水上运动中,HR在ART和LRT中均表现出线性关系。 ART似乎可以在初期更有效地增加心脏负荷,而在以后的一段时间内则不会突然增加心脏负荷。尽管没有精确,客观,可控制的参数来比较ART和LRT,但RPE可以用作水上跑步锻炼强度的便捷测量方法。
  • 【使用浮栅“突触”的眼球优势图的自适应神经形态模型。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neunet.2013.04.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Markan CM,Gupta P,Bansal M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel analogue CMOS design of a cortical cell, that computes weighted sum of inputs, is presented. The cell's feedback regime exploits the adaptation dynamics of floating gate pFET 'synapse' to perform competitive learning amongst input weights as time-staggered winner take all. A learning rate parameter regulates adaptation time and a bias enforces resource limitation by restricting the number of input branches and winners in a competition. When learning ends, the cell's response favours one input pattern over others to exhibit feature selectivity. Embedded in a 2-D RC grid, these feature selective cells are capable of performing a symmetry breaking pattern formation, observed in some reaction-diffusion models of cortical feature map formation, e.g. ocular dominance. Close similarity with biological networks in terms of adaptability and long term memory indicates that the cell's design is ideally suited for analogue VLSI implementation of Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) models of cortical feature maps.
    背景与目标: :提出了一种新颖的皮质细胞模拟CMOS设计,该设计可计算输入的加权和。该单元的反馈机制利用浮置栅极pFET'突触'的适应动力学,在时间错位的获胜者全力以赴的情况下,在输入权重之间进行竞争性学习。学习速率参数调节适应时间,而偏见则通过限制比赛中输入分支和获胜者的数量来限制资源。当学习结束时,单元格的响应会偏向于一种输入模式而不是其他输入模式,从而表现出特征选择性。这些特征选择单元嵌入到二维RC网格中,能够执行对称破坏模式的形成,这在某些皮质特征图形成的反应扩散模型中可以观察到,例如眼上的优势。就适应性和长期记忆而言,与生物网络的相似性表明该单元的设计非常适合皮质特征图的自组织特征图(SOFM)模型的模拟VLSI实现。
  • 【肯尼亚中部Mwea水稻灌溉计划中未成熟阿拉伯按蚊(Diptera:Culicidae)在水生生境中的生存。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1475-2875-5-114 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mwangangi JM,Muturi EJ,Shililu J,Muriu SM,Jacob B,Kabiru EW,Mbogo CM,Githure J,Novak R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The survivorship and distribution of Anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, central Kenya, from August 2005 to April 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. METHODS:Horizontal life tables were constructed for immatures in semi-field condition. The time spent in the various immature stages was determined and survival established. Vertical life tables were obtained from five paddies sampled by standard dipping technique. RESULTS:Pre-adult developmental time for An. arabiensis in the trays in the experimental set up in the screen house was 11.85 days from eclosion to emergence. The mean duration of each instar stage was estimated to be 1.40 days for first instars, 2.90 days for second instars, 1.85 days for third instars, 3.80 days for fourth instars and 1.90 days for pupae. A total of 590 individuals emerged into adults, giving an overall survivorship from L1 to adult emergence of 69.4%. A total of 4,956 An. arabiensis immatures were collected in 1,400 dips throughout the sampling period. Of these, 55.9% were collected during the tillering stage, 42.5% during the transplanting period and 1.6% during the land preparation stage. There was a significant difference in the An. arabiensis larval densities among the five stages. Also there was significant variation in immature stage composition for each day's collection in each paddy. These results indicate that the survival of the immatures was higher in some paddies than others. The mortality rate during the transplanting was 99.9% and at tillering was 96.6%, while the overall mortality was 98.3%. CONCLUSION:The survival of An. arabiensis immatures was better during the tillering stage of rice growth. Further the survival of immatures in rice fields is influenced by the rice agronomic activities including addition of nitrogenous fertilizers and pesticides. For effective integrated vector management, the application of larvicides should target An. arabiensis larvae at the tillering stage (early vegetative stage of rice) when their survival in the aquatic habitats is high to significantly reduce them and the larvicides should be long-lasting to have a significant impact on the malaria vector productivity on the habitats.
    背景与目标: 摘要背景:在实施幼虫控制计划之前,于2005年8月至2006年4月在肯尼亚中部Mwea灌溉计划的水稻农业生态系统中研究了阿拉伯按蚊幼虫和p的存活和分布。
    方法:为半田野条件下的未成熟个体建立水平生命表。确定了在各个未成熟阶段所花费的时间并确定了生存时间。垂直寿命表是通过标准浸蘸技术从五个稻田中获得的。
    结果:An的成年前发育时间。在筛房中实验设置的托盘中,阿拉伯甲虫从灭苗到出苗的时间为11.85天。每个幼龄阶段的平均持续时间估计为:第一龄为1.40天,第二龄为2.90天,第三龄为1.85天,第四龄为3.80天,p为1.90天。共有590人成年,从L1到成年出现的总体存活率为69.4%。总共4,956 An。在整个采样期间,共收集了1400个浸液中的未成熟阿拉伯幼体。其中,在分till期收集了55.9%,在移栽期收集了42.5%,在整地阶段收集了1.6%。 An有显着差异。五个阶段​​中的阿拉伯甲虫幼虫密度。在每个稻田中,每天收集的未成熟期组成也存在显着差异。这些结果表明,某些稻田中未成熟个体的存活率高于其他稻田。移植期间的死亡率为99.9%,分till时的死亡率为96.6%,而总死亡率为98.3%。
    结论:An的生存。水稻分the期的阿拉伯不成熟状况较好。此外,水稻农艺活动(包括添加氮肥和农药)会影响水稻田中未成熟植物的存活。为了有效地进行病媒综合管理,杀幼虫剂的应用应针对An。分rabi期(水稻的早期营养期)的阿拉伯拟南芥幼虫,当它们在水生生境中的存活率很高时,会大大减少它们,并且该幼虫应长期存在,以对生境中的疟疾媒介生产力产生重大影响。

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