BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Catch crop candidates (corn, guinea grass) for recovering nutrients from farm soil and aquatic plants (water caltrop, water hyacinth) were utilized to produce L-lactic acid. The efficiencies ofpre-treatment methods for enzymatic saccharification and L-lactate production of two fermentation processes, thermophilic simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), as well as separate saccharification and fermentation, were compared. Conditions were set at 55 degrees C and pH 5.5 for non-sterile fermentation. Alkaline/peroxide pre-treatment proved the most effective for saccharification in pre-treated corn, guinea grass, water caltrop and water hyacinth with glucose yields of 0.23, 0.20, 0.11 and 0.14 g/g-dry native biomass (24-hour incubation period), respectively. Examination of the two types of thermophilic L-lactate fermentation employed following alkaline/peroxide pre-treatment and saccharification demonstrated that the L-lactate yield obtained using SSF (0.15 g/g in the case of corn) was lower than that obtained using separate saccharification and fermentation (0.28 g/g in the case of corn). The lower yield obtained from SSF is likely to have resulted from the saccharification conditions used in the present study, as the possibility of cellulase deactivation during SSF by thermophilic L-lactate producing bacteria existed. A cellulase that retains high activity levels under non-sterile conditions and a L-lactate producer without cellulose hydrolysis activity would be required in order for SSF to serve as an effective method of L-lactate production.

背景与目标： ：利用候选农作物（玉米，几内亚草）从农场土壤和水生植物（菱角，水葫芦）中回收营养，以生产L-乳酸。比较了酶促糖化和L-乳酸生产两个发酵过程（高温同步糖化和发酵（SSF），以及单独的糖化和发酵）的预处理方法的效率。非无菌发酵的条件设定在55摄氏度和pH 5.5。碱性/过氧化物预处理被证明对预处理的玉米，豚鼠草，菱角和水葫芦最有效的糖化作用，其葡萄糖产量分别为干自然生物量0.23、0.20、0.11和0.14 g / g（24小时培养期） ）， 分别。对碱/过氧化物预处理和糖化后使用的两种嗜热L-乳酸发酵进行的检查表明，使用SSF获得的L-乳酸产量（对于玉米为0.15 g / g）低于使用单独糖化获得的L-乳酸产量和发酵（对于玉米为0.28 g / g）。由于存在嗜热L-乳酸的细菌在SSF中纤维素酶失活的可能性，本研究中使用的糖化条件可能导致SSF的收率降低。为了使SSF成为生产L-乳酸的有效方法，将需要在非无菌条件下保持高活性水平的纤维素酶和没有纤维素水解活性的L-乳酸生产者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the remediation efficiency of Mucor hiemalis by comparing media elimination, uptake, and biotransformation of microcystin-LR with exposure to pure toxin versus a crude bloom extract. RESULTS:With exposure to the extract, the elimination rate of microcystin-LR from the media, which was 0.28 ng MC-LR l-1 h-1, was significantly higher compared to that achieved with exposure to the pure toxin (0.16 ng MC-LR l-1 h-1) after 24 h. However, intracellular breakdown of microcystin-LR was significantly lower in the extract exposed pellets compared to the pure toxin treated fungal pellets over time. This coincided with reduced intracellular glutathione S-transferase activity with crude extract exposure which could be responsible for the detection of only the glutathione conjugate of microcystin-LR. CONCLUSION:This paper signifies the importance of using laboratory exposure scenarios which resemble conditions in nature to fully understand and evaluate remediation efficiency. There is merit in using M. hiemalis for mycoremediation of cyanotoxins in surface waters.

背景与目标： 目的：通过比较暴露于纯毒素与粗花粉提取物的微囊藻毒素-LR的培养基清除，吸收和生物转化，评估穆科（Mucor hiemalis）的修复效率。
结果：暴露于提取物后，培养基中微囊藻毒素LR的清除率为0.28ng MC-LR-1-1 h-1，比暴露于纯毒素（0.16ng MC）的清除率显着更高-LR l-1 h-1）24小时后。然而，随着时间的推移，与纯毒素处理过的真菌沉淀相比，暴露于提取物中的沉淀中的微囊藻毒素-LR的细胞内分解显着降低。这与暴露于粗提物中的细胞内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性降低相吻合，这可能仅负责检测微囊藻毒素-LR的谷胱甘肽共轭物。
结论：本文表明使用类似于自然条件的实验室暴露方案来充分理解和评估修复效率的重要性。使用hi。m。hiemalis介导地表水中的氰毒素是有好处的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The floating catchment area (FCA) family of metrics employ principles from gravity-based models to incorporate supply, demand, and distance in their characterization of the spatial accessibility of health care resources. Unlike traditional gravity models, the FCA metrics provide an output in highly interpretable container-like units (e.g., physicians per person). This work explores two significant issues related to FCA metrics. First, the Three Step Floating Catchment Area is critically examined. Next, the research shows that all FCA metrics contain an underlying assumption that supply locations are optimally configured to meet the needs of the population within the system. Because truly optimal configurations are highly unlikely in real-world health care systems, a modified two-step floating catchment area (M2SFCA) metric is offered to address this issue. The M2SFCA is built upon previous FCA metrics, but allows for spatial accessibility to be discounted as a result of the suboptimal configuration of health care facilities within the system. The utility of the new metric is demonstrated through simulated data examples and a case study exploring acute care hospitals in Michigan.

背景与目标： ：浮动流域面积（FCA）度量标准系列采用基于重力的模型的原理，在表征医疗保健资源的空间可及性时，将供应，需求和距离结合在一起。与传统的重力模型不同，FCA指标以高度可解释的容器状单位（例如，每人医师）提供输出。这项工作探讨了与FCA指标有关的两个重要问题。首先，对三步浮动集水区进行了严格检查。接下来，研究表明，所有FCA指标都包含一个基本假设，即对供应地点进行了最佳配置以满足系统内人口的需求。由于在现实世界的医疗保健系统中极不可能实现真正的最佳配置，因此提供了经过修改的两步浮动集水区（M2SFCA）度量标准来解决此问题。 M2SFCA建立在以前的FCA度量标准之上，但是由于系统内医疗设施的配置欠佳，因此可以降低空间可访问性。通过模拟数据示例和探索密歇根州急诊医院的案例研究，证明了该新指标的实用性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The active middle ear implant Vibrant Soundbridge© provides a variety of coupling modalities of the floating mass transducer (FMT) to various structures of the ossicular chain and the round window. A retrospective analysis was performed on 125 subjects (n = 137 ears) (1) to compare the efficacy of the different FMT coupling modalities with increasing degree of hearing loss, (2) to compare the performance in speech outcome and the effective gain between the coupling types, and (3) to evaluate the risk of additional hearing loss of each coupling procedure. The patients were grouped according to their type of FMT coupling into incus vibroplasty (incus group, n = 59), round window vibroplasty with coupler (RWC group, n = 23), round window vibroplasty without coupler (RW group, n = 22), and oval window vibroplasty with coupler (OWC group, n = 33). For each coupling group, pre- and postoperative thresholds, the results of the Freiburg monosyllable test at 65 dB SPL, and the effective gain across frequencies (0.5-6 kHz) were evaluated. A logistic regression function was used to describe the relationship between word recognition scores (WRS, in % correct) and the mean bone conduction (BC) hearing loss. The surgical procedure had no clinically relevant effect on BC thresholds of patients in each coupling group. The BC pure tone average (PTA4) for 50% WRS predicted by the model function was similar for the incus (48.2 dB nHL), RW (47.8 dB nHL), and OWC (49.0 dB nHL) groups, but higher for the RWC group (67.9 dB nHL). However, the median WRS was 80% or better with no significant differences in speech perception between coupling types (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.229). The effective gain shows an advantage for the incus coupling between 0.5 and 2 kHz over the other coupling types. The performance of the FMT coupling modalities is equally good for patients with a mild-to-moderate hearing loss, but the efficacy of coupling types differs for patients with greater hearing loss (>48 dB BC HL).

背景与目标： ：有源中耳植入物Vibrant Soundbridge©为听骨链和圆窗的各种结构提供了多种浮动质量传感器（FMT）的耦合方式。对125位受试者（n = 137耳）进行了回顾性分析（1），以比较不同FMT耦合方式的效果与听力损失程度的增加；（2）比较语言结局的表现和两者之间的有效增益。耦合类型，以及（3）评估每个耦合过程额外听力损失的风险。根据患者的FMT耦合类型将其分为in骨成形术（in骨组，n = 59），带耦合器的圆窗玻璃成形术（RWC组，n = 23），不带钩子的圆窗玻璃成形术（RW组，n = 22）。 ，以及使用耦合器的椭圆形窗口玻璃体成形术（OWC组，n = 33）。对于每个耦合组，评估术前和术后阈值，65 dB SPL的弗莱堡单音节测试结果以及整个频率（0.5-6 kHz）的有效增益。使用逻辑回归函数来描述单词识别分数（WRS，正确率％）与平均骨传导（BC）听力损失之间的关系。手术方法对每个偶联组患者的BC阈值均无临床相关影响。通过模型函数预测的50％WRS的BC纯音平均值（PTA4）在砧骨（48.2 dB nHL），RW（47.8 dB nHL）和OWC（49.0 dB nHL）组中相似，但在RWC组中更高（67.9 dB nHL）。但是，中位WRS为80％或更高，在耦合类型之间的语音感知上没有显着差异（Kruskal-Wallis检验，p = 0.229）。与其他耦合类型相比，有效增益在0.5和2 kHz之间的Incus耦合方面显示出优势。对于轻度至中度听力损失的患者，FMT耦合方式的性能同样好，但是对于听力损失较大（> 48 dB BC HL）的患者，耦合类型的功效有所不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Currently, mosquito vector control is facing a number of key challenges, including the rapid development of resistance to synthetic pesticides and the recent spread of aggressive arbovirus outbreaks. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is currently considered an environmental friendly alternative to the employ of pyrethroids, carbamates and microbial agents (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis), since AgNPs are easy to produce, effective and stable in the aquatic environment. However, their biophysical features showed wide variations according to the botanical agent using for the green synthesis, outlining the importance of screening local floral resources used as reducing and stabilizing agents. In this study, we focused on the biophysical properties and the mosquitocidal action of Quisqualis indica-fabricated AgNPs. AgNPs were characterized using spectroscopic (UV, FTIR, XRD) and microscopic (AFM, SEM, TEM and EDX) techniques. AFM, SEM and TEM confirmed the synthesis of poly-dispersed AgNPs with spherical shape and size ranging from 1 to 30nm. XRD shed light on the crystalline structure of these AgNPs. The acute toxicity of Quisqualis indica extract and AgNPs was evaluated against malaria, arbovirus, and filariasis vectors, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, as well as on three important non-target aquatic organisms. The Q. indica leaf extract showed moderate larvicidal effectiveness on Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50=220.42), Ae. aegypti (LC50=203.63) and An. stephensi (LC50=185.98). Q. indica-fabricated AgNPs showed high toxicity against Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50=14.63), Ae. aegypti (LC50=13.55) and An. stephensi (LC50=12.52), respectively. Notably, Q. indica-synthesized AgNPs were moderately toxic to non-target aquatic mosquito predators Anisops bouvieri (LC50=653.05μg/mL), Diplonychus indicus (LC50=860.94μg/mL) and Gambusia affinis (LC50=2183.16μg/mL), if compared to the targeted mosquitoes. Overall, the proposed one-pot biogenic fabrication of AgNPs using Q. indica is a low-cost and eco-friendly tool in the fight against Zika virus, malaria and filariasis vectors, with little impact against non-target aquatic mosquito predators.

背景与目标： 目前，蚊媒的控制面临许多关键挑战，包括对合成农药的抗性迅速发展以及近期侵略性虫媒病毒爆发的蔓延。银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）的生物合成目前被认为是替代拟除虫菊酯，氨基甲酸酯和微生物制剂（例如苏云金芽孢杆菌var.israelensis）的一种环境友好替代方法，因为AgNPs在水生环境中易于生产，有效且稳定。然而，根据用于绿色合成的植物剂，它们的生物物理特征显示出很大的差异，突出了筛选用作还原剂和稳定剂的当地花卉资源的重要性。在这项研究中，我们集中于Quisqualis d制造的AgNPs的生物物理特性和灭蚊作用。 AgNPs使用光谱技术（UV，FTIR，XRD）和微观技术（AFM，SEM，TEM和EDX）进行表征。 AFM，SEM和TEM证实了球形和尺寸范围为1至30nm的多分散AgNP的合成。 XRD揭示了这些AgNP的晶体结构。评价了Quisqualis indica提取物和AgNPs对疟疾，虫媒病毒和丝虫病载体，Stephensi按蚊，埃及伊蚊和库克西库克斯犬以及三种重要的非目标水生生物的急性毒性。 in叶提取物对Cx表现出中等杀幼虫效果。 quinquefasciatus（LC50 = 220.42），Ae。埃及（LC50 = 203.63）和An。斯蒂芬斯（LC50 = 185.98）。 Q. Ag制造的AgNP对Cx表现出高毒性。 quinquefasciatus（LC50 = 14.63），Ae。埃及（LC50 = 13.55）和An。斯蒂芬斯（LC50 = 12.52）。值得注意的是，Q合成的AgNPs对非目标水生捕食性蚊食美洲大按蚊（LC50 =653.05μg/ mL），印度洋双翅目（LC50 =860.94μg/ mL）和革兰（Gambusia affinis）（LC50 =2183.16μg/ mL）具有中等毒性。 ，如果与目标蚊子相比。总体而言，拟议的使用印度Q草的一锅式AgNP的生物生产是对抗寨卡病毒，疟疾和丝虫病媒介的一种低成本且生态友好的工具，对非目标水生蚊虫几乎没有影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of cholera. It is an autochthonous inhabitant of all aquatic environments. The virulence of V. cholerae is maintained by the CTX genetic element and tcpA gene. In the present investigation, environmental strains of V. cholerae isolated from different aquatic biotopes in Kerala were identified and serotyped. The antibiotic resistance pattern and presence of virulence and regulatory genes were examined. We found the presence of toxigenic non-O1/non-O139 strains harboring the CTX genetic element, heat-stable enterotoxin, rtxA gene, El Tor hemolysin, and Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI). The strains also produced the cholera toxin (CT) as determined by monosialoganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A few strains belonging to the O1 serogroup but lacking the CTX genetic element were also observed. The majority of the environmental strains belonged to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup with many possessing toxR, ompU, heat-stable enterotoxin, and rtxA gene. The toxigenic non-O1/non-O139 strains exhibited resistance to trimethoprim, ampicillin, and polymixin B and intermediate resistance to co-trimoxazole. However, all other environmental strains were found resistant to ampicillin and polymixin B. Our findings demonstrate that the virulence genes are dispersed among the environmental strains of V. cholerae and a complex aquatic environment can give rise to pathogenic V. cholerae.

背景与目标： ：霍乱弧菌是霍乱的病原体。它是所有水生环境的土生土长的居民。霍乱弧菌的毒力由CTX遗传元件和tcpA基因维持。在本研究中，从喀拉拉邦不同水生生物群落中分离出的霍乱弧菌环境菌株被鉴定并进行了血清分型。检查了抗生素的耐药性模式以及毒力和调控基因的存在。我们发现存在具有CTX遗传元件，热稳定肠毒素，rtxA基因，El Tor溶血素和弧菌致病岛（VPI）的产毒非O1 / non-O139菌株。通过单唾液酸神经节苷脂酶联免疫吸附试验测定，该菌株还产生了霍乱毒素（CT）。还观察到一些属于O1血清群但缺乏CTX遗传元件的菌株。大多数环境菌株属于非O1 /非O139血清群，其中许多具有toxR，ompU，热稳定肠毒素和rtxA基因。产毒的非O1 / non-O139菌株对甲氧苄啶，氨苄青霉素和多粘菌素B表现出抗性，对复方新诺明的耐药性中等。但是，所有其他环境菌株均被发现对氨苄西林和多菌灵B具有抗性。我们的发现表明，致病性基因分散在霍乱弧菌的环境菌株中，复杂的水生环境会引起霍乱弧菌。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An effective biological early warning system for the detection of water contamination should employ undemanding species that rapidly react to the presence of contaminants in their environment. The demonstrated reaction should be comprehensible and unambiguously evidential of the contamination event. This study utilized 96h post fertilization zebrafish larvae and tested their behavioral response to acute exposure to low concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625mg/L) and permethrin (0.05, 0.029, 0.017, 0.01μg/L). We hypothesize that the number of larvae that show advanced trajectories in a group corresponds with water contamination, as the latter triggers avoidance behavior in the organisms. The proportion of advanced trajectories in the control and treated groups during the first minute of darkness was designated as a segregation parameter. It was parametrized and a threshold value was set using one CdCl2 trial and then applied to the remaining CdCl2 and permethrin replicates. For all cases, the method allowed distinguishing between the control and treated groups within two cycles of light: dark. The calculated parameter was statistically significantly different between the treated and control groups, except for the lowest CdCl2 concentration (0.625mg/L) in one replicate. This proof-of-concept study shows the potential of the proposed methodology for utilization as part of a multispecies biomonitoring system.

背景与目标： ：用于检测水污染的有效生物预警系统应采用对环境中污染物的存在有快速反应的不昂贵物种。所证明的反应应该是可理解的，并且是污染事件的明确证据。本研究利用斑马鱼受精后96小时的幼虫，测试了它们对急性暴露于低浓度氯化镉（CdCl2）（5.0、2.5、1.25、0.625mg / L）和氯菊酯（0.05、0.029、0.017、0.01μg / L）的行为响应）。我们假设一组中显示高级轨迹的幼虫数量与水污染相对应，因为后者会触发生物体中的回避行为。在黑暗的第一分钟内，对照组和治疗组中先进轨迹的比例被指定为隔离参数。将其参数化，并使用一项CdCl2试验设置阈值，然后将其应用于其余的CdCl2和苄氯菊酯重复样品。对于所有情况，该方法都可以在两个亮周期：暗周期内区分对照组和治疗组。除了一组重复实验中最低的CdCl2浓度（0.625mg / L）外，治疗组和对照组之间的计算参数在统计学上有显着差异。这项概念验证研究表明了所提出的方法在多物种生物监测系统中的应用潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work relates to the development and the in vitro evaluation of sustained-release minitablets (MT), prepared by melt granulation and subsequent compression, which are designed to float over an extended period of time. Levodopa was used as a model drug. The importance of the composition and manufacturing parameters of the MT on their floating and dissolution properties was then examined. The investigation showed that MT composition and MT diameter had the greatest influence on drug release, which was sustained for more than 8h. By using the same formulation, the best floating properties were obtained with 3mm MT prepared at low compression forces ranging between 50 and 100N. Their resultant-weight (RW) values were always higher than those obtained with a marketed HBS dosage form within 13h. When they were filled into gelatin capsules, no sticking was observed. By evaluating the dissolution profiles of levodopa at different pH values, it was found that dissolution profiles depend more on the prolonged-release ability of Methocel K15M than on the pH-dependent solubility of levodopa. Finally, the robustness of the floating MT was assessed by testing the drug release variability in function of the stirring conditions during dissolution tests.

背景与目标： ：这项工作涉及通过熔融制粒和随后的压制制备的缓释微型片剂（MT）的开发和体外评估，这些制剂旨在长时间漂浮。左旋多巴用作模型药物。然后检查了MT的组成和制造参数对它们的漂浮和溶解特性的重要性。调查表明，MT的组成和MT的直径对药物释放的影响最大，持续时间超过8h。通过使用相同的配方，在50至100N的低压缩力下制备3mm MT可获得最佳漂浮性能。它们的总重量（RW）值始终高于在13小时内使用市售HBS剂型获得的结果。当将它们装入明胶胶囊中时，未观察到粘附。通过评估左旋多巴在不同pH值下的溶出曲线，发现溶出曲线更多地取决于Methocel K15M的延长释放能力，而不是取决于左旋多巴的pH依赖性溶解度。最后，通过在溶出度测试中测试药物释放在搅拌条件下的功能变化来评估浮动MT的坚固性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe a free-floating cyst in the anterior chamber after cataract surgery in a 73-year-old woman who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification in her right eye (OD). The best-corrected visual acuity one week after surgery was 20/20 OD; however, six weeks later, she noted the onset of intermittent "shadows" in this eye whenever she changed head position. Slit lamp examination showed a round, free-floating, clear cyst (3-4 mm in diameter) that traversed the central visual axis during eye movement. The cyst was removed through a limbal incision, by expressing it gently out of the eye with viscoelastic injection into the anterior chamber. On pathological examination the inner wall of the cyst was lined with non-keratinized squamous epithelium, typical of ocular surface cells.

背景与目标： ：我们描述了一名白内障手术后，一名73岁妇女右眼（OD）接受了正常超声乳化术的前房中前囊的自由浮动囊肿。手术后一周的最佳矫正视力为20/20 OD。然而，六个星期后，她注意到每当改变头位时，这只眼睛就会出现间歇性“阴影”。裂隙灯检查显示出圆形，自由漂浮的透明囊肿（直径3-4 mm），在眼球运动过程中横穿了中心视轴。通过角膜缘切口去除囊肿，方法是将粘膜轻轻注入眼前囊，将其从眼中表达出来。在病理检查中，囊肿的内壁衬有非角质化的鳞状上皮，这是眼表细胞的典型特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of the study was to detect if increases in functional levels for patients with osteoarthritis show differences between an aquatic exercise program and a land-based exercise program. Forty-six subjects between the ages of 45 and 70 years participated in 1 of 2 exercise groups. Pre- and posttest measurements included knee range of motion (ROM), thigh girth, subjective pain scale, and time for a 1-mile walk. Both exercise groups showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in all measurements between pre- and posttests. There were no significant differences between the aquatic exercise group and the land-based exercise group pertaining to knee ROM, thigh girth, and time for a 1-mile walk. Subjective pain levels were significantly less in the aquatic group when compared with the land-based group. This study concludes that both aquatic and land-based exercise programs are beneficial to patients with osteoarthritis.

背景与目标： ：该研究的目的是检测骨关节炎患者功能水平的提高是否显示出水上运动计划和陆上运动计划之间的差异。年龄在45至70岁之间的46位受试者参加了2个运动组中的1个运动组。测试前和测试后的测量包括膝盖的运动范围（ROM），大腿周长，主观疼痛量表和1英里步行时间。两个运动组在测试前和测试后之间的所有测量结果均显示显着（p <0.05）增加。水上运动组和陆上运动组之间在膝部ROM，大腿周长和步行1英里的时间方面没有显着差异。与陆基组相比，水生组的主观疼痛水平明显降低。这项研究得出的结论是，水上运动和陆上运动计划都对骨关节炎患者有益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An ecological study of pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments of Okayama was carried out. The number of Vibrio parahaemolyticus detected in the sea area was comparatively smaler than that found in the survey of about two decades ago. Various reasons for the decrease in the case of food poisoning by V. parahaemolyticus have been suggested but the lower number of the vibrio in aquatic environments may be one explanation. Although the number of V. vulnificus was also not as large, most of the isolates possessed the pathogenic genes, vvp and vvh, suggesting the potential for fatal pathogenicity to patients having underlying diseases. As for V. cholerae, some non-O1/non-O139 serovar isolates were detected in a fresh water area, and many of them had hlyA, the gene for hemolysin which acts as a pathogenic factor in sporadic cases of diarrhea. Thus, the total number of pathogenic vibrios detected was not of concern. However, the marine products of these areas are shipped in wide area and are for general consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to survey pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments in order to ensure food hygiene.

背景与目标： ：对冈山水生环境中的致病性弧菌进行了生态学研究。在海域中检测到的副溶血性弧菌数量比大约二十年前的调查中发现的数量小得多。已经提出了各种原因来减少副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的情况，但是在水生环境中弧菌数量较低可能是一种解释。尽管创伤弧菌的数量也没有那么多，但大多数分离株都具有致病基因vvp和vvh，这提示潜在疾病患者可能具有致命的致病性。至于霍乱弧菌，在淡水地区发现了一些非O1 /非O139血清型分离株，其中许多具有hlyA基因，即溶血素基因，在偶尔的腹泻病例中是致病因子。因此，所检测到的病原性弧菌的总数是无关紧要的。但是，这些地区的水产品运输范围很广，仅供一般消费。因此，有必要继续调查水生环境中的病原性弧菌，以确保食品卫生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied petroleum biodegradation by biostimulation by using water in oil in water (W/O/W) double emulsions. These emulsions were developed using seawater, canola oil, surfactants, and mineral salts as sources of NPK. The emulsions were used in the simulation of hydrocarbon bioremediation in oligotrophic sea water. Hydrocarbon biodegradation was evaluated by CO2 emissions from microcosms. We also evaluated the release of inorganic nutrients and the stability of the emulsion's droplets. The double emulsions improved CO2 emission from the microcosms, suggesting the increase in the hydrocarbon biodegradation. Mineral nutrients were gradually released from the emulsions supporting the hydrocarbon biodegradation. This was attributed to the formation of different diameters of droplets and therefore, varying stabilities of the droplets. Addition of the selected hydrocarbonoclastic isolates simulating bioaugmentation improved the hydrocarbon biodegradation. We conclude that the nutrient-rich W/O/W emulsion developed in this study is an effective biostimulation agent for bioremediation in oligotrophic aquatic environments.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了使用水包油（W / O / W）双乳化液中的水通过生物刺激进行的石油生物降解。这些乳液是使用海水，低芥酸菜子油，表面活性剂和无机盐作为NPK的来源开发的。该乳液用于模拟贫营养海水中的烃生物修复。碳氢化合物的生物降解通过微观世界的CO2排放进行评估。我们还评估了无机养分的释放和乳液液滴的稳定性。双乳状液改善了微观世界的CO2排放，表明碳氢化合物的生物降解增加。矿物质养分从乳状液中逐渐释放出来，以支持烃类生物降解。这归因于形成不同直径的液滴，因此液滴的稳定性不同。添加选定的模拟生物强化的烃碎屑分离物改善了烃的生物降解。我们得出的结论是，在这项研究中开发的营养丰富的W / O / W乳液是一种在贫营养水生环境中进行生物修复的有效生物刺激剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many human diseases are caused by pathogens that produce exotoxins. The genes that encode these exotoxins are frequently encoded by mobile DNA elements such as plasmids or phage. Mobile DNA elements can move exotoxin genes among microbial hosts, converting avirulent bacteria into pathogens. Phage and bacteria from water, soil, and sediment environments represent a potential reservoir of phage- and plasmid-encoded exotoxin genes. The genes encoding exotoxins that are the causes of cholera, diphtheria, enterohemorrhagic diarrhea, and Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning were found in soil, sediment, and water samples by standard PCR assays from locations where the human diseases are uncommon or nonexistent. On average, at least one of the target exotoxin genes was detected in approximately 15% of the more than 300 environmental samples tested. The results of standard PCR assays were confirmed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and Southern dot blot analyses. Agreement between the results of the standard PCR and QPCR ranged from 63% to 84%; and the agreement between standard PCR and Southern dot blots ranged from 50% to 66%. Both the cholera and shiga exotoxin genes were also found in the free phage DNA fraction. The results indicate that phage-encoded exotoxin genes are widespread and mobile in terrestrial and aquatic environments.

背景与目标： ：许多人类疾病是由产生外毒素的病原体引起的。编码这些外毒素的基因通常由可移动的DNA元件（如质粒或噬菌体）编码。可移动的DNA元素可以在微生物宿主之间移动外毒素基因，从而将无毒细菌转化为病原体。来自水，土壤和沉积物环境的噬菌体和细菌代表着噬菌体和质粒编码的外毒素基因的潜在库。通过标准PCR检测在人类疾病不常见或不存在的地方的土壤，沉积物和水样中发现了编码霍乱，白喉，肠出血性腹泻和金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒的外毒素编码基因。平均而言，在所测试的300多个环境样本中，大约有15％检测到了目标外毒素基因中的至少一种。通过定量PCR（QPCR）和Southern点印迹分析证实了标准PCR测定的结果。标准PCR和QPCR结果之间的一致性介于63％至84％之间；标准PCR和Southern点印迹的一致性介于50％至66％之间。霍乱和志贺外毒素基因也都在游离噬菌体DNA部分中发现。结果表明，噬菌体编码的外毒素基因在陆地和水生环境中广泛存在并且可以移动。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human microsporidiosis, a serious disease of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed people, can be due to zoonotic and environmental transmission of microsporidian spores. A survey utilizing conventional and molecular techniques for examining feces from 570 free-ranging, captive, and livestock birds demonstrated that 21 animals shed microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans, including Encephalitozoon hellem (20 birds; 3.5%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (1 bird; 0.2%). Of 11 avian species that shed E. hellem and E. intestinalis, 8 were aquatic birds (i.e., common waterfowl). The prevalence of microsporidian infections in waterfowl (8.6%) was significantly higher than the prevalence of microsporidian infections in other birds (1.1%) (P < 0.03); waterfowl fecal droppings contained significantly more spores (mean, 3.6 x 10(5) spores/g) than nonaquatic bird droppings contained (mean, 4.4 x 10(4) spores/g) (P < 0.003); and the presence of microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans in fecal samples was statistically associated with the aquatic status of the avian host (P < 0.001). We demonstrated that a single visit of a waterfowl flock can introduce into the surface water approximately 9.1 x 10(8) microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans. Our findings demonstrate that waterborne microsporidian spores of species that infect people can originate from common waterfowl, which usually occur in large numbers and have unlimited access to surface waters, including waters used for production of drinking water.

背景与目标： ：人小孢子虫病是具有免疫能力和免疫抑制能力的人的严重疾病，可能是由于小孢子虫孢子的人畜共患和环境传播所致。使用常规和分子技术进行的一项调查从570只自由放养，圈养和家禽身上收集的粪便进行的调查表明，有21只动物脱落了已知会感染人类的​​微孢子虫孢子，其中包括大头目乙脑（20例； 3.5％）和大头目肠（1个）鸟； 0.2％）。在11种散布有大肠埃希菌和肠道小肠埃希菌的鸟类中，有8种是水生鸟类（即普通水禽）。水禽中微孢子虫感染的发生率（8.6％）显着高于其他鸟类中的微孢子虫感染的发生率（1.1％）（P <0.03）；水禽粪便中所含的孢子（平均值为3.6 x 10（5）孢子/ g）比非水禽粪便中所含的孢子（平均值为4.4 x 10（4）孢子/ g）多（P <0.003）；粪便样品中已知会感染人类的​​物种的微孢子虫孢子的存在与禽类寄主的水生状况在统计学上相关（P <0.001）。我们证明，水禽群的单次造访可以将大约9.1 x 10（8）已知会感染人类的​​物种的微孢子虫孢子引入地表水。我们的研究结果表明，感染人类的​​水生微孢子虫孢子可以起源于常见的水禽，该水禽通常大量出现，并且无限制地获取地表水，包括用于生产饮用水的水。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :After a failed mandibular osteodistraction, the wrong positioned mandible of a few patients with Pierre Robin sequence returned in the most functional position and regained a proper symmetry, without external intervention. The study aims to explain this self-adjustment and introduce the floating bone phenomenon.The inclusion criteria were severe micrognathia, Fast and Early Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis protocol, postoperative mandibular wrong positioning, presurgery, immediate postsurgery, and long-term computed tomography scan. Five patients were included. The considered parameters were the distance between mandibular dental centerline and midsagittal facial axis, the rotation of the mandibular body, the magnitude of elongation, and the lowering of the mandibular body.Three patients went from a decentralization >4 mm in the activation phase to a normalization of the said value in the follow-up. In the same period, the interincisal point of 2 patients moved respectively from 0.5 mm on the left and 0.8 mm on the right to 1.2 mm and 1.6 mm on the right, respectively. The rotation of the mandibular body was meanly 25.6° among all patients. The mean value of the distraction was 14.1 mm. A difference of about 4.4 mm between the left and the right side was measured. The lowering of the mandible varied between 2.8 and 12.6 mm.All patients improved their symmetry. Four of them improved in all the measured parameters, while 1 patient presented a worsening in the decentralization of the interincisal point.The floating bone phenomenon could break new grounds in the management of patients with Pierre Robin sequence.

背景与目标： ：在下颌骨牵引失败后，少数具有Pierre Robin序列的患者的下颌骨位置错误，在没有外部干预的情况下恢复了最功能的位置并恢复了适当的对称性。该研究旨在解释这种自我调整并引入浮骨现象。纳入标准为严重微棘突症，快速和早期下颌骨牵张成骨方案，术后下颌骨错误定位，术前，即刻术后以及长期计算机断层扫描。包括五名患者。考虑的参数包括下颌牙齿中心线与矢状面中轴之间的距离，下颌体的旋转，伸长的幅度以及下颌体的降落。三例患者在激活阶段从分散性> 4 tomm转移到了下颌骨。在随访中将所述值归一化。在同一时期，2例患者的切入点分别从左侧的0.5mm和右侧的0.8mm分别移至右侧的1.2mm和1.6mm。在所有患者中，下颌体的旋转平均为25.6°。牵引力的平均值为14.1mm。测量到左侧和右侧之间的差异约为4.4mm。下颌骨的下降幅度在2.8至12.6mm之间，所有患者的对称性均得到了改善。其中有四个在所有测量参数上都有改善，而有1个患者的切齿间点分散性恶化。浮骨现象可能会为Pierre Robin序列患者的治疗开辟新的领域。