BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to evaluate the value of the volumetric fraction of vascular endothelial cells (EnVF) for determining endometrial receptivity in women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS:The records of women undergoing IVF/ICSI between 2006 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. An endometrial biopsy was performed in the cycle prior to IVF/ICSI. EnVF was calculated from endometrial biopsy staining. RESULTS:Twenty-seven patients who did not become pregnant, 8 who had a miscarriage, and 21 with a clinical pregnancy were included. The three groups were similar with respect to infertility and IVF characteristics. An EnVF ≤3.85 was associated with not becoming pregnant, an EnVF >5.29 with miscarriage, and a level between 3.86 and 5.29 was associated with clinical pregnancy (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:EnVF examined in the prior cycle may be a marker of endometrial receptivity and predict the chance of pregnancy in women undergoing IVF/ICSI.

背景与目标： 目的：我们的目的是评估血管内皮细胞（EnVF）的体积分数对确定体外受精/胞浆内精子注射（IVF / ICSI）妇女的子宫内膜容受性的价值。
材料与方法：回顾性分析了2006年至2010年间进行IVF / ICSI的妇女的记录。在IVF / ICSI之前的周期中进行子宫内膜活检。从子宫内膜活检染色计算EnVF。
结果：27例未怀孕，8例流产，21例临床妊娠。这三组在不育和IVF特征方面相似。 EnVF≤3.85与未怀孕有关，EnVF> 5.29与流产有关，而3.86至5.29之间的水平与临床妊娠有关（p = 0.001）。
结论：前一个周期检查的EnVF可能是子宫内膜接受性的标志，并预测接受IVF / ICSI的妇女怀孕的机会。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In Discoglossus pictus eggs, only the dimple contains ionic channels active at fertilization; in particular, chloride channels are found in the central portion of the dimple, which is also the site of sperm penetration. Moreover the dimple hosts an imposing cytoskeleton, consisting of a cortical network and bundles of microfilaments extending from the microvilli. Since spectrin cross links actin and is connected through ankyrin to anion transporters in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes as well as to anion channels in other cells, we studied, in D. pictus egg, the relationship between the localization of spectrin and the high polarization of ionic channels and cytoskeletal organization. By means of immunocytochemistry, we localized spectrin exclusively in the egg dimple. In an attempt to trace back the source of spectrin localization, we immunostained sections of D. pictus ovary and localized spectrin in the nuclei of previtellogenic oocytes, where actin is also present. Antispectrin staining remained until germinal vesicle breakdown. By contrast, a cortical localization was found only when the oocytes divided into two hemispheres and into the germinative area (GA), which, after germinal vesicle breakdown, gives rise to the dimple. At this stage the antispectrin signal was particularly strong in the GA. Using Rho-pialloidin, we also established that spectrin is generally present where F-actin is found. However, spectrin and F-actin do not have the same pattern of fluorescence. In conclusion, our data suggest that spectrin may play a role in oocyte and egg polarity. In eggs, it could be instrumental in anchoring to the cytoskeleton membrane proteins such as receptors and ionic channels, including chloride-permeable channels.

背景与目标： ：在盘pic蛋中，只有酒窝中含有在受精时活跃的离子通道；特别地，在酒窝的中央部分发现了氯离子通道，这也是精子穿透的部位。此外，酒窝有一个气势旺盛的细胞骨架，由皮质网络和从微绒毛延伸出来的微丝束组成。由于血影蛋白交联肌动蛋白并通过锚蛋白连接至红细胞质膜中的阴离子转运蛋白以及其他细胞中的阴离子通道，因此我们在D. pictus卵中研究了血影蛋白的定位与高蛋白极化之间的关系。离子通道和细胞骨架组织。通过免疫细胞化学，我们将血影蛋白仅定位在蛋酒窝中。为了追溯血影蛋白定位的来源，我们对D. pictus卵巢的切片进行了免疫染色，并在前玻璃化卵母细胞的核中定位了血影蛋白，那里也存在肌动蛋白。保留抗谱蛋白染色直至生发囊泡破裂。相比之下，仅当卵母细胞分为两个半球并进入发芽区域（GA）时才发现皮层定位，在发芽囊泡破裂后会形成酒窝。在此阶段，GA中的抗谱蛋白信号特别强。使用Rho-pialloidin，我们还确定在发现F-肌动蛋白的地方通常存在血影蛋白。然而，血影蛋白和F-肌动蛋白没有相同的荧光模式。总之，我们的数据表明血影蛋白可能在卵母细胞和卵的极性中起作用。在卵中，它可能有助于锚定细胞骨架膜蛋白，例如受体和离子通道，包括氯离子可渗透通道。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To compare the outcome of IVF-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using testicular spermatozoa obtained on the day of ovum pick-up (OPU) or on the day before OPU. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:An IVF clinic in a university hospital. PATIENT(S):Forty-seven IVF-ICSI cycles using testicular spermatozoa in 28 couples with the male partner suffering from nonobstructive azoospermia. INTERVENTION(S):Sperm retrieval was performed either on the OPU day (23 cycles in 19 patients; group A) or on the day before OPU (24 cycles in 15 patients; group B). Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) was performed and followed by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) if no spermatozoa could be found. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):The presence of motile spermatozoa at the time of ICSI and fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates. RESULT(S):A similar proportion of motile spermatozoa (60.9% vs. 62.5%), fertilization rate (61.7% vs. 58.9%), and clinical pregnancy rate per transfer (34.8% and 29.2%) were obtained for groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION(S):Testicular sperm retrieval can be performed on the day before OPU without compromising success. Considerable medical and practical advantages may be offered by further advancement of testicular sperm retrieval procedures to 48 hours before OPU. This approach should thus be further evaluated.

背景与目标： 目的：比较使用卵子取卵日（OPU）或OPU前一天获得的睾丸精子进行IVF-胞浆内精子注射（ICSI）的结果。
设计：回顾性研究。
地点：大学医院的试管婴儿诊所。
患者：28对使用睾丸精子的IVF-ICSI周期为28对，其男性伴侣患有非阻塞性无精子症。
干预：在OPU当天（19例，23个周期； A组）或OPU注射前一天（15例，24个周期； B组）进行精子取出。进行睾丸精子抽吸（TESA），如果找不到精子，则进行睾丸精子提取（TESE）。
主要观察指标：ICSI，施肥和临床妊娠率时存在活动精子。
结果：A组和A组获得了相似比例的活动精子（60.9％对62.5％），受精率（61.7％对58.9％）和每次转移的临床妊娠率（34.8％和29.2％）。 B分别。
结论：可以在OPU前一天进行睾丸精子取回，而不会影响成功率。通过将睾丸精子取出程序进一步推进到OPU之前48小时，可以提供相当大的医学和实践优势。因此，应进一步评估这种方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The role of terrestrial soil nutrient supply in determining the composition and productivity of epiphyte communities has been little investigated. In a montane Hawaiian rainforest, we documented dramatic increases in the abundance and species richness of canopy epiphytes in a forest that had been fertilized annually with phosphorus (P) for 15 years; there was no response in forest that had been fertilized with nitrogen (N) or other nutrients. The response of N-fixing lichens to P fertilization was particularly strong, although mosses and non-N-fixing lichens also increased in abundance and diversity. We show that enhancement of canopy P availability is the most likely factor driving the bloom in epiphytes. These results provide strong evidence that terrestrial soil fertility may structure epiphyte communities, and in particular that the abundance of N-fixing lichens--a functionally important epiphyte group--may be particularly sensitive to ecosystem P availability.

背景与目标： ：很少研究陆地土壤养分供应对确定附生植物群落组成和生产力的作用。在夏威夷山区的雨林中，我们记录了每年用磷（P）施肥15年的森林中冠层附生植物的丰度和物种丰富度的急剧增加；在用氮（N）或其他养分施肥的森林中没有反应。固氮地衣对磷肥的响应特别强烈，尽管苔藓和非固氮地衣的丰度和多样性也有所增加。我们表明，冠层P可用性的提高是驱动附生植物开花的最可能因素。这些结果提供了有力的证据，表明陆地土壤肥力可能构成了附生植物群落，尤其是固氮的地衣植物（功能上重要的附生植物群）可能对生态系统磷的可用性特别敏感。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Human follicular fluid (FF) is a unique biological fluid in which the oocyte develops in vivo, and presents an optimal source for non-invasive biochemical predictors. Oocyte quality directly influences the embryo development and hence, may be used as a predictor of embryo quality. Peptide profiling of FF and its potential use as a biomarker for oocyte quality has never been reported. METHODS:This study screened FF for peptide biomarkers that predict the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Potential biomarkers were discovered by investigating 2 training datasets, consisting both of 17 samples and validating on an independent experiment containing 32 samples. Peptide profiles were acquired by nano-scale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS). RESULTS:From the training datasets 53 peptides were found as potential biomarker candidates, predicting the fertilization outcome of 24 out of the 32 validation samples blindly (81.3% sensitivity, 68.8% specificity, AUC = 0.86). Seven potential biomarker peptides were identified. They were derived from: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, alpha-2-antiplasmin, complement component 3, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1, serum albumin, protein diaphanous homolog 1 and plastin-3. CONCLUSIONS:The MS-based comprehensive peptidomic approach carried out in this study, established a novel panel of potential biomarkers that present a promising predictive accuracy rate in fertilization outcome, and indicates FF as an interesting biomarker resource to improve IVF clinic routine.

背景与目标： 背景：人卵泡液（FF）是卵母细胞在体内发育的独特生物液，是非侵入性生化预测因子的最佳来源。卵母细胞的质量直接影响胚胎的发育，因此可以用作胚胎质量的预测指标。 FF的肽谱分析及其作为卵母细胞质量生物标志物的潜在用途尚未见报道。
方法：本研究从FF中筛选了预测体外受精（IVF）结果的肽生物标志物。通过研究2个训练数据集（包括17个样本）并在包含32个样本的独立实验中进行验证，发现了潜在的生物标志物。通过与串联质谱联用的纳米级液相色谱（纳米LC-MS / MS）获得肽谱。
结果：从训练数据集中发现了53种肽作为潜在的生物标志物候选物，盲目预测了32个验证样品中24个的受精结果（敏感性为81.3％，特异性为68.8％，AUC = 0.86）。鉴定了七个潜在的生物标志物肽。它们来自：胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白5，α-2-抗纤溶酶，补体成分3，α-胰蛋白酶间抑制剂重链H1，血清白蛋白，透色同源物1和plastin-3。
结论：在这项研究中基于质谱的综合肽组学方法，建立了一个潜在的生物标志物的新小组，提出了有希望的受精结果的预测准确率，并表明FF是改善IVF临床常规的有趣的生物标志物资源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of low body mass index (BMI) on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in fresh transfer cycles. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study. SETTING:University-affiliated hospital. PATIENT(S):A total of 4,798 cycles with conventional stimulation and fresh transfer in a single IVF center during the period 2013-2014. Low BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) was defined according to World Health Organization guidelines, and cycles within a normal weight range (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) were used as reference. INTERVENTION(S):None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Live birth rate per fresh embryo transfer. RESULT(S):Low BMI was associated with reduced live birth rates and increased miscarriage rates compared with normal weight, controlling for important covariates known to influence IVF outcomes. Patient age was the most potent confounder, causing a 10.5% reduction in the odds ratio (OR) for live birth between the groups compared. When an interaction term (age × BMI) was introduced, the OR for live birth was reduced in cycles of those aged ≥35 years compared with cycles of those aged 28-34 years, whereas the change in OR between cycles in those aged <28 and cycles in those aged 28-34 years was insignificant. CONCLUSION(S):Low BMI is associated with negative outcomes in fresh transfer cycles, especially for women of advanced age.

背景与目标： 目的：评估低体重指数（BMI）对新鲜转移周期中体外受精（IVF）结果的影响。
设计：回顾性队列研究。
单位：大学附属医院。
患者：2013-2014年期间，单个IVF中心总共进行了4,798个周期的常规刺激和新鲜转移。根据世界卫生组织的指南定义了低BMI（<18.5 kg / m2），并以正常体重范围（18.5-24.9 kg / m2）内的周期为参考。
干预措施：无。
主要观察指标：每次新鲜胚胎移植的活产率。
结果：与正常体重相比，低BMI与活产率降低和流产率增加有关，控制了已知影响IVF结果的重要协变量。患者年龄是最有力的混杂因素，导致两组之间活产的比值比（OR）降低10.5％。引入交互作用项（年龄×BMI）时，≥35岁的人的活产儿的OR值比28-34岁的人的活产儿的OR值降低，而<28岁的人的活产儿的OR值变化并且年龄在28-34岁之间的周期微不足道。
结论：低BMI与新鲜转移周期的负结果有关，尤其是对于高龄女性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in comparison with conventional reinsemination using fertilization failed oocytes by conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS:Oocytes were collected from patients of IVF or ICSI cycles. Patients were grouped by fertilization techniques: group 1: conventional IVF; group 2: reinsemination after conventional IVF failure; group 3: regular ICSI; group 4: 1-day-old ICSI after conventional IVF failure; group 5: 2-day-old ICSI after conventional IVF failure; group 6: re-ICSI after regular ICSI failure. RESULTS:In different insemination groups, normal fertilization rate was higher (P < 0.001) in 1-day-old ICSI (47.1%) and 2-day-old ICSI groups (40.0%) than in reinsemination (14.7%). Abnormal fertilization rate was higher (P < 0.05) in re-ICSI group (21.7%) than any other groups (range: 0-8%). Cleavage rate was higher in 1-day-old (36.7%) and 2-day-old ICSI groups (36.0%) than in reinsemination (5.3%, P < 0.001) or re-ICSI groups (17.4%, P < 0.05). Pregnancy rate was 27.6% and 20.0% in conventional IVF and regular ICSI groups, respectively. However, 1-day-old ICSI (group 4) and 2-day-old ICSI (group 5) were attempted once embryo transfer (ET) but failed pregnancy occurred in each group. CONCLUSIONS:In fertilization failure cycles, late ICSI increases the rate of fertilization and embryonic development and may rescue the completely failed attempt of pregnancy.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是评估与通过常规体外受精（IVF）使用受精失败的卵母细胞进行常规重新人工授精相比，胞浆内精子注射（ICSI）的疗效。
方法：从IVF或ICSI周期患者中收集卵母细胞。通过受精技术对患者进行分组：第一组：常规IVF；第二组：常规IVF。第2组：常规IVF失败后再次人工授精；第三组：常规ICSI；第4组：常规IVF失败后1天大的ICSI；第5组：常规IVF失败后2天大的ICSI；第6组：常规的ICSI故障后重新使用ICSI。
结果：在不同的授精组中，1天大的ICSI组（47.1％）和2天大的ICSI组（40.0％）的正常受精率高于再授精（14.7％）。 re-ICSI组（21.7％）的异常受精率高于其他任何组（范围：0-8％）（P <0.05）。 1天大（36.7％）和2天大ICSI组（36.0％）的卵裂率高于再受精（5.3％，P <0.001）或re-ICSI组（17.4％，P <0.05） 。常规IVF组和常规ICSI组的妊娠率分别为27.6％和20.0％。然而，一旦胚胎移植（ET）但怀孕失败，每组都尝试使用1天大的ICSI（第4组）和2天大的ICSI（第5组）。
结论：在受精失败的周期中，晚期ICSI可增加受精和胚胎发育的速度，并可能挽救完全失败的妊娠尝试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical predictors of failure of a single dose of methotrexate (MTX) for management of ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS:A retrospective cohort study was performed of women who conceived ectopic pregnancies following fresh or frozen IVF cycles at an academic infertility clinic between 2007 and 2014, and received intramuscular MTX (50 mg/m2). Successful single-dose MTX treatment was defined as a serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) decline ≥15% between days 4 and 7 post-treatment. Logistic regression models adjusted for oocyte age, number of embryos transferred, and prior ectopic pregnancy were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of failing one dose of MTX. RESULTS:Sixty-four patients with ectopic pregnancies after IVF were included. Forty required only one dose of MTX (62.5%), while 15 required additional MTX alone (up to four total doses, 23.4%), and 9 required surgery (14.1%). By multivariable logistic regression, the highest tertiles of serum hCG at peak (≥499 IU/L, OR = 9.73, CI 1.88-50.25) and at first MTX administration (≥342 IU/L, OR = 4.74, CI 1.11-20.26), fewer embryos transferred (OR = 0.37 per each additional embryo transferred, CI 0.19-0.74), and adnexal mass by ultrasound (OR = 3.65, CI 1.10-12.11) were each correlated with greater odds of requiring additional MTX and/or surgery. CONCLUSION:This is the first study to report that in women with ectopic pregnancies after IVF, higher hCG-though well below treatment failure thresholds previously described in spontaneous pregnancies-fewer embryos transferred, and adnexal masses are associated with greater odds of failing one dose of MTX. These findings can be used to counsel IVF patients regarding the likelihood of success with single-dose MTX.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是研究单剂量甲氨蝶呤（MTX）在体外受精（IVF）后处理异位妊娠失败的临床预测指标。
方法：一项回顾性队列研究是对2007年至2014年间在学术不育诊所接受新鲜或冷冻IVF周期后异位妊娠并接受肌内MTX（50 mg / m2）的女性进行的。成功的单剂量MTX治疗定义为治疗后第4天至第7天血清β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）下降≥15％。使用针对卵母细胞年龄，转移的胚胎数和先前的异位妊娠进行调整的逻辑回归模型，以评估一剂MTX失败的调整后的优势比（OR）（95％置信区间[CI]）。
结果：纳入IVF后异位妊娠的64例患者。四十只只需要一剂MTX（62.5％），而十五只需要单独的MTX（最多四剂，占总剂量的23.4％），九只需要手术（占14.1％）。通过多变量logistic回归分析，血清hCG的最高三分位数在峰值（≥499IU / L，OR = 9.73，CI 1.88-50.25）和首次MTX给药时（≥342IU / L，OR = 4.74，CI 1.11-20.26） ，更少的胚胎被移植（每增加一个胚胎，OR = 0.37，CI 0.19-0.74）和超声附件质量（OR = 3.65，CI 1.10-12.11）都与需要额外MTX和/或手术的几率相关。
结论：这是第一项报道IVF后异位妊娠妇女的hCG较高，尽管其远低于自发妊娠所描述的治疗失败阈值，但胚胎移植却少了，而附件包块与一次剂量的失败失败的可能性更大。 MTX。这些发现可用于就单剂量MTX成功的可能性向IVF患者提供咨询。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is home to the vast grassland in China. The QTP grassland ecosystem has been seriously degraded by human land use practices and climate change. Fertilization is used in this region to increase vegetation yields for grazers. The impact of long-term fertilization on plant and microbial communities has been studied extensively. However, the influence of short-term fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities in the QTP is largely unknown, despite their important functional role in grassland ecosystems. METHODS:We investigated AMF community responses to three years of N and/or P addition at an experimental field site on the QTP, using the Illumina MiSeq platform (PE 300). RESULTS:Fertilization resulted in a dramatic shift in AMF community composition and NP addition significantly increased AMF species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Aboveground biomass, available phosphorus, and NO3 (-) were significantly correlated with changes in AMF community structure. Changes in these factors were driven by fertilization treatments. Thus, fertilization had a large impact on AMF communities, mediated by changes in aboveground productivity and soil chemistry. DISCUSSION:Prior work has shown how plants often lower their reliance on AMF symbioses following fertilization, leading to decrease AMF abundance and diversity. However, our study reports a rise in AMF diversity with fertilization treatment. Because AMF can provide stress tolerance to their hosts, we suggest that extreme weather on the QTP may help drive a positive relationship between fertilizer amendment and AMF diversity.

背景与目标： 背景：青藏高原（QTP）是中国广阔的草原所在地。人们的土地使用方式和气候变化已严重破坏了QTP草原生态系统。在该地区使用施肥来提高放牧者的植被产量。长期研究了长期施肥对植物和微生物群落的影响。然而，尽管短期施肥对QTP中的丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落具有重要的作用，但其影响在很大程度上尚不清楚。
方法：我们使用Illumina MiSeq平台（PE 300）在QTP上的一个实验现场调查了AMF群落对添加N和/或P的三年的响应。
结果：施肥导致AMF群落组成发生了巨大变化，而NP的添加显着增加了AMF物种的丰富度和系统发育多样性。地上生物量，有效磷和NO3（-）与AMF群落结构的变化显着相关。这些因素的变化是受精处理的驱动。因此，受地上生产力和土壤化学变化的影响，施肥对AMF群落有很大的影响。
讨论：先前的工作表明植物在施肥后如何经常降低对AMF共生的依赖，从而降低AMF的丰度和多样性。但是，我们的研究报告说，施肥会增加AMF的多样性。由于AMF可以为寄主提供抗逆性，因此我们建议QTP上的极端天气可能有助于推动肥料改良剂与AMF多样性之间的正相关关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Soybean is widely used as food. Genetic factors, as well as agrotechnical procedures, affect the yield and quality of soybeans. The subject of our research was the synchronization between soil N supply (from both mineralization and fertilization) and crop N demand. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the cultivar and nitrogen application on the seed yield and mineral content in soybeans. Two non-GMO soybean cultivars (Amandine and Merlin) and four mineral nitrogen fertilizers ((A) N 0, control; (B) N 30:0, 30 kg N ha-1 before sowing; (C) N 0:30, 30 kg N ha-1 at BBCH 73-75; (D) N 30:30, 30 kg N ha-1 before sowing and 30 kg N ha-1 at BBCH 73-75) were tested. The highest soybean yield was obtained following nitrogen application at a rate of 60 kg ha-1. The genetic factor was found to significantly influence the content of some macronutrients (P, K, and Mg) and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, and Fe). In general, the Merlin cultivar had better macronutrient parameters except nitrogen, while Amandine had a higher content of Cu and Fe. Nitrogen fertilization decreased the content of P, K, and Zn in the soybeans but significantly increased the content of Ca, Mg, Cu, and Mn.

背景与目标： ：大豆被广泛用作食品。遗传因素以及农业技术程序都会影响大豆的产量和品质。我们研究的主题是土壤氮供应（来自矿化和施肥）与作物氮需求之间的同步。该研究的目的是确定栽培品种和施氮量对大豆种子产量和矿物质含量的影响。两个非转基因大豆品种（Amandine和Merlin）和四个矿物氮肥（（A）N 0，对照;（B）N 30：0，30 kg N ha-1播种前;（C）N 0:30， （BB）73-75时30kg N ha-1;（D）N 30:30，播前30 kg N ha-1和BBCH 73-75时30 kg N ha-1）。施氮量为60 kg ha-1后，大豆产量最高。发现遗传因素显着影响某些常量营养素（磷，钾和镁）和微量营养素（铜，锰和铁）的含量。通常，除氮外，Merlin品种的常量营养素参数更好，而Amandine的Cu和Fe含量更高。施氮减少了大豆中P，K和Zn的含量，但显着增加了Ca，Mg，Cu和Mn的含量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Jasplakinolide (JAS), which induces microfilament polymerization and stabilization, inhibits microfilament-mediated events in murine oocyte maturation and fertilization in a fashion unlike the effects of cytochalasin B (CCB) and latranculin A (LAT A). JAS prevents egg polar body emission at a much lower concentration than either CCB or LAT A. Microfilament bundles were detected on the entire egg cortex after JAS exposure. Conversely, microfilament patterns did not change after exposure to CCB, and few microfilaments were observed after exposure to LAT A. Eggs that were allowed to recover from JAS were unable to recover normal microfilament organization. During oocyte maturation, JAS prevented both spindle migration to the oocyte cortex and first polar body emission. During in vitro fertilization, sperm head entered the eggs and formed pronuclei, but sperm tail entry, pronuclear centration, and second polar body emission were not detected. DNA synthesis occurs in these JAS-treated zygotes. JAS inhibited not only the formation, but also the disassembly, of incorporation cones. JAS was also found to prevent cortical granule exocytosis following artificial activation, and cortical granules were still beneath the plasma membrane even after activation. Finally, incorporation of microinjected nonmuscle actin into the microfilament network of mice eggs was delayed by JAS. We conclude that JAS acts as a microfilament inhibitor during maturation and fertilization and is more powerful than other inhibitors. Its mechanism differs in that it promotes assembly and stabilization of microfilaments. JAS is a novel cell permeable tool for the investigation of microfilament-dependent events in early mammalian development.

背景与目标： ：Jasplakinolide（JAS）诱导微丝聚合和稳定，抑制微丝介导的鼠卵母细胞成熟和受精中的事件，其方式不同于细胞松弛素B（CCB）和Latranculin A（LATA）的作用。 JAS可以防止鸡蛋极体发射，其浓度远低于CCB或LATA。在JAS暴露后，整个鸡蛋皮层均检测到微丝束。相反，暴露于CCB后微丝形态没有变化，暴露于LAT A后观察到很少的微丝。被允许从JAS中恢复的卵无法恢复正常的微丝组织。在卵母细胞成熟过程中，JAS既阻止了纺锤体向卵母细胞皮层的迁移，又阻止了第一极体的发射。在体外受精过程中，精子头进入卵内并形成原核，但未检测到精子尾部进入，原核集中和第二极体发射。这些JAS处理的受精卵发生DNA合成。 JAS不仅抑制了结合锥的形成，而且抑制了其分解。还发现JAS可以防止人工激活后皮质颗粒的胞吐作用，即使激活后皮质颗粒仍位于质膜下方。最终，通过JAS延迟了将微注射的非肌动蛋白掺入小鼠卵的微丝网络中。我们得出的结论是，JAS在成熟和受精过程中起微丝抑制剂的作用，并且比其他抑制剂更有效。其机制的不同之处在于，它促进了微丝的组装和稳定。 JAS是一种新型的细胞可渗透工具，用于研究哺乳动物早期发育中依赖于微丝的事件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hydrozoan eggs can be fertilized only at the site of polar body formation and first acquire this ability during second polar body formation. The eggs of Aequorea victoria form a discrete Triticum lectin binding moiety in the jelly coat near the first polar body as it is being given off and also a discrete concanavalin A binding moiety associated with the egg surface where the second polar body forms, which disappears immediately after fertilization. The germinal vesicle has an eccentric position in full grown Aequorea oocytes. The region of oocyte surface closest to the germinal vesicle is the site where the polar bodies normally form. When oocytes are centrifuged during oocyte maturation, the meiotic apparatus sometimes shifts to a different position with reference to the egg surface and polar bodies are given off at this new site. There is a corresponding shift in the position of the Triticum and concanavalin A lectin binding moieties, indicating that their formation is associated with local events occurring at the site of polar body formation. Treatment of Aequorea eggs with Triticum or concanavalin A causes a marked reduction in the ability of these eggs to be fertilized, suggesting that sugar-containing moieties, to which the lectins bind, play a role in fertilization. Removal of sugars on these moieties with mannosidase or N-acetylglucosaminidase, or the cleavage of the protein the sugars are attached to with trypsin, results in eggs that do not bind Triticum or concanavalin A and also show a marked reduction in the ability to be fertilized. These experiments suggest that the lectin binding moieties are glycoproteins.

背景与目标： 虫卵只能在极体形成的部位受精，并在第二极体形成期间首先获得这种能力。维多利亚水母虫的卵在被释放时在第一极体附近的果冻外壳中形成离散的小麦凝集素结合部分，并且还与蛋表面相关的离散的伴刀豆球蛋白A结合部分形成第二极体，该表面立即消失。受精后。生水泡在成年的水母卵母细胞中有一个偏心的位置。卵母细胞表面最接近生发囊泡的区域是极体正常形成的部位。在卵母细胞成熟过程中对卵母细胞进行离心分离时，减数分裂装置有时会相对于卵表面移动到其他位置，并且在这个新位置释放出极体。小麦和伴刀豆球蛋白A凝集素结合部分的位置有相应的变化，表明它们的形成与在极体形成部位发生的局部事件有关。用小麦或伴刀豆球蛋白A处理水母乳卵会导致这些卵受精的能力显着降低，这表明凝集素所结合的含糖部分在受精中发挥了作用。用甘露糖苷酶或N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶去除这些部分上的糖，或用胰蛋白酶裂解糖所附着的蛋白质，导致卵不结合小麦或伴刀豆球蛋白A，并且受精能力显着降低。 。这些实验表明凝集素结合部分是糖蛋白。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine whether folliculogenesis is impaired in patients with endometriosis. DESIGN:Prospective study. SETTING:Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan. PATIENT(S):Thirty women participating in an IVF program. INTERVENTION(S):The patients were divided into four groups according to the cause of their infertility: tubal factor (T), n = 7; male factor (M), n = 7; idiopathic (I), n = 7; and endometriosis (E), n = 9. Granulosa cells were obtained from the follicular fluid of each patient and analyzed by flow cytometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):The percentage of granulosa cells in each cell-cycle stage. RESULT(S):The mean (+/- SD) rate of apoptosis in the granulosa cells obtained from the patients with endometriosis was the highest among the four groups (T = 11.7% +/- 3.3%; M = 5.6% +/- 3.8%; I = 9.6% +/- 5.1%; and E = 18.6% +/- 9.6%). The percentage of S-phase granulosa cells was significantly higher in the patients with endometriosis than in all the other patients combined (E = 12.5% +/- 6%; T + M + I = 9.3% +/- 2.9%). The percentage of G2/M-phase granulosa cells was significantly lower in the endometriosis group than in the other three groups combined (E = 2.3% +/- 2.5%; T + M + I = 4.6% +/- 2.1%). CONCLUSION(S):Endometriosis impairs the cell cycle in granulosa cells. This phenomenon may have a detrimental effect on folliculogenesis.

背景与目标： 目的：确定子宫内膜异位症患者的卵泡发生是否受损。
设计：前瞻性研究。
地点：日本山形县山形大学医学院。
患者：30名妇女参加了试管婴儿计划。
干预措施：根据不孕原因将患者分为四组：输卵管因子（T），n = 7；输卵管因子（T），n = 7。男性因素（M），n = 7；特发性（I），n = 7;子宫内膜异位症（E），n =9。从每个患者的卵泡液中获得颗粒细胞，并通过流式细胞仪进行分析。
主要观察指标：每个细胞周期阶段的颗粒细胞百分比。
结果：子宫内膜异位症患者获得的颗粒细胞平均凋亡率（/-SD）在四组中最高（T = 11.7％/-3.3％; M = 5.6％/-3.8％ ； I = 9.6％/-5.1％； E = 18.6％/-9.6％）。子宫内膜异位症患者的S期颗粒细胞百分比显着高于其他所有患者（E = 12.5％/-6％; T M I = 9.3％/-2.9％）。子宫内膜异位组的G2 / M期颗粒细胞百分比显着低于其他三组（E = 2.3％/-2.5％； T M I = 4.6％/-2.1％）。
结论：子宫内膜异位症损害颗粒细胞的细胞周期。这种现象可能对卵泡生成有不利影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates in patients undergoing ICSI using fresh and cryopreserved sperm from ejaculated semen samples. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:Academic and private medical centers. PATIENT(S):One hundred fifty-eight patients. INTERVENTION(S):Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates were evaluated; 61 cycles of ICSI were performed with cryopreserved and 79 cycles of ICSI were performed with fresh spermatozoa. Also, we divided the outcomes according to the semen characteristics, normozoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia. RESULT(S):Overall, normal-fertilization rates were higher using fresh sperm (73.8%) compared with cryopreserved sperm (68.7%). Cycles performed in patients with normozoospermia or oligozoospermia had similar fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates using fresh or cryopreserved sperm. When asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic semen samples were used, the normal-fertilization rate was higher with fresh sperm compared with cryopreserved sperm. However, implantation and pregnancy rates were similar in fresh and cryopreserved sperm samples from patients with asthenozoospermia or oligoasthenozoospermia. CONCLUSION(S):Semen with abnormalities in the motility may be more susceptible to sperm cryopreservation damage, resulting in lower fertilization rates. However, once the oocyte is fertilized, implantation and pregnancy rates are similar to those in patients with oligozoospermia and normozoospermia.

背景与目标： 目的：使用新鲜精子和冷冻保存的精子样本评估ICSI患者的受精率，着床率和妊娠率。
设计：回顾性研究。
地点：学术和私人医疗中心。
患者：158名患者。
干预：胞浆内精子注射。
主要观察指标：评估受精，着床和妊娠率。冷冻保存ICSI周期为61个周期，新鲜精子进行ICSI周期为79个周期。此外，我们根据精液特征，正常精子症，少精子症，弱精子症和少精子症精子来划分结局。
结果：与冷冻保存的精子（68.7％）相比，新鲜精子（73.8％）的总体正常受精率更高。使用新鲜或冷冻保存的精子，正常精子症或少精子症患者的周期具有相似的受精，着床和妊娠率。当使用精子少精子和精子少精子精子时，新鲜精子的正常受精率要高于冷冻精子。然而，来自弱精子症或少精子症精子症患者的新鲜和冷冻保存的精子样本中的着床率和妊娠率相似。
结论：运动能力较弱的精液更易受精子冷冻保存的损害，导致受精率降低。但是，一旦卵母细胞受精，其植入率和妊娠率与少精症和正常精子症的患者相似。