BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a context of automation of cryo-electron microscopy, we developed a novel method for improving visibility of diffraction rings in the power spectra of cryo-electron micrographs of vitreous ice (without carbon film or high concentration of diffracting material). We used these enhanced spectra to semi-automatically detect and remove micrographs and/or local areas introducing errors in the global 3D map (drifted and charged areas) or those unable to increase global signal-to-noise ratio (non-diffracting areas). Our strategy also allows a detection of micrographs/areas with a strong astigmatism. These images should be removed when using algorithms that do not correct astigmatism. Our sorting method is simple and fast since it uses the normalized cross-correlation between enhanced spectra and their copies rotated by 90 degrees. It owes its success mainly to the novel pre-processing of power spectra. The improved visibility also allows an easier visual check of accuracy of sorting. We show that our algorithm can even improve the visibility of diffraction rings of cryo-electron micrographs of pure water. Moreover, we show that this visibility depends strongly on ice thickness. This algorithm is implemented in the Xmipp (open-source image processing package) and is freely available for implementation in any other software package.

背景与目标： ：在低温电子显微镜自动化的背景下，我们开发了一种新颖的方法，用于改善玻璃冰（无碳膜或高浓度衍射材料）的低温电子显微镜照片的功率谱中衍射环的可见性。我们使用这些增强的光谱来半自动检测和移除显微照片和/或局部区域，从而在全局3D地图（漂移和带电区域）或无法提高全局信噪比的区域（非衍射区域）引入误差。我们的策略还允许检测具有强烈散光的显微照片/区域。当使用无法校正像散的算法时，应删除这些图像。我们的排序方法简单而快速，因为它使用了增强频谱与其旋转90度的副本之间的归一化互相关。它的成功主要归功于新颖的功率谱预处理。改进的可见性还可以使目视检查的准确性更加容易。我们证明了我们的算法甚至可以提高纯水冷冻电子显微照片的衍射环的可见性。此外，我们证明了这种能见度在很大程度上取决于冰的厚度。该算法在Xmipp（开源图像处理软件包）中实现，可免费用于任何其他软件包中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:the potential health impacts due to the decommissioned Nuclear power plants (NPP) located in Borgo Sabotino and Garigliano in Central Italy (active from the early 1960s to the late 1980s) have raised several concerns. Brain, thyroid, breast and lung cancer and leukaemia have been associated with exposure to ionizing radiations, but the health effects of nuclear plants on the resident populations are controversial. OBJECTIVE:to evaluate whether living close to NPPs is associated with an increased risk of cancer incidence and mortality. METHODS:we defined a cohort of residents within 7 km from the NPPs during the period 1996-2002. Individual follow-up for vital status at 01.01.2007 was conducted using municipality data. Gender specific Standardized Incidence and Mortality Ratios, adjusted for age, were calculated (SIR and SMR) using the regional population as reference. Each participant's address was assigned to a distance from the NPP on the basis of a GIS. A relative risk (RR, CI95%), adjusted for age and socioeconomic status, was calculated in 3 bands of increasing radius from the plants: 0-2, 2-4, and 4-7 km (reference group), using a Poisson regression model. RESULTS:the cohort was of 39,775 people, 32%of whom lived near (0-4 km) the NPP. No differences in mortality was found when comparing the cohort with the regional population; among women living within 7 km from the NPP, we found thyroid cancer incidence higher than expected (SIR 1.53 CI95% 1.18-1.95). However, when the analysis was conducted on the basis of the distance from the NPP, we found a statistically significant increase in male mortality only for causes unrelated to radiation exposure (all causes, stomach cancer, and cardiovascular diseases). No mortality excess was observed among women living close to the NPPs. No statistically significant distance-related gradient was observed for cancer incidence both in men and women. CONCLUSIONS:living close to the NPP was not associated with mortality for causes related to radiation exposure. However, the results suggest to continue the epidemiological surveillance of the population.

背景与目标： 简介：位于意大利中部的Borgo Sabotino和Garigliano（从1960年代初到1980年代后期活跃）的退役核电站（NPP）对健康的潜在影响引起了人们的关注。脑，甲状腺，乳腺癌，肺癌和白血病与暴露于电离辐射有关，但核植物对常住人口的健康影响尚存争议。
目的：评估生活在核电厂附近是否与增加的癌症发病率和死亡率风险有关。
方法：我们定义了1996-2002年期间距离核电厂7公里以内的居民群。使用市政数据对2007年1月1日的生命状况进行了个人随访。使用区域人口作为参考，计算了按年龄调整的按性别划分的标准发病率和死亡率（SIR和SMR）。根据GIS，将每个参与者的地址分配给距NPP一段距离。根据年龄和社会经济状况调整了相对风险（RR，CI95％），使用泊松在来自植物的半径逐渐增加的3个波段中计算得出：0-2、2-4和4-7 km（参考组）回归模型。
结果：该队列有39,775人，其中32％生活在NPP附近（0-4 km）。将队列与区域人口进行比较时，没有发现死亡率差异。在距NPP 7公里以内的女性中，我们发现甲状腺癌的发病率高于预期（SIR 1.53 CI95％1.18-1.95）。但是，当根据与NPP的距离进行分析时，我们发现统计学上仅在与辐射暴露无关的原因（所有原因，胃癌和心血管疾病）上男性死亡率有显着增加。在生活在国家淘汰计划附近的妇女中，没有发现死亡率过高的现象。在男性和女性中，均未观察到癌症发病率具有统计学意义的距离相关梯度。
结论：接近NPP与因辐射暴露引起的死亡率无关。但是，结果表明要继续对该人群进行流行病学监测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The present study was aimed to evaluate the retinoprotective effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS:The study was continued for 24 weeks and evaluated for inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1β, angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and protein kinase C [PKC]-β) and antioxidant (Glutathione, Superoxide dismutase, and Catalase) parameters. Retinal leakage was checked by Fluorescein angiography (FA) and fundus photographs were evaluated for retinal vessel caliber (arteriolar and venular). Transmission electron microscopy was done to determine basement membrane (BM) thickness. RESULTS:The results of the present study showed potential hypoglycemic and retinal antioxidant effects of MO. In the present study, a significant rise in the expression of retinal inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-1β) and angiogenic (VEGF and PKC-β) parameters was observed in diabetic retinae as compared to normal retinae. However, MO-treated retinae showed marked inhibition in the expression of inflammatory and angiogenic parameters. Further, in the present study, diabetic retinae showed dilated retinal vessels as compared to normal. However, MO-treated retinae showed marked prevention in the dilatation of retinal vessels. Fluorescein angiograms obtained from diabetic retinae showed leaky and diffused retinal vasculature. On the other hand, MO-treated retinae showed intact retinal vasculature. Further, results of the transmission electron microscopy study showed thickened capillary BM in the diabetic retina as compared to normal retinae. However, treatment with MO prevented thickening of capillary BM. CONCLUSION:Our result suggests that MO may be useful in preventing diabetes induced retinal dysfunction.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究旨在评估辣木（MO）对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠的视网膜保护作用。
方法：研究持续了24周，并评估了炎症（肿瘤坏死因子[TNF]-α和白细胞介素[IL]-1β]，血管生成（血管内皮生长因子[VEGF]和蛋白激酶C [PKC]-β）和抗氧化剂（谷胱甘肽，超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶）参数，通过荧光素血管造影（FA）检查视网膜渗漏并评估眼底照片的视网膜血管口径（小动脉和小静脉），用透射电子显微镜确定基底膜（BM）的厚度。
结果：本研究结果显示了MO潜在的降血糖和视网膜抗氧化作用。在本研究中，与正常视网膜相比，在糖尿病视网膜中观察到了视网膜炎症表达（TNF-α和IL-1β）和血管生成（VEGF和PKC-β）参数的显着增加。然而，MO处理的视网膜在炎症和血管生成参数的表达中显示出明显的抑制作用。此外，在本研究中，与正常人相比，糖尿病视网膜显示出视网膜血管扩张。但是，MO处理的视网膜在视网膜血管扩张中显示出明显的预防作用。从糖尿病视网膜获得的荧光素血管造影照片显示渗漏和弥散性视网膜血管系统。另一方面，MO治疗的视网膜显示完整的视网膜脉管系统。此外，透射电子显微镜研究的结果表明与正常视网膜相比，糖尿病视网膜中的毛细血管BM增厚。但是，用MO处理可防止毛细血管BM增厚。
结论：我们的结果表明，MO可能有助于预防糖尿病引起的视网膜功能障碍。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antioxidant properties of the methanol extract of leaves and flowers of Erica arborea and the ethyl acetate, butanol and water soluble fractions were investigated. The ethyl acetate extract was found to be the richest for phenolic and flavonoid content which showed the highest antioxidant activity.

背景与目标： ：研究了Erica arborea的叶子和花朵的甲醇提取物以及乙酸乙酯，丁醇和水溶性馏分的抗氧化性能。发现乙酸乙酯提取物中酚和类黄酮含量最丰富，显示出最高的抗氧化活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Pancreatic insufficiency and a diminished bile acid pool cause malabsorption of important essential nutrients and other dietary components in cystic fibrosis (CF). Of particular significance is the malabsorption of fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherols and coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)). Despite supplementation, CF patients are often deficient in these compounds, resulting in increased oxidative stress, which may contribute to adverse health effects. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the safety of a novel micellar formulation (CF-1) of fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants and to determine its efficacy in improving plasma levels of these compounds and reducing inflammatory markers in induced sputum. METHODS:Ten CF subjects, ages 8 to 45 years old, were given orally 10 ml of the CF-1 formulation daily for 56 days after a 21-day washout period in which subjects stopped supplemental vitamin use except for a standard multivitamin. Plasma obtained at -3, 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks was assayed for beta-carotene, gamma-tocopherol, retinol, and CoQ(10) as well as for safety parameters (comprehensive metabolic panel and complete blood count). In addition, pulmonary function was measured and induced sputum was assayed for markers of inflammation and quantitative bacterial counts both prior and during dosing. RESULTS:No serious adverse effects, laboratory abnormalities or elevated nutrient levels (above normal) were identified as related to CF-1. Supplementation with CF-1 significantly increased beta-carotene levels at all dosing time points when compared to screening and baseline. In addition, gamma-tocopherol and CoQ(10) significantly increased from baseline in all subjects. Induced sputum myeloperoxidase significantly decreased and there was a trend toward decreases in PMN elastase and total cell counts with CF-1. There was a significant inverse correlation between the antioxidant levels and induced sputum changes in IL-8 and total neutrophils. Lung function and sputum bacterial counts were unchanged. CONCLUSION:The novel CF-1 formulation safely and effectively increased plasma levels of important fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants. In addition, improvements in antioxidant plasma levels were associated with reductions in airway inflammation in CF patients.

背景与目标： 背景：胰腺功能不全和胆汁酸池减少导致囊性纤维化（CF）中重要的必需营养素和其他饮食成分吸收不良。特别重要的是脂溶性抗氧化剂，如类胡萝卜素，生育酚和辅酶Q（10）（CoQ（10））的吸收不良。尽管进行了补充，但CF患者通常缺乏这些化合物，导致氧化应激增加，这可能对健康产生不利影响。这项初步研究旨在评估脂溶性营养物质和抗氧化剂的新型胶束制剂（CF-1）的安全性，并确定其在改善这些化合物的血浆水平和减少诱导痰中的炎性标志物方面的功效。
方法：在21天的清除期后的56天内，每天对10位年龄在8至45岁的CF受试者口服10 ml的CF-1制剂，持续56天，在此期间受试者停止补充维生素的使用，但标准的多种维生素除外。测定在-3、0（基准），1、2、4和8周时获得的血浆中的β-胡萝卜素，γ-生育酚，视黄醇和CoQ（10）以及安全性参数（全面的代谢检查和完整血球计数）。另外，在给药之前和给药期间，测量肺功能并测定诱导痰中的炎症标志物和定量细菌计数。
结果：未发现与CF-1相关的严重不良反应，实验室异常或营养水平升高（高于正常水平）。与筛选和基线相比，在所有给药时间点补充CF-1都会显着增加β-胡萝卜素的水平。此外，所有受试者的γ-生育酚和辅酶Q（10）均较基线显着增加。诱导的痰髓过氧化物酶显着减少，并且CFN导致PMN弹性蛋白酶和总细胞数减少。 IL-8和总中性粒细胞的抗氧化剂水平与诱导的痰液变化之间存在显着的负相关。肺功能和痰细菌计数不变。
结论：新型CF-1制剂可安全有效地增加血浆中重要脂溶性营养素和抗氧化剂的含量。另外，抗氧化剂血浆水平的改善与CF患者气道炎症的减轻有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study we demonstrate the identification of phenolic compounds and the phenolic contents of the methanol extracts from stem and buds of Calligonum polygonoides with antioxidant activity. Eleven and nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified from stem and buds, respectively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). p-Coumaric acid was predominant in stem and gallic acid in buds. In general, the samples with the highest phenolic contents had the highest antioxidant activities. Stem and buds sparked attention due to their high phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The Results from present study reveal that the C. polygonoides could be considered as a promising source of antioxidant phytochemicals.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，我们证明了从具有抗氧化活性的南方五倍体茎和芽中提取的酚类化合物和甲醇提取物中的酚类含量。通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）分别从茎和芽中鉴定和定量了11种和9种酚类化合物。对香豆酸主要在茎中，而没食子酸则在芽中。通常，酚含量最高的样品具有最高的抗氧化活性。茎和芽因其较高的酚含量和抗氧化活性而引起人们的注意。本研究的结果表明，多角梭菌可以被认为是抗氧化剂植物化学物质的有前途的来源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In recent years, ready-to eat breakfast cereals prepared with fruit ingredients have gained particular attention due to their polyphenolic contents and health promoting effects. In this study, the matrix effect of blueberry, oat meal, whole milk or skimmed milk on polyphenols, antioxidative potential as well as their potential bioavailability were investigated. The phenolic properties of whole milk, skimmed milk, blueberry and oat meal were investigated and the changes in combinations of the ingredients were determined. Milk addition decreased the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content of samples statistically and had negative effect on antioxidant activity showing differences among different methods. According to HPLC results, it was not possible to detect catechin in mixtures due to milk addition. In vitro digestion method was used to determine potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds. According to in vitro digestion procedure results, whole or skimmed milk did not affect the total phenolic content of the proportion passing to the blood from intestine.

背景与目标： ：近年来，以水果成分制成的即食早餐谷物由于其多酚含量和促进健康的作用而受到特别关注。在这项研究中，研究了蓝莓，燕麦粉，全脂牛奶或脱脂牛奶对多酚，抗氧化潜力及其潜在生物利用度的基质作用。研究了全脂牛奶，脱脂牛奶，蓝莓和燕麦粉的酚类性质，并确定了成分组合的变化。牛奶的添加统计地降低了样品中总酚，类黄酮和花青素的含量，并对抗氧化活性产生了负面影响，表明不同方法之间存在差异。根据HPLC结果，由于添加了牛奶，因此无法检测混合物中的儿茶素。体外消化法用于确定酚类化合物的潜在生物利用度。根据体外消化程序的结果，全脂或脱脂牛奶不影响从肠传递到血液的总酚含量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have assesed the actions as free radical scavengers and inhibitors on peroxidation of hesperidin and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, two flavonoids, flavanone and dihydrochalcone respectively, as some of the pharmacological properties of flavonoids group have been related with these activities. Hesperidin just at 10(-4) and 5 · 10(-4)M is able to show a low inhibitory activity in the superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)) genesis (8.66 ± 1.40 and 11.69 ± 2.36% respectively), and on the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation at 10(-3)M dose (9.78 ± 0.35%), without affecting the hydroxyl radical (•OH) formation, generated by the ascorbic acid-Fe(3+)-EDTA system. In the other hand, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is an authentic antioxidant drug as tested at all doses. It showed a great scavenger activity and/or inhibition of formation on O(2)(-) radicals (31.53 - 84.62%) and a significant scavenging effect on OH radicals (6.00 - 23.49%), as well as an important inhibitory action on non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (15.43-95.33%).

背景与目标： ：我们评估了自由基清除剂和抑制剂对橙皮苷和新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮，两种黄酮，黄烷酮和二氢查尔酮的过氧化的作用，因为类黄酮类的某些药理特性与这些活性有关。橙皮苷仅在10（-4）和5·10（-4）M时对超氧阴离子自由基（O（2）（-））的产生具有较低的抑制活性（分别为8.66±1.40和11.69±2.36％ ），并且在10（-3）M剂量（9.78±0.35％）的非酶促脂质过氧化作用下，不影响抗坏血酸-Fe（3）-EDTA系统生成的羟基自由基（•OH）的形成。另一方面，新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮是一种经过验证的真正抗氧化剂，在所有剂量下均已测试。它显示出强大的清除剂活性和/或对O（2）（-）自由基的形成的抑制作用（31.53-84.62％）和对OH自由基的显着清除作用（6.00-23.49％），以及对OH自由基的重要抑制作用非酶脂质过氧化（15.43-95.33％）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A series of berberine-thiophenyl hybrids were designed, synthesised, and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and as antioxidants. Among these hybrids, compounds 4f and 4i, berberine linked with o-methylthiophenyl and o-chlorothiophenyl by a 2-carbon spacer, were observed to be potent inhibitors of AChE, with IC50 values of 0.077 and 0.042 μM, respectively. Of the tested compounds, 4i was also the most potent inhibitor of BuChE, with an IC50 value of 0.662 μM. Kinetic studies and molecular modelling simulations of the AChE-inhibitor complex indicated that a mixed-competitive binding mode existed for these berberine derivatives. The biological studies also demonstrated that these hybrids displayed interesting activities, including Aβ aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties.

背景与目标： ：设计，合成并评估了一系列小ber碱-硫代苯基杂化物，作为乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE），丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuChE）和β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）聚集的抑制剂和抗氧化剂。在这些杂种中，观察到化合物4f和4i（通过2碳间隔基与邻甲基硫代苯基和邻氯硫代苯基连接的小ber碱）是有效的AChE抑制剂，IC50值分别为0.077和0.042μM。在测试的化合物中，4i也是BuChE的最强抑制剂，IC50值为0.662μM。 AChE抑制剂复合物的动力学研究和分子建模模拟表明，这些小ber碱衍生物存在混合竞争结合模式。生物学研究还表明，这些杂种表现出有趣的活性，包括抑制Aβ聚集和抗氧化性能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Kozani-Ptolemais-Amyntaio basin constitutes the principal coal field of Greece. Approximately 50% of the total power production of Greece is generated by five power stations operating in the area. Lignite samples, together with the corresponding fly ash and bottom ash were collected, over a period of 3 months, from the power plant of Amyntaio and analyzed for their content in 16 trace elements. The results indicate that Y, Nb, U, Rb, Zr, Ni, Pb, Ba, Zn, Sr, Cu, and Th demonstrate an organic affinity during the combustion of lignite, while V has an inorganic affinity. Three elements (Co, Cr, and Sc) show an intermediate affinity.

背景与目标： ：Kozani-Ptolemais-Amyntaio盆地是希腊的主要煤田。希腊约有50％的电力生产是由该地区的五个发电厂产生的。在3个月内，从Amyntaio电厂收集了褐煤样品以及相应的粉煤灰和底灰，并分析了16种微量元素的含量。结果表明，Y，Nb，U，Rb，Zr，Ni，Pb，Ba，Zn，Sr，Cu和Th在褐煤燃烧过程中表现出有机亲和力，而V具有无机亲和力。三个元素（Co，Cr和Sc）显示出中等亲和力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident occurred in 1986. The plume from the explosions and fires was highly radioactive and resulted in very high exposure levels in the surrounding regions. This paper describes how the people in Kiev, Ukraine, a city 120 km (90 miles) south of Chernobyl, and in particular one individual in that city, Professor Vitaly Eremenko, became aware of the threat before the official announcement and the steps he took to mitigate potential impacts to his immediate family. The combination of being informed and using available resources led to greatly reduced consequences for his family and, in particular, his newborn granddaughter. He notes how quickly word of the some aspects of the hazard spread in the city and how other aspects appear to not have been understood. Although these events are being recalled as the 20 anniversary of the terrible event approaches, the lessons are still pertinent today. Threats of possible terrorist use of radiation dispersal devices makes knowledge of effective individual actions for self-protection from radiation exposures a topic of current interest.

背景与目标： 切尔诺贝利核反应堆事故发生在1986年。爆炸和大火中的烟流具有很高的放射性，并导致周围地区的暴露水平很高。本文介绍了乌克兰基辅市（切尔诺贝利以南120公里（90英里））的人们，尤其是该市的一个人维塔利·埃雷缅科（Vitaly Eremenko）教授在正式宣布宣布采取行动之前如何意识到这一威胁以及他采取的措施减轻对他的直系亲属的潜在影响。知情和使用可用资源的结合，大大减少了对他的家人，特别是对他的新生孙女的影响。他指出，危害的某些方面在城市中传播的速度有多快，而其他方面似乎还没有被理解。尽管这些事件是在可怕事件发生20周年之际被召回的，但今天的课程仍然有意义。恐怖分子可能会使用辐射扩散装置来构成威胁，这使人们了解有效的个人防护措施，以自我保护免受辐射照射成为当前关注的话题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The healthy drink Pairogen is mainly composed of ferrous ferric chloride water that reportedly changes the status of intracellular water from oxidative to antioxidative. Here, we investigated whether Pairogen affects host immune function in a murine model of granulomatous inflammation in response to Rhodococcus aurantiacus (R. aurantiacus) infection. Longitudinal ingestion of Pairogen markedly improved the survival of infected mice in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared to mice received water, mice that ingested 10-fold-diluted Pairogen displayed rapid bacterial elimination, decreased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, and high levels of IL-10 in organs during the initial phase of infection. Moreover, histological studies showed significant reduction in the number and size of granulomas as well as amelioration of oxidative stress in the livers of mice ingested 10-fold-diluted Pairogen at 14 d post-infection. These characteristics were further pronounced in first-generation (F1) mice that also ingested 10-fold-diluted Pairogen. Following stimulation with heat-killed R. aurantiacus, the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by macrophages from F1 mice was similar to that detected in vivo, while their gene expression levels in these cells were significantly lower than the levels in macrophages from mice received water. Heat-killed R. aurantiacus also induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in the cells from F1 mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Pairogen contributes to the negative regulation of the immuno-inflammatory response to R. aurantiacus infection in mice by modulating the cellular redox state. Longitudinal ingestion of Pairogen further enhances the defense function in mouse progeny.

背景与目标： 健康饮品Pairogen主要由氯化亚铁水组成，据报道，其改变了细胞内水的状态，从氧化性变为抗氧化性。在这里，我们调查了Pairogen是否会影响肉芽肿性炎症小鼠模型中的宿主免疫功能，以应对金黄色葡萄球菌（R. aurantiacus）感染。纵向摄入Pairogen可以显着提高被感染小鼠的存活率，且浓度依赖性。与接受水的小鼠相比，摄入10倍稀释的Pairogen的小鼠在该过程中表现出快速的细菌清除，降低的肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α和白介素（IL）-6的产生以及高水平的IL-10。感染的初始阶段。此外，组织学研究表明，感染后14 d摄入10倍稀释的Pairogen的小鼠肝脏中肉芽肿的数量和大小显着减少，并且氧化应激得到改善。这些特征在也摄取了10倍稀释的Pairogen的第一代（F1）小鼠中更加明显。用热杀死的金黄色葡萄球菌刺激后，F1小鼠巨噬细胞产生的TNF-α，IL-6和IL-10与体内检测到的相似，而它们在这些细胞中的基因表达水平明显低于老鼠的巨噬细胞中的水平接受了水。热杀死的金黄色葡萄球菌还诱导了F1小鼠细胞中血红素加氧酶-1 mRNA的表达。综上所述，这些结果表明Pairogen通过调节细胞的氧化还原状态，对小鼠对金黄色葡萄球菌感染的免疫炎症反应作出了负调控。纵向摄取Pairogen可以进一步增强小鼠后代的防御功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs) (S,S)-SDG-1 (major isomer in flaxseed) and (R,R)-SDG-2 (minor isomer in flaxseed) were synthesized from vanillin via secoisolariciresinol (6) and glucosyl donor 7 through a concise route that involved chromatographic separation of diastereomeric diglucoside derivatives (S,S)-8 and (R,R)-9. Synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 exhibited potent antioxidant properties (EC50=292.17±27.71 μM and 331.94±21.21 μM, respectively), which compared well with that of natural (S,S)-SDG-1 (EC50=275.24±13.15 μM). These values are significantly lower than those of ascorbic acid (EC50=1129.32±88.79 μM) and α-tocopherol (EC50=944.62±148.00 μM). Compounds (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 also demonstrated powerful scavenging activities against hydroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 3.68±0.27; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.09±0.16; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 1.96±0.27], peroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.55±0.11; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.20±0.10; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 3.03±0.04] and DPPH [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=83.94±2.80 μM; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=157.54±21.30 μM; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: EC50=123.63±8.67 μM] radicals. These results confirm previous studies with naturally occurring (S,S)-SDG-1 and establish both (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 as potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers for potential in vivo use.

背景与目标： ：香豆素中的异麦草烯醇二葡萄糖苷（SDGs）（S，S）-SDG-1（亚麻籽中的主要异构体）和（R，R）-SDG-2（亚麻子中的次要异构体）是通过香豆素通过芥子异豆香树脂醇（6）和葡萄糖基供体7合成的通过简洁的方法，包括非对映体二糖苷衍生物（S，S）-8和（R，R）-9的色谱分离。合成的（S，S）-SDG-1和（R，R）-SDG-2表现出强大的抗氧化性能（分别为EC50 = 292.17±27.71μM和331.94±21.21μM），与天然（S，S）-SDG-1 S）-SDG-1（EC50 = 275.24±13.15μM）。这些值显着低于抗坏血酸（EC50 = 1129.32±88.79μM）和α-生育酚（EC50 = 944.62±148.00μM）的值。化合物（S，S）-SDG-1和（R，R）-SDG-2也显示出对羟基[天然（S，S）-SDG-1的强大的清除活性：3.68±0.27； m / z]。合成的（S，S）-SDG-1：2.09±0.16;合成的（R，R）-SDG-2：1.96±0.27]，过氧[自然的（S，S）-SDG-1：2.55±0.11;合成（S，S）-SDG-1：2.20±0.10;合成的（R，R）-SDG-2：3.03±0.04]和DPPH [天然的（S，S）-SDG-1：EC50 = 83.94±2.80μM;合成（S，S）-SDG-1：EC50 = 157.54±21.30μM;合成的（R，R）-SDG-2：EC50 = 123.63±8.67μM]自由基。这些结果证实了以前对天然存在的（S，S）-SDG-1的研究，并确定了（S，S）-SDG-1和（R，R）-SDG-2都是潜在的体内潜在抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dendrotoxins, important pharmacological tools for studying K(+) channels, are potently convulsant in the central nervous system and evidence suggests that different members of the dendrotoxin family may act at pre- or post-synaptic sites. Using a combination of intrahippocampal infusion, microdialysis and electroencephalograph (EEG) recording, we have compared the effects of alpha-dendrotoxin and dendrotoxin K on extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids in anaesthetised rats. Our findings show that although infusion of 35 pmol of both peptides was associated with elevated extracellular aspartate and glutamate, these increased levels were more sustained with dendrotoxin K. Furthermore, there was EEG evidence of an associated transient functional change consistent with an action on pre-synaptic K(+) channels. In contrast, infusion of alpha-dendrotoxin produced only a brief effect on amino acid levels and no evidence of a functional consequence.

背景与目标： ：Dendrotoxins是研究K（）通道的重要药理工具，在中枢神经系统中很强惊厥，证据表明树突毒素家族的不同成员可能在突触前或突触后部位起作用。使用海马内输注，微透析和脑电图（EEG）记录的组合，我们比较了α-树突毒素和树突毒素K对麻醉大鼠兴奋性氨基酸细胞外水平的影响。我们的发现表明，尽管输注35 pmol的两种肽都与升高的细胞外天冬氨酸和谷氨酸有关，但树突毒素K可使这些升高的水平更持久。突触K（）通道。相反，输注α-树突毒素仅对氨基酸水平产生短暂影响，而没有功能后果的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sixteen ovarian germ-cell malignancy (OGCM) patients between 1983 and 1999 were randomly divided into the BEP group (n=6; bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) and the BAP group (n=10; bleomycin, actinomycin-D and cisplatin). The patients were evaluated for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) based on severity-grading of the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. The ADRs in the BAP group were milder than in the BEP group, as seen in regard to alopecia (p=0.0126), low hemoglobin (p=0.0147), and decreased neutrophil count (p=0.0197). The five-year survival rate was 87.5% in the BAP group and 83.3% in the BEP group, and the difference was not significant (p=0.5954). BAP therapy is likely to be more beneficial for OGCM patients than BEP therapy, because ADRs are reduced with no difference in outcome.

背景与目标： ：1983年至1999年间，将16例卵巢生殖细胞恶性肿瘤（OGCM）随机分为BEP组（n = 6；博来霉素，依托泊苷和顺铂）和BAP组（n = 10；博来霉素，放线菌素D和顺铂） 。根据美国国家癌症研究所共同毒性标准的严重程度对患者进行药物不良反应（ADR）评估。就脱发（p = 0.0126），低血红蛋白（p = 0.0147）和中性粒细胞减少（p = 0.0197）而言，BAP组的ADR比BEP组轻。 BAP组的五年生存率为87.5％，BEP组的为83.3％，差异不显着（p = 0.5954）。与AEP疗法相比，BAP疗法对OGCM患者可能更有益，因为ADR减少且结果无差异。