BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the best described mode of physiological cell death. During embryonal development and morphogenesis, apoptosis may be induced by two pathways. The first is external protein signal originating from other cell--also named as "death signal". Another one is specific cell reaction for external stress factors. Blood concentration of proteins regulating both pathways of apoptosis may be useful in early diagnosis and staging of thyroid tumors. The aim of study was evaluation of p53 and sFasL blood concentration in patients with benign follicular adenoma and follicular thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study population was composed of 28 patients: 14 with thyroid carcinoma and 14 patients with follicular neoplasm (NF). All patients underwent surgical treatment. P53 and sFasL levels were evaluated before surgery and related to the histopathological diagnosis obtained post-surgery. RESULTS:The analysis revealed high sFasL blood concentration in patients with follicular thyroid cancer in comparison with the group with follicular adenoma. There was no statistically significant difference between levels of p53 in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:Evaluation of sFasL serum level concentration may be useful in preoperative diagnosis of follicular thyroid tumors.

背景与目标： 简介：细胞凋亡（程序性细胞死亡）是描述性的生理性细胞死亡方式。在胚胎发育和形态发生过程中，可能通过两种途径诱导细胞凋亡。第一个是源自其他细胞的外部蛋白质信号-也称为“死亡信号”。另一个是针对外部应激因素的特异性细胞反应。调节细胞凋亡的两种途径的蛋白质的血药浓度可能对甲状腺肿瘤的早期诊断和分期有用。研究的目的是评估良性滤泡性腺瘤和滤泡性甲状腺癌患者的p53和sFasL血药浓度。
材料与方法：研究人群由28例患者组成：14例甲状腺癌和14例滤泡性肿瘤（NF）。所有患者均接受手术治疗。在手术前评估P53和sFasL水平，并与手术后获得的组织病理学诊断有关。
结果：分析显示，与滤泡性腺瘤相比，滤泡性甲状腺癌患者的sFasL血药浓度较高。两组中p53水平之间无统计学差异。
结论：血清sFasL水平的评估可能对甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤的术前诊断有帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occur frequently in hospitals and increase costs of health care; however, few studies have quantified the clinical and economic impact of ADRs in Colombia. OBJECTIVES:These impacts were evaluated by calculating costs associated with ADRs in patients hospitalized in the internal medicine ward of a Level 3 hospital located in Bogotá, Colombia. In addition, salient clinical features of ADRs were identified and characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Intensive follow-ups for a cohort of patients were conducted for a five month period in order to detect ADRs; different ways to classify them, according to literature, were considered as well. Information was collected using the INVIMA reporting format, and causal probability was evaluated with the Naranjo algorithm. Direct costs were calculated from the perspective of payer, based on the following costs: additional hospital stay, medications, paraclinical tests, additional procedures, patient displacement to intermediate or intensive care units, and other costs. RESULTS:Of 836 patients admitted to the service, 268 adverse drug reactions were detected in 208 patients (incidence proportion 25.1%, occurence rate 0.32). About the ADRs found, 74.3% were classified as probable, 92.5% were type A, and 81.3% were moderate. The body system most often affected was the circulatory system (33.9%). Drugs acting on the blood were most frequently those ones associated with adverse reactions (37.6%). The costs resulting from medical care of adverse drug reactions varied from COL dollar 93,633,422 (USD dollar 35,014.92) to COL dollar 122,155,406 (USD dollar 45,680.94), according to insurance type, during the study period. CONCLUSIONS:Adverse drug reactions have a significant negative health and financial impact on patient welfare. Because of the substantial resources required for their medical care and the significant proportion of preventable adverse reactions, active programs of institutional pharmacovigilance are highly recommended.

背景与目标： 简介：药物不良反应（ADR）在医院中经常发生，并增加了医疗保健费用；但是，很少有研究能够量化ADR在哥伦比亚的临床和经济影响。
目的：通过计算在哥伦比亚波哥大三级医院内科病房住院的患者与ADR相关的费用来评估这些影响。此外，ADR的显着临床特征已得到鉴定和表征。
材料与方法：对一组患者进行了为期五个月的强化随访，以检测ADR。根据文献，还考虑了不同的分类方法。使用INVIMA报告格式收集信息，并使用Naranjo算法评估因果概率。直接费用是根据以下费用从付款人的角度计算的：额外的住院时间，药物，辅助临床检查，其他程序，将患者转移到中级或重症监护室以及其他费用。
结果：836例入院患者中，208例患者发生了268例药物不良反应（发生率25.1％，发生率0.32）。关于发现的ADR，有74.3％被归为可能，A型为92.5％，中度为81.3％。受影响最严重的身体系统是循环系统（33.9％）。作用于血液的药物最常见于那些与不良反应有关的药物（37.6％）。根据保险类型，在研究期间，药物不良反应的医疗费用从93,633,422美元（35,014.92美元）到122,155,406美元（45,680.94美元）不等。
结论：药物不良反应会对患者的健康产生重大的负面健康和财务影响。由于其医疗服务所需的大量资源以及可预防的不良反应的比例很大，因此强烈建议积极进行机构药物警戒计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Comparison of closely related species that differ in their life histories is a powerful method for studying the underlying physiological mechanisms contributing to life-history variation. I investigated whether two closely related members of the Camponotus festinatus species complex of desert carpenter ants, C. nr. festinatus Desert Light and C. nr. festinatus Desert Dark, differed in their life-history tactics with respect to fat storage. Newly mated queens were collected in the field, and colonies were reared under common conditions in the laboratory for 2 yr before sampling. I show that the two species differ in fat storage at the individual level. While the basic scaling relationship between lean mass and fat content did not differ between the two species, Dark workers and soldiers stored significantly more fat per unit lean mass than Light workers or soldiers. There were no significant demographic differences in the proportions of workers or soldiers involved in fat storage between the two species, although there was a trend toward Light colonies having a greater proportion of soldiers storing large amounts of fat. There was also no significant difference in the total amount of fat stored by the two species at the colony level. The detection of strong individual-level effects but no colony-level effects was likely due to the low statistical power of colony-level analyses. Showing that these two closely related species differ in fat storage at the individual level in a common environment demonstrates their utility as a model for understanding the physiological and behavioral mechanisms regulating life-history variation in fat storage in ants.

背景与目标： ：比较生活史不同的密切相关物种是研究导致生活史变异的潜在生理机制的有力方法。我调查了沙漠木匠蚂蚁C. nr的Camponotus festinatus物种复合体的两个密切相关的成员。 festinatus沙漠之光和C. nr。 festinatus Desert Dark，在脂肪储存方面的生活史策略有所不同。在田间收集新交配的皇后，在常规条件下在实验室中饲养菌落2年，然后取样。我证明了这两个物种在个体水平上的脂肪储存不同。虽然这两个物种之间瘦体重和脂肪含量之间的基本比例关系没有区别，但深色工人和士兵每单位瘦体重的脂肪存储量明显多于轻工人或士兵。在这两个物种之间，从事脂肪储存的工人或士兵的比例在人口统计学上没有显着差异，尽管有一个趋势，即轻型殖民地的士兵储存大量脂肪的比例更高。这两个物种在菌落水平上储存的脂肪总量也没有显着差异。由于菌落级分析的统计能力低，因此很可能检测到较强的个体水平效应，但没有菌落级效应。表明这两个密切相关的物种在共同环境中的个体水平上的脂肪存储量不同，这表明它们可作为模型来了解调节蚂蚁脂肪存储中生命史变化的生理和行为机制的模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PROBLEM:Nurses are crucial members of the team caring for the acutely injured trauma patient. Until recently, nurses and physicians gained an understanding of leadership and supportive roles separately. With the advent of a multidisciplinary team approach to trauma care, formal team training and simulation has transpired. METHODS:Since 2007, our Level I trauma system has integrated TeamSTEPPS (Team Strategies & Tools to Enhance Performance & Patient Safety; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD) into our clinical care, joint training of nurses and physicians, using simulations with participation of all health care providers. With the increased expectations of a well-orchestrated team and larger number of emergency nurses, our program created the Trauma Nurse Academy. This academy provides a core of experienced nurses with an advanced level of training while decreasing the variability of personnel in the trauma bay. Components of the academy include multidisciplinary didactic education, the Essentials of TeamSTEPPS, and interactive trauma bay learning, to include both equipment and drug use. Once completed, academy graduates participate in the orientation and training of General Surgery and Emergency Medicine residents' trauma bay experience and injury prevention activities. RESULTS:Internal and published data have demonstrated growing evidence linking trauma teamwork training to knowledge and self-confidence in clinical judgment to team performance, patient outcomes, and quality of care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:Although trauma resuscitations are stressful, high risk, dynamic, and a prime environment for error, new methods of teamwork training and collaboration among trauma team members have become essential.

背景与目标： 问题：护士是护理严重受伤的创伤患者的团队的关键成员。直到最近，护士和医师还分别了解领导和支持角色。随着多学科团队创伤治疗方法的问世，正式的团队培训和模拟已经出现。
方法：自2007年以来，我们的I级创伤系统已将TeamSTEPPS（提高绩效和患者安全的团队策略和工具；医疗研究与质量局，马里兰州罗克维尔）集成到我们的临床护理中，使用模拟对护士和医生进行联合培训在所有医疗保健提供者的参与下。随着团队的精心安排和急诊护士人数的增加，我们的计划创建了创伤护士学院。该学院为经验丰富的护士提供了高级培训，同时又减少了外伤部位人员的变异性。该学院的组成部分包括多学科的教学教育，TeamSTEPPS的基础知识以及交互式创伤海湾学习（包括设备和毒品使用）。完成后，学院的毕业生将参加普通外科和急诊科住院医师的创伤湾经验和伤害预防活动的指导和培训。
结果：内部和公开的数据表明，越来越多的证据将创伤团队合作训练与临床判断的知识和自信心与团队绩效，患者结果和护理质量联系起来。
实践的意义：尽管创伤复苏具有压力，高风险，动态且是错误的主要环境，但创伤团队成员之间进行团队合作培训和协作的新方法已变得至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Effects of chlorobenzene-induced alteration in glutathione levels on cysteine metabolism in rat liver were investigated. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with chlorobenzene (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mmol/kg body weight). Both hepatic glutathione and cysteine levels were dose-dependently decreased by the chlorobenzene 6 h after the injection. However, at 24 h, the glutathione in the rats with chlorobenzene increased significantly as compared to that in the rats without chlorobenzene. Concomitant to the elevation in glutathione levels, hepatic glutathione synthesis activities were increased by the chlorobenzene by 68-111%. On the other hand, no significant difference between the rats with and without chlorobenzene was observed as regards cysteine levels at 24 h. Hepatic glutamate, glycine, methionine and serine levels were unaltered but hepatic taurine levels were significantly decreased by the chlorobenzene at both 6 and 24 h. Chlorobenzene administration had no effect on hepatic cystathionine synthase and cystathionase activities. These results indicate that a transient loss of hepatic glutathione, caused by the administration of chlorobenzene, resulted in an acceleration of glutathione synthesis and an increase of cysteine demand in the liver.

背景与目标： ：研究了氯苯诱导的谷胱甘肽水平改变对大鼠肝脏半胱氨酸代谢的影响。给雄性Wistar大鼠腹膜内注射氯苯（0.2、0.5、1.0或2.0mmol / kg体重）。注射后6小时，氯苯使肝谷胱甘肽和半胱氨酸水平均呈剂量依赖性降低。然而，在24小时时，与不含氯苯的大鼠相比，含氯苯的大鼠中的谷胱甘肽显着增加。伴随谷胱甘肽水平升高，氯苯使肝谷胱甘肽合成活性提高了68-111％。另一方面，在有和没有氯苯的大鼠之间，在24小时的半胱氨酸水平上没有观察到显着差异。肝谷氨酸，甘氨酸，蛋氨酸和丝氨酸水平未改变，但在6小时和24小时时，氯苯可显着降低肝牛磺酸水平。施用氯苯对肝脏胱硫醚合酶和胱硫醚酶活性没有影响。这些结果表明，由于施用氯苯而引起的肝性谷胱甘肽的瞬时损失导致了谷胱甘肽合成的加速和肝脏中半胱氨酸需求的增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the healing of bone defects in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM. METHODS:28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. 14 animals received a single dose of STZ intraperitoneally (65 mg/kg) to induce Type I DM, whereas others were injected only with sterile saline solution. Four weeks later, standard bone defects were created in the tibiae of rats. Surgical wounds in one group from each of the diabetic and non-diabetic animals were irradiated with diode laser for every other day for 4 weeks and they were described as DM + LLLT and CONT + LLLT groups, respectively. Remaining two groups received no laser treatment. New bone formation, osteoblast and blood vessel counts were calculated in histologic sections. RESULTS:DM group had significantly smaller bone area and lower blood vessel count when compared to DM + LLLT, CONT and CONT + LLLT groups (p < 0.05 for each). CONT and CONT + LLLT groups had significantly larger bone area than DM + LLLT group (p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS:LLLT application promoted vascularization and new bone formation in animals with DM to a limited extent, since it was unable to support the healing process up to the level of non-diabetic animals.

背景与目标： 背景：本研究的目的是评估低剂量激光疗法（LLLT）对链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的DM大鼠骨缺损愈合的作用。
方法：采用28只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠。 14只动物腹膜内接受单剂STZ（65 mg / kg）诱导I型DM，而其他动物仅注射无菌盐溶液。四周后，在大鼠胫骨中形成了标准的骨缺损。每隔一天用二极管激光照射来自糖尿病和非糖尿病动物中每组的一组手术伤口，持续4周，分别称为DM LLLT组和CONT LLLT组。其余两组未接受激光治疗。在组织学切片中计算新的骨形成，成骨细胞和血管计数。
结果：与DM LLLT，CONT和CONT LLLT组相比，DM组的骨面积显着更小，血管计数更低（每组p <0.05）。 CONT和CONT LLLT组的骨面积明显大于DM LLLT组（两者均p <0.05）。
结论：LLLT的应用在一定程度上促进了DM动物的血管化和新骨形成，因为它不能支持非糖尿病动物的愈合过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A large-scale study was carried out in order to determine the contamination level of antineoplastic drugs in pharmacies and to investigate the suitability and effects of wipe sample monitoring at regular intervals. A specific study design was developed. The 130 participating pharmacies were divided into a study and a control group, carrying out five and two wipe sampling cycles, respectively. The work practice was analyzed using questionnaires to identify factors that influence the contamination level. From 1269 wipe samples, 774 (61%) were contaminated with at least one of the analyzed cytotoxic drugs: cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, methotrexate, and paclitaxel. A significant decrease of the contamination with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil was observed in the study group. The Monitoring-Effect Study of Wipe Sampling in Pharmacies method has proven to be a reliable and affordable tool for contamination control. Based on the 90th percentile of the contamination values, a substance-independent performance-based guidance value of 0.1ng cm(-2) has been derived.

背景与目标： ：进行了一项大规模研究，以确定药房中抗肿瘤药的污染水平，并定期调查擦拭样品监测的适用性和效果。开发了具体的研究设计。将130家参与活动的药店分为研究组和对照组，分别进行了5次和2次擦拭采样。使用调查表对工作实践进行了分析，以找出影响污染水平的因素。从1269个擦拭样品中，有774个（61％）被至少一种分析的细胞毒性药物污染：环磷酰胺，多西他赛，依托泊苷，5-氟尿嘧啶，吉西他滨，异环磷酰胺，甲氨蝶呤和紫杉醇。在研究组中观察到环磷酰胺和5-氟尿嘧啶的污染显着降低。药房擦拭采样的监测效果研究方法被证明是一种可靠且负担得起的污染控制工具。基于污染值的第90个百分位数，得出了与物质无关的基于性能的指导值0.1ng cm（-2）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sensory processing strategies in improving the activity level of children with sensory integration dysfunction. METHODS:The study used a matching-only pretest-posttest control group design, which requires random matching of sensory integration dysfunction to the corresponding intervention group (n = 18) and control group (n = 18). The intervention group comprised 3-6-year-old children who received an 8-week school-day intervention during implementation of the theme curriculum. RESULTS:The 8-week treatment significantly reduced the activity level and foot-swinging episodes in children with sensory integration dysfunction, and obtained a medium-effect size. However, the level of improvement in the control group did not show any statistically significant change. CONCLUSION:Sensory processing strategies could improve activity levels in children with sensory integration dysfunction. However, this study was unable to exclude a developmental effect. The social validity results show that sensory processing strategies can be integrated into the theme curriculum and improve activity levels in children.

背景与目标： 摘要背景：本研究的目的是探讨感觉处理策略在改善感觉统合功能障碍儿童活动水平方面的有效性。
方法：本研究使用仅匹配的前测-后测对照组设计，该设计要求将感觉统合功能障碍随机匹配至相应的干预组（n = 18）和对照组（n = 18）。干预小组由3-6岁的儿童组成，他们在实施主题课程期间接受了为期8周的上学日干预。
结果：为期8周的治疗显着降低了感觉统合功能障碍儿童的活动水平和摆动脚步发作，并获得了中等程度的效果。但是，对照组的改善水平没有显示任何统计学上的显着变化。
结论：感觉处理策略可以提高感觉统合功能障碍儿童的活动水平。但是，这项研究无法排除发育的影响。社会有效性的结果表明，可以将感官加工策略整合到主题课程中，并提高儿童的活动水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: An experimental system has been developed which allows the identification of intermediates in the abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction pathway leading to desiccation tolerance in plants. Desiccation tolerance in callus of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum is mediated via the plant hormone ABA, which induces the expression of gene products related to desiccation tolerance. Based on T-DNA activation tagging, a gene (CDT-1) was isolated which encodes a signalling molecule in the ABA transduction pathway. Constitutive overexpression of CDT-1 leads to desiccation tolerance in the absence of ABA and to the constitutive expression of characteristic transcripts. CDT-1 represents a novel gene with unusual features in its primary sequence. The CDT-1 gene resembles in several features SINE retrotransposons. Mechanisms by which CDT-1 activates the pathway could be via a regulatory RNA or via a short polypeptide.

背景与目标： 已经开发了一种实验系统，该系统允许鉴定脱落酸（ABA）信号转导途径中的中间体，导致植物中的脱水耐受性。复活植物Craterostigma plantagineum愈伤组织中的干燥耐性是通过植物激素ABA介导的，ABA诱导了与干燥耐性有关的基因产物的表达。基于T-DNA激活标记，分离了一个基因（CDT-1），该基因在ABA转导途径中编码一个信号分子。 CDT-1的组成型过表达会导致在不存在ABA的情况下产生脱水耐受性，并导致特征性转录本的组成型表达。 CDT-1代表一个在其主要序列中具有异常特征的新基因。 CDT-1基因在几个特征上类似于SINE逆转座子。 CDT-1激活该途径的机制可能是通过调控RNA或通过短多肽。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To analyse the character of morphological changes occurring in a well defined peripheral nerve in humans exposed to vibration from hand held tools.

METHODS:Biopsies of the dorsal interosseus nerve just proximal to the wrist were taken from 10 men exposed to vibration and from 12 male age matched necropsy controls. The nerve was resected for pain relief either as the sole procedure or in conjunction with carpal tunnel release. All specimens were sectioned and examined by light microscopy in standard sections, thin epon sections, and teasing preparations.

RESULTS:The combined results of the analyses showed pathological changes in all 10 patients dominated by breakdown of myelin and by interstitial and perineurial fibrosis. All but one of the 12 controls were normal.

CONCLUSION:These findings often show severe nerve injury previously not described at this level. They indicate that demyelination may be the primary lesion in neuropathy induced by vibration followed by fibrosis associated with incomplete regeneration or with organisation of oedema. Vibration can induce structural changes in peripheral nerves just proximal to the wrist and such changes may constitute a structural component in carpal tunnel syndrome among people exposed to vibration. This may help to explain the poor results achieved by carpal tunnel release in these patients.

背景与目标： 目标：分析暴露在手持工具振动下的人的清晰外围神经中发生的形态变化的特征。

方法：腕部附近的背骨间神经取自10名受到振动的男性和12名与年龄匹配的尸检对照男性。可以单独或与腕管释放术一起切除神经以减轻疼痛。所有标本均进行切片，并在标准切片，薄切片切片和戏弄制剂中进行光学显微镜检查。

结果：分析的合并结果显示，所有10例患者中的病理改变通过髓磷脂的分解以及间质和神经周纤维化。除了12个对照中的一个以外，其他所有对照都正常。

结论：这些发现通常显示出严重的神经损伤，此水平以前没有描述。他们表明，脱髓鞘可能是振动引起的神经病的主要病变，继之以与再生不完全或水肿组织相关的纤维化。振动会导致腕部附近的周围神经结构发生变化，这种变化可能构成受到振动的人的腕管综合症的结构成分。这可能有助于解释这些患者通过腕管释放获得的不良结果。