• 【自我选择显着有助于更快,更远距离的男性和女性助行器的较低肥胖。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803457 复制DOI
    作者列表:Williams PT
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Cross-sectional studies show that active individuals are leaner than their sedentary counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent that this is due to self-selection bias, specifically to initially leaner men and women choosing to exercise longer and more intensely. METHODS:Walking quantity (weekly distance) and intensity (speed) were compared to current body mass index (BMI) (BMI(current)) and BMI at the start of walking (BMI(starting)) in 20,353 women and 5174 men who on average had walked regularly for exercise for 7.2 and 10.6 years, respectively. RESULTS:The relationships of both BMI(current) and BMI(starting) to both distance and intensity were nonlinear (convex). On average, BMI(starting) explained >70% of the association between BMI(current) and intensity, and 40 and 17% of the associations between BMI(current) and distance in women and men, respectively. Although the declines in BMI(current) with distance and intensity were greater among fatter individuals than leaner individuals, the portions attributable to BMI(starting) remained relatively constant regardless of fatness. Thus, self-selection bias accounted for most of the decline in BMI with walking intensity and smaller, albeit significant, proportions of the decline with distance. CONCLUSION:Although walking intensity and walking distance are both strongly associated with greater leanness, intensity is less likely to be causally related to leanness than is distance, and the latter should be encouraged for reversing or preventing weight gain.
    背景与目标: 目的:横断面研究表明,活跃的人比久坐的人更苗条。本文的目的是确定这是由于自我选择偏见所致,特别是针对最初较苗条的男性和女性,他们选择运动时间更长,强度更大。
    方法:比较20353名女性和5174名男性的步行量(每周距离)和强度(速度)与当前体重指数(BMI)(BMI(当前))和步行开始时(BMI(开始))的BMI。平均分别定期锻炼7.2年和10.6年。
    结果:BMI(电流)和BMI(起始)与距离和强度的关系均为非线性(凸)关系。平均而言,女性的BMI(开始)解释了> 70%的BMI(当前)与强度之间的关联,而男性和女性分别解释了BMI(当前)与距离之间的40%与17%之间的关联。尽管较胖的个体的BMI(当前)随距离和强度的下降幅度更大,而较瘦的个体更显着,但无论肥胖程度,可归因于BMI(起始)的部分都保持相对恒定。因此,随着步行强度的增加,自我选择偏见是BMI下降的主要因素,而随着距离的减小,自选偏差则占较小的(尽管很明显)比例。
    结论:虽然步行强度和步行距离都与较高的瘦度密切相关,但强度与倾斜度的因果关系远比距离小,因此应鼓励后者以逆转或防止体重增加。
  • 【肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶(PAD)6对于卵母细胞细胞骨架片的形成和女性的生育能力至关重要。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Esposito G,Vitale AM,Leijten FP,Strik AM,Koonen-Reemst AM,Yurttas P,Robben TJ,Coonrod S,Gossen JA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Peptidylarginine deiminase 6 (PAD6) is an enzyme that is uniquely expressed in male and female germ cells. To study the function of this enzyme in vivo we generated mice deficient for PAD6. Here we show that inactivation of the PAD6 gene in mice leads to female infertility whereas male fertility is not affected. The absence of the PAD6 protein and consequently absence of citrullination activity in oocytes results in dispersal of the cytoskeletal sheets in oocytes, indicating an essential role of these germ cell-specific structures in zygote/embryo development. PAD6 deficient mice do not show any other overt phenotype. Thus, we identify citrullination as a new regulator of fertility.
    背景与目标: :肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶6(PAD6)是一种在雄性和雌性生殖细胞中独特表达的酶。为了研究该酶在体内的功能,我们产生了PAD6缺陷的小鼠。在这里,我们显示,小鼠中PAD6基因的失活导致女性不育,而男性不育不受影响。卵母细胞中缺乏PAD6蛋白,因此缺乏瓜氨酸化活性,导致卵母细胞中细胞骨架片的分散,表明这些生殖细胞特异性结构在合子/胚胎发育中起着至关重要的作用。 PAD6缺陷的小鼠没有显示任何其他明显的表型。因此,我们确定瓜氨酸化是生育的新调节剂。
  • 【女性乳房和乳头-乳晕复合体的皮肤神经支配:手术的意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0007-1226(97)91155-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jaspars JJ,Posma AN,van Immerseel AA,Gittenberger-de Groot AC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Many surgical procedures performed in the thoracic region can easily damage cutaneous nerves important for the sensory innervation of the female breast. A better understanding of the distribution of these cutaneous nerves will help prevent impaired sensation after breast surgery. Therefore an anatomical study was performed on the cutaneous innervation of 12 breasts of 7 female cadavers. Special emphasis was placed on the nipple-areola complex. The origin, course and final destination of each cutaneous nerve was established and the contribution of each branch was determined by the area it innervated. Differences were evaluated using analysis of variance. The cutaneous innervation of the female breast is derived medially from the anterior cutaneous branches of the Ist-VIth intercostal nerves and laterally from the lateral cutaneous branches of the IInd-VIIth intercostal nerves. The nipple-areola complex is consistently supplied by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the IVth intercostal nerve, with additional innervation by cutaneous branches of the IIIrd and Vth intercostal nerves. This study shows an equal importance of both the anterior and the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. During surgical procedures one should try to avoid damage to the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the IIIrd, IVth and Vth intercostal nerves, with special attention to the IVth intercostal nerve which is the consistent nerve to the nipple-areola complex.

    背景与目标: 在胸腔区域进行的许多外科手术程序很容易损坏对女性乳房感觉神经重要的皮肤神经。更好地了解这些皮肤神经的分布将有助于防止乳房手术后感觉受损。因此,对7名女性尸体的12个乳房的皮肤神经进行了解剖学研究。特别强调了乳头-乳晕复合体。确定了每个皮神经的起源,进程和最终目的地,每个分支的贡献取决于其支配的区域。使用方差分析评估差异。女性乳房的皮肤神经支配来自内侧的第I-VIth肋间神经的前皮支和外侧的第II-VIIth肋间神经的皮外支。乳头-乳晕复合体始终由第IV肋间神经的前,外侧皮支提供,同时由第III和Vth肋间神经的皮支提供额外的神经支配。这项研究表明肋间神经的前和外侧皮肤分支的同等重要性。在手术过程中,应尽量避免损伤肋间神经的第III,IV和Vth区的前,外侧皮肤分支,尤其要注意肋间神经(即乳头-乳晕复合体的一致神经)的第IV肋间神经。 br>
  • 【患有Marchiafava-Bignami病的术后非酒精性女性的短暂性脑病。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.05.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rusche-Skolarus LE,Lucey BP,Vo KD,Snider BJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is historically reported in middle-aged alcoholic men. We describe the presentation, course and radiological findings of a young non-alcoholic woman who developed encephalopathy and MRI findings consistent with MBD postoperatively. She returned to baseline after vitamin supplementation. We believe it is important to diagnose MBD because it is a potentially reversible encephalopathy.
    背景与目标: :Marchiafava-Bignami病(MBD)历史上曾报道于中年酗酒的男性。我们描述了一名年轻的非酒精中毒妇女的表现,病程和影像学表现,该妇女在术后发展为脑病和MRI表现与MBD一致。补充维生素后,她恢复了基线。我们认为诊断MBD很重要,因为它是一种潜在的可逆性脑病。
  • 【评估年龄和缺牙症对女性受试者下颌骨矿物质密度的相对影响的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.06.061 复制DOI
    作者列表:Devlin H,Horner K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the relative influence of age and edentulousness upon mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of dentate and edentulous female subjects. STUDY DESIGN:Seventy-two patients (43-79 years of age; mean age, 62.5 years), of whom 49 were edentulous and 23 dentate, underwent dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA) to determine the BMD of the body of mandible. Mandibular BMD was measured using DXA. The investigators independently determined rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) on the mandibular images, and the computer calculated the BMD of these specified regions. For the dentate patients, the ROIs were placed to exclude the roots of teeth. RESULTS:A linear multiple regression model was fitted to the dependent variable, mandibular body BMD, with age and whether the patient was edentulous or dentate being explanatory factors in the statistical model. The variable describing the dentate/edentulous state was not significant in the statistical model (P = .91). The model showed that age was significantly related negatively to the BMD of the mandibular body (P = .01). CONCLUSION:Age was a predictor of mandibular BMD but edentulousness was not.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究的目的是评估年龄和缺牙程度对齿状和缺牙女性受试者样本中下颌骨矿物质密度(BMD)的相对影响。
    研究设计:72例患者(43-79岁;平均年龄为62.5岁),其中49例是无牙的,23例是齿状的,接受了双X射线能量吸收法(DXA)测定下颌骨的BMD 。使用DXA测量下颌骨BMD。研究人员独立确定下颌图像上的矩形感兴趣区域(ROI),然后计算机计算这些指定区域的BMD。对于有牙齿的患者,将ROI放置在排除牙根的位置。
    结果:线性多元回归模型适用于因变量,下颌体BMD,年龄以及患者是无牙还是齿状是统计模型中的解释性因素。在统计模型中,描述齿状/无齿状态的变量不显着(P = 0.91)。该模型显示,年龄与下颌骨的BMD显着负相关(P = .01)。
    结论:年龄是下颌骨BMD的预测因子,但无牙龈缺失。
  • 【一种新的同二倍体鱼类,它是由雌性鲤鱼×雄性钝嘴鲷的种间杂交衍生而来的。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-04582-z 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang S,Ye X,Wang Y,Chen Y,Lin B,Yi Z,Mao Z,Hu F,Zhao R,Wang J,Zhou R,Ren L,Yao Z,Tao M,Zhang C,Xiao J,Qin Q,Liu S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is commonly believed that hybridization might lead to the formation of new polyploidy species, but it is unclear whether hybridization can produce a new homodiploid species. Here, we report the spontaneous occurrence of a new crucian carp-like homodiploid fish (2n = 100) that originated from the interspecific hybridization of female common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprininae, 2n = 100) × male blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, Cultrinae, 2n = 48). The phenotype and reproductive traits of this new crucian carp-like homodiploid fish were found to be very similar to those of the existing diploid species (diploid crucian carp; Carassius auratus). FISH and 5S rDNA analyses revealed that the genotype of the crucian carp-like homodiploid fish differs from those of its parents but is closely related to that of diploid crucian carp. The results provide evidence of the existence of a possible route through which the distant hybridization of this cross can generate crucian carp. The new type of homodiploid fish is of great value in fish genetic breeding and for studying the early evolutionary process.
    背景与目标: :通常认为杂交可能导致新的多倍体物种的形成,但尚不清楚杂交是否可以产生新的同二倍体物种。在这里,我们报道了一种新的cru鱼状同二倍体鱼(2n = 100)的自发发生,该鱼起源于雌性鲤(Cyprinus carpio,Cyprininae,2n = 100)×雄性钝嘴鲷(Megalobrama amblycephala, Cultrinae,2n = 48)。发现这种新的cru鱼状同二倍体鱼的表型和繁殖性状与现有的二倍体物种(二倍体cru鱼; Car鱼)非常相似。 FISH和5S rDNA分析表明,the鱼状同二倍体鱼的基因型与其亲本不同,但与二倍体cru鱼密切相关。结果提供了存在可能的途径的证据,该杂交的远距离杂交可通过该途径产生cru鱼。新型同二倍体鱼类在鱼类遗传育种和研究早期进化过程中具有重要价值。
  • 【在雌雄大鼠的青春期前后进行性腺切除后,对乙醇诱导的条件性味觉厌恶敏感性的差异出现。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.020 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morales M,Spear LP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously demonstrated that gonadectomy either prior to (early) or after (late) puberty elevated ethanol consumption in males to levels similar to intact adult females-effects that were attenuated by testosterone replacement. To assess whether alterations in the aversive effects of ethanol might contribute to gonadectomy-associated increases in ethanol intake in males, the present study examined the impact of gonadectomy on conditioned taste aversions (CTA) to ethanol in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were gonadectomized, received sham surgery (SH) or non-manipulated (NM) on postnatal (P) day 23 (early) or 67 (late) and tested for CTA to ethanol in adulthood. Water-deprived rats were given 1 hr access every-other-day to 10% sucrose followed by an injection of ethanol (0, 1g/kg) for 5 test sessions. Test data were analyzed to determine the first day significant aversions emerged in each ethanol group (i.e., sucrose intakes significantly less than their saline-injected counterparts). Early gonadectomized males acquired the CTA more rapidly than did early SH and NM males (day 1 vs 3 and 4 respectively), whereas a gonadectomy-associated enhancement in ethanol CTA was not evident in late males. Among females, gonadectomy had little impact on ethanol-induced CTA, with females in all groups showing an aversion by the first or second day, regardless of surgery age. These data suggest that previously observed elevations in ethanol intake induced by either pre- or post-pubertal gonadectomy in males are not related simply to gonadectomy-induced alterations in the aversive effects of ethanol indexed via CTA.
    背景与目标: :我们以前已经证明,在青春期之前(早期)或青春期之后(晚期)进行性腺切除术会使男性的乙醇消耗量增加到与完整的成年女性相同的水平,这种作用会因睾丸激素的替代而减弱。为了评估乙醇的厌恶作用改变是否可能与男性进行性腺切除术相关的乙醇摄入量增加有关,本研究检查了性腺切除术对雄性和雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠对乙醇的条件性味觉厌恶(CTA)的影响。在出生后(P)第23天(早期)或67(后期)对动物进行性腺切除术,进行假手术(SH)或不进行操作(NM),并在成年期测试其对乙醇的CTA。每隔一天给缺水的大鼠1小时使用10%的蔗糖,然后注射乙醇(0,1g / kg)进行5次测试。分析测试数据以确定每个乙醇组在第一天就出现了明显的厌恶感(即蔗糖摄入量明显少于其注射生理盐水的对应物)。早期进行过性腺切除的男性比早期SH和NM男性(分别为第1天,第3天和第4天)更快地获得了CTA,而在晚期男性中,与性腺切除术相关的乙醇CTA的增强并不明显。在女性中,性腺切除术对乙醇诱导的CTA几乎没有影响,所有组中的女性在第一天或第二天都表现出厌恶感,无论手术年龄如何。这些数据表明,先前观察到的男性青春期前或青春期后性腺切除术诱导的乙醇摄入量增加与单纯性腺切除术诱导的通过CTA索引的乙醇的厌恶作用改变无关。
  • 【使用弱光疗法治疗雄激素性脱发和女性型脱发。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09546634.2013.832134 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gupta AK,Daigle D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is the most common form of hair loss in men and women. Despite its common occurrence, our understanding of the etiology of AGA and FPHL remains incomplete. As such, traditional therapies demonstrate modest efficacies and new therapies continue to be sought. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) is a relatively new technique used to promote hair growth in both men and women with AGA and FPHL. Currently, there exist several LLLT devices marketed for the treatment of alopecia, which claim to stimulate hair growth; yet marketing these devices only requires that safety, not efficacy, be established. A handful of studies have since investigated the efficacy of LLLT for alopecia with mixed results. These studies suffered from power, confounding and analysis issues which resulted in a high risk of bias in LLLT studies. Due to the paucity of well-conducted randomized controlled trials, the efficacy of LLLT devices remains unclear. Randomized controlled trials of LLLT conducted and reported according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement would greatly increase the credibility of the evidence and clarify the ambiguity of the effectiveness of LLLT in the treatment of AGA and FPHL.
    背景与目标: :雄激素性脱发(AGA)或女性型脱发(FPHL)是男女最常见的脱发形式。尽管经常发生,但我们对AGA和FPHL病因的了解仍然不完整。因此,传统疗法显示出适度的功效,并且继续寻求新疗法。低水平光疗(LLLT)是一种相对较新的技术,用于在患有AGA和FPHL的男性和女性中促进头发生长。目前,有几种用于治疗脱发的LLLT设备已上市,它们声称可以刺激头发生长。然而,销售这些设备只需要确定安全性而不是功效。此后,一些研究调查了LLLT治疗脱发的疗效,但结果不一。这些研究存在能力,混淆和分析问题,导致LLLT研究存在偏见的高风险。由于缺乏进行良好的随机对照试验,LLLT装置的功效仍不清楚。根据《合并报告标准》(CONSORT)声明进行和报告的LLLT随机对照试验将大大提高证据的可信度,并阐明LLLT在AGA和FPHL的治疗中有效性的歧义。
  • 【女用避孕套:有效和方便,而不是美国城市青少年所重视的“女控”。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1521/aeap.2008.20.2.160 复制DOI
    作者列表:Latka MH,Kapadia F,Fortin P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Abstract Data on adolescents' views regarding the female condom are limited. We conducted seven single-gender focus groups with 47 New York City boys and girls aged 15-20 years (72% African American; 43% ever on public assistance; 72% sexually active; 25% had either been pregnant or fathered a pregnancy). Conceptual mapping was performed by participants to reveal the characteristics of protective methods deemed important to them. During analysis we specifically evaluated how the female condom was mapped. Girls consistently organized methods by, and thus were concerned about, contraceptive effectiveness, side effects, and availability (over the counter vs. provider controlled). Participants tended to classify the female condom with the male condom rather than as "female controlled." Maps varied among boys but contraceptive effectiveness was an important theme. Boys, but not girls, consistently and variously articulated an awareness of sexual pleasure when discussing this topic. Emphasizing the female condom's contraceptive effectiveness, lack of side effects, and availability may be important when counseling adolescents.
    背景与目标: 摘要:关于青少年对女用避孕套的看法的数据有限。我们与47个15-20岁的纽约市男孩和女孩进行了七个单性别焦点小组讨论(72%的非洲裔美国人; 43%曾获得公共援助; 72%从事性活动; 25%曾怀孕或怀孕过) 。参与者进行了概念映射,以揭示对他们而言重要的保护方法的特征。在分析过程中,我们专门评估了女用避孕套的位置。女孩们通过避孕效果,副作用和可获得性(在柜台与提供者控制下)一致地组织方法,并因此而感到担忧。参与者倾向于将女用安全套与男用安全套进行分类,而不是归类为“女性控制”。男孩之间的地图各不相同,但避孕效果是一个重要主题。在讨论这个话题时,男孩(而不是女孩)始终如一地表达了对性快感的认识。在为青少年提供咨询时,强调女性避孕套的避孕效果,无副作用和实用性可能很重要。
  • 【包有白蛋白藻酸盐的微球:对蒸汽灭菌和冻干具有抵抗力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.053 复制DOI
    作者列表:Callewaert M,Laurent-Maquin D,Edwards-Lévy F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The paper describes the effect of different thermal treatments on the morphology and binding properties of particles prepared using a transacylation reaction between two biocompatible polymers, namely propylene glycol alginate and human serum albumin. Compared to control alginate gel microspheres, albumin-alginate covalent network offers a better resistance to the microspheres towards freezing, lyophilization and sterilization. The binding properties for methylene blue were not altered by the treatments. Moreover, stability in physiological environments opens interesting applications in biological and pharmaceutical fields.
    背景与目标: :本文描述了不同热处理对使用两种生物相容性聚合物(藻酸丙二醇酯和人血清白蛋白)之间进行转酰化反应制备的颗粒的形态和结合特性的影响。与对照藻酸盐凝胶微球相比,白蛋白-藻酸盐共价网络对微球具有更好的抵抗冷冻,冻干和灭菌的能力。对于亚甲基蓝的结合性能没有被处理改变。此外,生理环境中的稳定性在生物学和制药领域中开启了令人感兴趣的应用。
  • 【一名十二岁女性伪装成网膜瘤的腹部放线菌病。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10156-012-0432-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hirayama Y,Iinuma Y,Hashizume N,Yoshida M,Iida H,Shibuya H,Naito S,Nitta K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We herein report a case of abdominal actinomycosis in a 12-year-old girl in whom an omental primary tumor was suspected before surgery. The patient began to experience intermittent lower left abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans were inconclusive at this time, but 6 months later, CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations showed a 7-cm, tumor-like lesion in the left abdominal cavity; malignancy could not be ruled out. The tumor, which originated in the omentum and adhered strongly to the left abdominal wall, was resected along with approximately 90 % of the omentum, the peritoneum in contact with the mass, and the posterior layer of the rectus abdominal sheath, under suspicion of a malignant tumor. However, omental actinomycosis was the final pathological diagnosis. The patient's antibiotic treatment was changed to a penicillin-series oral antibiotic to prevent recurrence of the actinomycosis. The patient was discharged from our hospital 16 days after the first surgery, but she developed three episodes of ileus; the first two required surgery. The patient has had no further recurrences of actinomycosis or postoperative ileus 20 months after discharge.
    背景与目标: :我们在此报告了一名12岁女孩的腹部放线菌病病例,该患者在手术前被怀疑是网膜原发性肿瘤。患者开始经历间歇性左下腹痛。腹部计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描此时尚无定论,但6个月后,CT和磁共振成像(MRI)检查显示左腹腔内有7厘米肿瘤样病变。不能排除恶性肿瘤。肿瘤起源于大网膜并牢固地粘附于左腹壁,在怀疑有大网膜的情况下,将其与约90%的大网膜,与肿块接触的腹膜和腹直肌腹鞘后层一起切除。恶性肿瘤。但是,网膜放线菌病是最终的病理诊断。患者的抗生素治疗改为青霉素系列口服抗生素,以防止放线菌病复发。该患者在第一次手术后16天就从我们医院出院了,但是她出现了3例肠梗阻。前两个需要手术。出院20个月后,该患者没有放线菌病或术后肠梗阻的进一步复发。
  • 12 Review of female stress urinary incontinence. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【回顾女性压力性尿失禁。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Groth T,Guralnick ML,O'Connor RC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common problem affecting up to 35% of the female population. SUI results from a laxity of the pelvic floor anatomy, neuromuscular injury of the external urinary sphincter mechanism or both. Evaluation of the condition includes careful history, physical examination and urine analysis. Additional tests such as urodynamic studies and cystoscopic inspection are determined on a case by case basis. Treatment options range from behavior modification to medications to surgery. We present a review of the incidence, pathophysiology, evaluation and medical/surgical treatment options for SUI.
    背景与目标: :压力性尿失禁(SUI)是一个普遍的问题,可影响多达35%的女性人口。 SUI是由于骨盆底解剖结构松弛,外部尿道括约肌机制受到神经肌肉损伤或两者兼有。对病情的评估包括仔细的病史,体格检查和尿液分析。逐项确定尿动力学检查和膀胱镜检查等其他检查。治疗选择范围从行为改变到药物治疗再到手术治疗。我们对SUI的发生率,病理生理学,评估和医学/外科治疗方案进行了综述。
  • 【女性性激素对脑外伤后肠道和血清细胞因子反应的影响:雌激素受体亚型的不同作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1139/cjpp-2012-0359 复制DOI
    作者列表:Khaksari M,Keshavarzi Z,Gholamhoseinian A,Bibak B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of female sexual hormones on intestinal and serum cytokines following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult female rats were ovariectomized and distributed among the following 9 groups: (i) sham trauma, (ii) TBI (Marmarou's method), (iii) vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) treated, (iv) estrogen (E2) treated, (v) progesterone (P) treated, (vi) treated with E2+P, (vii) propylpyrazole triol (PPT) treated, (viii) diarylpropionitrile (DPN) treated, and (ix) control. PPT and DPN are estrogen receptor αand β agonists, respectively. Serum and intestinal levels of interleukin (IL)-1β were increased by TBI (P < 0.001). The level of intestinal IL-1β was increased in the group treated with E2 (P < 0.001). There was a reduction in serum IL-1β (P < 0.01) and an increase in intestinal IL-1β level (P < 0.001) in the PPT-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. TBI reduced serum IL-6 (P < 0.01) and increased intestinal IL-6 (P < 0.001). Serum IL-6 was increased in the group treated with E2 (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.001), E2+P (P < 0.01), and DPN (P < 0.001) after TBI; however, intestinal IL-6 was higher in the E2-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group (P < 0.01). Intestinal tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was increased by TBI (P < 0.001). Progesterone decreased serum TNF-α (P < 0.01). Intestinal TNF-α in the E2 (P < 0.01), E2+P (P < 0.001), and PPT (P < 0.001) treatment groups was less than in the vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, estrogen influences the intestinal levels of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α, mediated through estrogen receptor α.
    背景与目标: :这项研究的目的是评估女性性激素对脑外伤(TBI)后肠道和血清细胞因子的影响。将成年雌性大鼠切除卵巢,并分布在以下9组中:(i)假创伤,(ii)TBI(Marmarou方法),(iii)媒介物(二甲亚砜)治疗,(iv)雌激素(E2)治疗,(v)孕激素(P)处理,(vi)用E2 P处理,(vii)丙基吡唑三醇(PPT)处理,(viii)二芳基丙腈(DPN)处理,以及(ix)对照。 PPT和DPN分别是雌激素受体α和β激动剂。 TBI可提高血清和肠道白细胞介素(IL)-1β的水平(P <0.001)。 E2治疗组肠道IL-1β水平升高(P <0.001)。与溶媒治疗组相比,PPT治疗组的血清IL-1β降低(P <0.01),肠内IL-1β水平升高(P <0.001)。 TBI降低血清IL-6(P <0.01),增加肠道IL-6(P <0.001)。 TBI后E2组(P <0.001),P组(P <0.001),E2P组(P <0.01)和DPN组(P <0.001),血清IL-6水平升高。然而,E2治疗组的肠道IL-6高于媒介物治疗组(P <0.01)。 TBI可增加肠道肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)(P <0.001)。孕酮降低血清TNF-α(P <0.01)。 E2(P <0.01),E2 P(P <0.001)和PPT(P <0.001)治疗组的肠道TNF-α低于赋形剂治疗组。总之,雌激素影响通过雌激素受体α介导的促炎细胞因子,特别是TNF-α的肠道水平。
  • 【中国上海女性娱乐工作者一贯使用安全套的相关性:一项重复措施分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0956462412473959 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yang X,Xia G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Female entertainment workers (FEWs) in China are at increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, but correlates of their risky sexual behaviour remain poorly understood. Using data from a series of four surveys, this paper employs repeated measures analysis to identify individual and social correlates of consistent condom use among FEWs in Shanghai. Results reveal that both individual cognitive and social influence factors are statistically significant in their bivariate relationships to consistent condom use with a stable or non-stable partner; only prevention motivation and perceived self-efficacy in condom use remain significant in the multiple regressions. When individual and social correlates are examined together, only peer support for condom use remains a significant and independent correlate of consistent condom use in sex with a non-stable partner. Behavioural intervention is urgently needed and should take a multilevel approach, emphasizing individual prevention motivation and behavioural skills training and promoting peer/social support.
    背景与目标: :在中国,女性娱乐工作者(FEW)感染艾滋病毒和其他性传播感染的风险增加,但对其危险性行为的相关性仍知之甚少。利用来自四项调查的一系列数据,本文采用了重复测量分析,以识别上海两性生殖者中一致使用安全套的个人和社会相关因素。结果显示,个人的认知和社会影响因素在其双变量关系上具有统计学意义,与稳定或不稳定的伴侣持续使用安全套有关;在多元回归中,只有预防动机和使用避孕套的自我效能感仍然很重要。当一起检查个人和社会相关者时,只有同龄人对使用安全套的支持仍然是与不稳定伴侣在性生活中一致使用安全套的重要且独立的相关性。迫切需要行为干预,应采取多层次的方法,强调个人预防动机和行为技能培训,并促进同伴/社会支持。
  • 【印度那加兰邦HIV阳性和HIV阴性女性性工作者中使用酒精和避孕套。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0956462413480722 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nuken A,Kermode M,Saggurti N,Armstrong G,Medhi GK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examines the relationship between alcohol use, HIV status, and condom use among female sex workers in Nagaland, India. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 2009, using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Out of 417 female sex workers, one-fifth used alcohol daily and one-tenth were HIV-positive. HIV-positive female sex workers were more likely than HIV-negative female sex workers to consume alcohol daily (30.2% vs. 18.0%). HIV-positive daily alcohol users reported lower condom use at last sex with regular clients compared to HIV-positive non-daily alcohol users (46.2% vs. 79.3%), a relationship not evident among HIV-negative female sex workers. There is a need to promote awareness of synergies between alcohol use and HIV, and to screen for problematic alcohol use among female sex workers in order to reduce the spread of HIV.
    背景与目标: :这项研究调查了印度那加兰邦女性性工作者中的饮酒,艾滋病毒感染状况和使用安全套之间的关系。我们使用描述性和多元统计数据分析了2009年进行的横断面调查的数据。在417名女性性工作者中,每天有五分之一的人喝酒,十分之一的人是HIV阳性。艾滋病毒阳性的女性性工作者比艾滋病毒阴性的女性性工作者每天饮酒的可能性更高(30.2%比18.0%)。日常感染艾滋病毒呈阳性的日常饮酒者比非艾滋病毒呈阳性的日常非饮酒者(46.2%vs. 79.3%),与普通顾客在最后一次性交时使用避孕套的比例较低,在艾滋病毒呈阴性的女性性工作者中这种关系并不明显。有必要提高对饮酒与艾滋病毒之间协同作用的认识,并在女性性工作者中筛查有问题的饮酒,以减少艾滋病毒的传播。

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