• 【印度城市女性性工作者中的寻求健康战略和性健康:对研究和服务提供的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00288-2 复制DOI
    作者列表:Evans C,Lambert H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper presents and discusses selected findings from a study of health-seeking strategies in relation to sexual health among a group of female sex workers in Calcutta, India. Background information on sex work and sexually transmitted disease in Calcutta is followed by the presentation of findings pertaining to women's understandings of (sexual) health, treatment-seeking and service utilisation. In the urban context where health services are readily available, patterns of initial treatment-seeking are shown to be generally (biomedically) appropriate, but subsequent "non-compliant" therapeutic practices give cause for concern. Conventional approaches to the study of "health-seeking behaviour" are reviewed in the light of these findings and questions raised about the appropriateness of approaches that focus on initial choice of treatment type and/or assume processes of health-seeking to be determined primarily by cultural "beliefs" about illness. Inherent biomedical and culturalist biases in the orientation of such research are shown to produce an analytic neglect of the dual influences of material life conditions and people's perceptions of health, rather than illness, upon health-related strategies. Recommendations are made for operational research and policy formulation on the provision of effective sexual health services, and implications are drawn for the scope of interventions and applied research directed at improving sexual health.

    背景与目标: 本文介绍并讨论了印度加尔各答一群女性性工作者中与性健康相关的健康寻求策略研究中的部分发现。在加尔各答关于性工作和性传播疾病的背景信息之后,介绍与妇女对(性)健康,寻求治疗和利用服务的理解有关的发现。在容易获得卫生服务的城市环境中,最初寻求治疗的模式已被证明通常(生物医学上)是适当的,但是随后的“不依从”治疗方法引起了人们的关注。鉴于这些发现,对常规的“寻求健康行为”研究方法进行了回顾,并提出了一些有关方法的适当性的问题,这些方法着重于治疗类型的初始选择和/或假设寻求健康的过程主要由以下因素决定:关于疾病的文化“信仰”。研究方向的内在生物医学和文化主义偏见表明,人们忽视了物质生活条件和人们对健康而不是疾病的看法对健康相关策略的双重影响。为提供有效的性健康服务的运营研究和政策制定提出了建议,并对旨在改善性健康的干预措施和应用研究的范围产生了影响。

  • 【欧洲男性和非洲女性对非裔美国人基因组的贡献增加。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00439-006-0261-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lind JM,Hutcheson-Dilks HB,Williams SM,Moore JH,Essex M,Ruiz-Pesini E,Wallace DC,Tishkoff SA,O'Brien SJ,Smith MW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The differential relative contribution of males and females from Africa and Europe to individual African American genomes is relevant to mapping genes utilizing admixture analysis. The assessment of ancestral population contributions to the four types of genomic DNA (autosomes, X and Y chromosomes, and mitochondrial) with their differing modes of inheritance is most easily addressed in males. A thorough evaluation of 93 African American males for 2,018 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, 121 X chromosome SNPs, 10 Y chromosome haplogroups specified by SNPs, and six haplogroup defining mtDNA SNPs is presented. A distinct lack of correlation observed between the X chromosome and the autosomal admixture fractions supports separate treatment of these chromosomes in admixture-based gene mapping applications. The European genetic contributions were highest (and African lowest) for the Y chromosome (28.46%), followed by the autosomes (19.99%), then the X chromosome (12.11%), and the mtDNA (8.51%). The relative order of admixture fractions in the genomic compartments validates previous studies that suggested sex-biased gene flow with elevated European male and African female contributions. There is a threefold higher European male contribution compared with European females (Y chromosome vs. mtDNA) to the genomes of African American individuals meaning that admixture-based gene discovery will have the most power for the autosomes and will be more limited for X chromosome analysis.
    背景与目标: :非洲和欧洲的雄性和雌性对单个非裔美国人基因组的不同相对贡献与利用混合分析对基因进行定位有关。在男性中,最容易解决对祖先种群对四种基因组DNA(常染色体,X和Y染色体以及线粒体)及其不同遗传方式的贡献的评估。彻底评估了93名非洲裔美国男性的2018个常染色体单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记,121个X染色体SNP,由SNP指定的10个Y染色体单倍群和六个定义mtDNA SNP的单倍群。在X染色体和常染色体混合物级分之间观察到的明显缺乏相关性支持了在基于混合物的基因作图应用中对这些染色体的单独处理。欧洲的遗传贡献在Y染色体上最高(非洲最低)(28.46%),其次是常染色体(19.99%),然后是X染色体(12.11%)和mtDNA(8.51%)。基因组区室中混合组分的相对顺序验证了以前的研究,该研究表明性别偏向的基因流与欧洲男性和非洲女性的贡献增加有关。在非裔美国人的基因组中,欧洲男性的贡献比欧洲女性高出三倍(Y染色体与mtDNA),这意味着基于混合物的基因发现将对常染色体具有最大的作用,并且在X染色体分析中将受到更大的限制。 。
  • 【雌性大鼠母体行为中表达Fos的终末纹状体神经元的内侧视前区和腹床核的投射部位。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.t01-1-00597.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Numan M,Numan MJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VBST) neurons are involved in maternal behavior, but the neural sites to which the maternally relevant neurons project have not been determined. Since MPOA and VBST neurons express Fos during maternal behavior, we used a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure to detect both Fos and a retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in order to determine where these Fos neurons project. On Day 4 postpartum, fully maternal females were separated from their litters. On Day 5, WGA was iontophoretically injected into one of the following regions known to receive MPOA and/or VBST input: Lateral septum, medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral field, or periaqueductal gray. On Day 7, females received a 2-h test with either pups or candy, after which they were perfused and their brains were processed for the detection of Fos and WGA. As expected, females tested with pups had more Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA and VBST than did females tested with candy. After WGA injections into several brain sites, the number of double-labeled cells observed in the MPOA and VBST was greater for the maternal females when compared to the non-maternal females. Therefore, these results pinpointed neural circuits that were activated during maternal behavior. For the maternal females, Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA projected most strongly to the medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus and to the lateral septum, while Fos-containing neurons in the VBST projected most strongly to the retrorubral field, ventral tegmental area, and medial hypothalamus. Although relatively few MPOA and VBST neurons which expressed Fos during maternal behavior projected to the periaqueductal gray, these Fos-expressing neurons made up a relatively large proportion of the MPOA and VBST projection to the periaqueductal gray. This study suggests that MPOA and VBST efferents project to a variety of regions to promote full maternal responsiveness.
    背景与目标: :孕产妇的行为涉及视神经内侧视前区(MPOA)和纹状体终末腹侧核(VBST)的母亲行为,但尚未确定与母亲相关的神经元投射到的神经部位。由于MPOA和VBST神经元在孕产妇行为期间表达Fos,因此我们使用双重标记免疫细胞化学方法检测Fos和逆行示踪剂小麦胚芽凝集素(WGA),以确定这些Fos神经元的位置。在产后第4天,将完全产妇的母猪从其产仔中分离出来。在第5天,将WGA离子电渗注入已知可接收MPOA和/或VBST输入的以下区域之一:外侧中隔,腹侧内侧丘脑,腹侧核,腹侧被膜区,腹侧被盖区,后睑缘视野或导水管周围灰色。在第7天,雌性接受幼犬或糖果的2小时测试,然后进行灌注,并对其大脑进行处理以检测Fos和WGA。不出所料,用幼犬测试的雌性在MPOA和VBST中的含Fos的神经元要多于用糖果进行测试的雌性。 WGA注射到多个大脑部位后,与非母体雌性相比,母体雌性在MPOA和VBST中观察到的双标记细胞数量更多。因此,这些结果指出了在孕产妇行为中激活的神经回路。对于孕产妇,MPOA中含有Fos的神经元在腹膜内侧核和外侧中隔的投射力最强,而VBST中含有Fos的神经元在后睑内侧,腹侧被膜的投射力最强。区域和内侧下丘脑。尽管在产妇行为期间表达Fos的MPOA和VBST神经元相对较少,但会投射到导水管周围的灰色,但这些表达Fos的神经元占MPOA和VBST投射至导水管周围的灰色的比例相对较大。这项研究表明,MPOA和VBST传出可投射到各个区域,以促进全面的孕产妇反应。
  • 【在西西里岛东部卡塔尼亚居住的哥伦比亚和多米尼加女性性工作者中,艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病的流行。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10903-006-9002-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nigro L,Larocca L,Celesia BM,Montineri A,Sjoberg J,Caltabiano E,Fatuzzo F,Unit Operators Group.
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.
    背景与目标: 简介:性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者(FSWs)通常被认为属于一个社会群体,该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中,西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV,HBV,HCV和梅毒的患病率。
    方法:在该项目过程中,总共有118名(63.78%)的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒,更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV,HBV,HCV和梅毒。
    结果:在118个FSW中,所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性(1.6%)的乙型肝炎(HbsAg)阳性。通过VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果(2.5%),这已被TPHA证实。
    讨论:这项研究表明,哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV,HBV,HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明这些妇女到达意大利后就很健康,而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。
  • 【对雌性大鼠给予合成代谢雄激素类固醇癸酸诺龙,会导致子宫形态改变和生殖能力下降。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.07.037 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mobini Far HR,Agren G,Lindqvist AS,Marmendal M,Fahlke C,Thiblin I
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present investigation was to characterize the effects of supraphysiological doses of the anabolic androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate (ND) on the fertility of female rats, as well as on the morphology of their uterus. STUDY DESIGN:Female Wistar rats (n=15) received a subcutaneous injection of ND (15 mg/kg) once daily during a 2-week period, while the control animals (n=10) were administered vehicle alone (arachidis oleum) in the same manner. Estrus behavior was evaluated 4 weeks after termination of this treatment and in cases where signs of receptivity were present, the female rat was given the opportunity to copulate with a male. After breeding, the female animals were sacrificed and their uteri examined histomorphologically. RESULTS:All ND-treated animals exhibited abnormal vaginal smears, whereas all of the control smears were normal. Most (73%) of the treated females demonstrated normal estrus behavior (i.e., willingness) on the day of mating, but none got pregnant; whereas all of the control rats became pregnant. The female rats receiving the ND showed an enhanced rate of weight gain and the myometrium thickness of their uteri was significantly increased, while the endometrium was significantly thinner. Furthermore, ND caused a significant proportion of the treated animals to display tortuous and irregularly branching endometrial glands, as well as a lack of the physiologically normal infiltration of eosinophilic leukocytes into the endometrium (endometrial eosinophilic homing), a finding that has not been reported previously. CONCLUSION:The present findings indicate that high doses of ND cause morphological and physiological alterations in the uterus of female rats that are associated with a suppression of their reproductive capacity.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究的目的是表征同化雄性类固醇癸酸nandrolone癸酸酯的超生理剂量对雌性大鼠生育能力以及子宫形态的影响。
    研究设计:Wistar雌性大鼠(n = 15)在2周内每天一次皮下注射ND(15 mg / kg),而对照组(n = 10)单独给予媒介物(花生油)。同样的方式。终止该治疗4周后评估发情行为,并且在出现接受迹象的情况下,给予雌性大鼠与雄性交配的机会。繁殖后,将雌性动物处死并对其子宫进行组织形态学检查。
    结果:所有接受ND治疗的动物均表现出异常的阴道涂片,而所有对照涂片均正常。接受治疗的大多数女性(73%)在交配当天表现出正常的发情行为(即意愿),但没有人怀孕;而所有对照大鼠都怀孕了。接受ND的雌性大鼠体重增加率增加,子宫肌层厚度明显增加,而子宫内膜明显变薄。此外,ND导致相当一部分被治疗的动物表现出曲折和不规则分支的子宫内膜腺体,并且缺乏正常的嗜酸性白细胞进入子宫内膜的生理正常浸润(子宫内膜嗜酸性归巢),这一发现此前尚未见报道。 。
    结论:本研究结果表明,高剂量的ND可导致雌性大鼠子宫形态和生理改变,从而抑制其生殖能力。
  • 【缺碘雌性大鼠甲状腺和组织中的脱碘酶活性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1210/en.2012-1727 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lavado-Autric R,Calvo RM,de Mena RM,de Escobar GM,Obregon MJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Severe iodine deficiency is characterized by goiter, preferential synthesis, and secretion of T(3) in thyroids, hypothyroxinemia in plasma and tissues, normal or low plasma T(3), and slightly increased plasma TSH. We studied changes in deiodinase activities and mRNA in several tissues of rats maintained on low-iodine diets (LIDs) or LIDs supplemented with iodine (LID+I). T(4) and T(3) concentrations decreased in plasma, tissues, and thyroids of LID rats, and T(4) decreased more than T(3) (50%). The highest type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1) activities were found in the thyroid, kidney, and the liver; pituitary, lung, and ovary had lower D1 activities; but the lowest levels were found in the heart and skeletal muscle. D1 activity decreased in all tissues of LID rats (10-40% of LID+I rats), except for ovary and thyroids, which D1 activity increased 2.5-fold. Maximal type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activities were found in thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary, increasing 6.5-fold in thyroids of LID rats and about 20-fold in the whole gland. D2 always increased in response to LID, and maximal increases were found in the cerebral cortex (19-fold), thyroid, brown adipose tissue, and pituitary (6-fold). Lower D2 activities were found in the ovary, heart, and adrenal gland, which increased in LID. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity was undetectable. Thyroidal Dio1 and Dio2 mRNA increased in the LID rats, and Dio1 decreased in the lung, with no changes in mRNA expression in other tissues. Our data indicate that LID induces changes in deiodinase activities, especially in the thyroid, to counteract the low T(4) synthesis and secretion, contributing to maintain the local T(3) concentrations in the tissues with D2 activity.
    背景与目标: :严重的碘缺乏症的特征是甲状腺肿大,甲状腺的优先合成和分泌T(3),血浆和组织中的甲状腺素低血症,血浆T(3)正常或较低以及血浆TSH略有增加。我们研究了低碘饮食(LIDs)或补充碘的LID(LID I)维持的大鼠几个组织中脱碘酶活性和mRNA的变化。在LID大鼠的血浆,组织和甲状腺中,T(4)和T(3)的浓度降低,而T(4)的降低幅度大于T(3)(50%)。在甲状腺,肾脏和肝脏中发现最高的1型碘甲状腺素脱碘酶(D1)活性。垂体,肺和卵巢的D1活性较低;但是最低的水平是在心脏和骨骼肌中发现的。除卵巢和甲状腺外,LID大鼠所有组织中的D1活性均降低(LID I大鼠的10-40%),D1活性提高了2.5倍。在甲状腺,褐色脂肪组织和垂体中发现最大的2型碘甲状腺素脱碘酶(D2)活性,在LID大鼠的甲状腺中增加了6.5倍,在整个腺体中增加了约20倍。 D2总是响应LID而增加,在大脑皮层(19倍),甲状腺,褐色脂肪组织和垂体(6倍)中发现最大的增加。在卵巢,心脏和肾上腺中发现较低的D2活性,而LID升高。无法检测到3型碘甲状腺素脱碘酶活性。 LID大鼠的甲状腺Dio1和Dio2 mRNA增加,而肺中Dio1减少,其他组织的mRNA表达没有变化。我们的数据表明,LID诱导脱碘酶活性的变化,尤其是在甲状腺中,以抵消低T(4)的合成和分泌,从而有助于维持具有D2活性的组织中的局部T(3)浓度。
  • 【中国昆明市女性青少年性工作者的脆弱性,健康需求和高风险性行为的预测因素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050690 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang XD,Temmerman M,Li Y,Luo W,Luchters S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究评估了来自中国昆明市的青春期女性性工作者(FSW)的性行为冒险和性传播感染(STI)(包括HIV)的社会和行为预测因素。此外,还评估了卫生服务的需求和使用。
    方法:2010年进行了横断面调查。通过滚雪球和便利抽样,从昆明的四个市区招募了自我识别的FSW。从当地同支持组织确定的训练有素的访调员对同意参加的妇女进行半结构化问卷调查。采访之后,进行了妇科检查和生物采样以识别潜在的性传播感染。进行了描述性和多变量logistic回归分析。
    结果:青少年FSW的平均年龄为18.2岁,并报告了许多无偿性伴侣,一致使用避孕套的比例很低(22.2%)。在过去的一周中,有一半(50.3%)的被调查者曾发生过性行为,而至少一次醉酒,其中56.4%的人未使用安全套保护。在这一组中,性传播感染的患病率总体较高(30.4%)。人们发现,年龄较小,性行为初次出现,与学校和家庭隔离,性工作时间短以及使用非法药物是无保护性行为和性传播感染的有力预测因素。相反,获得安全套宣传,免费的艾滋病毒咨询和检测以及同伴教育的机会与较少受到保护的性行为有关。大多数人报告需要健康知识,免费避孕套和低成本的STI诊断和治疗。
    结论:迫切需要提高针对青少年FSW的现有干预措施的覆盖面,可及性和效率。
  • 【自我选择显着有助于更快,更远距离的男性和女性助行器的较低肥胖。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803457 复制DOI
    作者列表:Williams PT
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Cross-sectional studies show that active individuals are leaner than their sedentary counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent that this is due to self-selection bias, specifically to initially leaner men and women choosing to exercise longer and more intensely. METHODS:Walking quantity (weekly distance) and intensity (speed) were compared to current body mass index (BMI) (BMI(current)) and BMI at the start of walking (BMI(starting)) in 20,353 women and 5174 men who on average had walked regularly for exercise for 7.2 and 10.6 years, respectively. RESULTS:The relationships of both BMI(current) and BMI(starting) to both distance and intensity were nonlinear (convex). On average, BMI(starting) explained >70% of the association between BMI(current) and intensity, and 40 and 17% of the associations between BMI(current) and distance in women and men, respectively. Although the declines in BMI(current) with distance and intensity were greater among fatter individuals than leaner individuals, the portions attributable to BMI(starting) remained relatively constant regardless of fatness. Thus, self-selection bias accounted for most of the decline in BMI with walking intensity and smaller, albeit significant, proportions of the decline with distance. CONCLUSION:Although walking intensity and walking distance are both strongly associated with greater leanness, intensity is less likely to be causally related to leanness than is distance, and the latter should be encouraged for reversing or preventing weight gain.
    背景与目标: 目的:横断面研究表明,活跃的人比久坐的人更苗条。本文的目的是确定这是由于自我选择偏见所致,特别是针对最初较苗条的男性和女性,他们选择运动时间更长,强度更大。
    方法:比较20353名女性和5174名男性的步行量(每周距离)和强度(速度)与当前体重指数(BMI)(BMI(当前))和步行开始时(BMI(开始))的BMI。平均分别定期锻炼7.2年和10.6年。
    结果:BMI(电流)和BMI(起始)与距离和强度的关系均为非线性(凸)关系。平均而言,女性的BMI(开始)解释了> 70%的BMI(当前)与强度之间的关联,而男性和女性分别解释了BMI(当前)与距离之间的40%与17%之间的关联。尽管较胖的个体的BMI(当前)随距离和强度的下降幅度更大,而较瘦的个体更显着,但无论肥胖程度,可归因于BMI(起始)的部分都保持相对恒定。因此,随着步行强度的增加,自我选择偏见是BMI下降的主要因素,而随着距离的减小,自选偏差则占较小的(尽管很明显)比例。
    结论:虽然步行强度和步行距离都与较高的瘦度密切相关,但强度与倾斜度的因果关系远比距离小,因此应鼓励后者以逆转或防止体重增加。
  • 【肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶(PAD)6对于卵母细胞细胞骨架片的形成和女性的生育能力至关重要。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Esposito G,Vitale AM,Leijten FP,Strik AM,Koonen-Reemst AM,Yurttas P,Robben TJ,Coonrod S,Gossen JA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Peptidylarginine deiminase 6 (PAD6) is an enzyme that is uniquely expressed in male and female germ cells. To study the function of this enzyme in vivo we generated mice deficient for PAD6. Here we show that inactivation of the PAD6 gene in mice leads to female infertility whereas male fertility is not affected. The absence of the PAD6 protein and consequently absence of citrullination activity in oocytes results in dispersal of the cytoskeletal sheets in oocytes, indicating an essential role of these germ cell-specific structures in zygote/embryo development. PAD6 deficient mice do not show any other overt phenotype. Thus, we identify citrullination as a new regulator of fertility.
    背景与目标: :肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶6(PAD6)是一种在雄性和雌性生殖细胞中独特表达的酶。为了研究该酶在体内的功能,我们产生了PAD6缺陷的小鼠。在这里,我们显示,小鼠中PAD6基因的失活导致女性不育,而男性不育不受影响。卵母细胞中缺乏PAD6蛋白,因此缺乏瓜氨酸化活性,导致卵母细胞中细胞骨架片的分散,表明这些生殖细胞特异性结构在合子/胚胎发育中起着至关重要的作用。 PAD6缺陷的小鼠没有显示任何其他明显的表型。因此,我们确定瓜氨酸化是生育的新调节剂。
  • 【女性乳房和乳头-乳晕复合体的皮肤神经支配:手术的意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0007-1226(97)91155-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jaspars JJ,Posma AN,van Immerseel AA,Gittenberger-de Groot AC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Many surgical procedures performed in the thoracic region can easily damage cutaneous nerves important for the sensory innervation of the female breast. A better understanding of the distribution of these cutaneous nerves will help prevent impaired sensation after breast surgery. Therefore an anatomical study was performed on the cutaneous innervation of 12 breasts of 7 female cadavers. Special emphasis was placed on the nipple-areola complex. The origin, course and final destination of each cutaneous nerve was established and the contribution of each branch was determined by the area it innervated. Differences were evaluated using analysis of variance. The cutaneous innervation of the female breast is derived medially from the anterior cutaneous branches of the Ist-VIth intercostal nerves and laterally from the lateral cutaneous branches of the IInd-VIIth intercostal nerves. The nipple-areola complex is consistently supplied by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the IVth intercostal nerve, with additional innervation by cutaneous branches of the IIIrd and Vth intercostal nerves. This study shows an equal importance of both the anterior and the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. During surgical procedures one should try to avoid damage to the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the IIIrd, IVth and Vth intercostal nerves, with special attention to the IVth intercostal nerve which is the consistent nerve to the nipple-areola complex.

    背景与目标: 在胸腔区域进行的许多外科手术程序很容易损坏对女性乳房感觉神经重要的皮肤神经。更好地了解这些皮肤神经的分布将有助于防止乳房手术后感觉受损。因此,对7名女性尸体的12个乳房的皮肤神经进行了解剖学研究。特别强调了乳头-乳晕复合体。确定了每个皮神经的起源,进程和最终目的地,每个分支的贡献取决于其支配的区域。使用方差分析评估差异。女性乳房的皮肤神经支配来自内侧的第I-VIth肋间神经的前皮支和外侧的第II-VIIth肋间神经的皮外支。乳头-乳晕复合体始终由第IV肋间神经的前,外侧皮支提供,同时由第III和Vth肋间神经的皮支提供额外的神经支配。这项研究表明肋间神经的前和外侧皮肤分支的同等重要性。在手术过程中,应尽量避免损伤肋间神经的第III,IV和Vth区的前,外侧皮肤分支,尤其要注意肋间神经(即乳头-乳晕复合体的一致神经)的第IV肋间神经。 br>
  • 【患有Marchiafava-Bignami病的术后非酒精性女性的短暂性脑病。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.05.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rusche-Skolarus LE,Lucey BP,Vo KD,Snider BJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is historically reported in middle-aged alcoholic men. We describe the presentation, course and radiological findings of a young non-alcoholic woman who developed encephalopathy and MRI findings consistent with MBD postoperatively. She returned to baseline after vitamin supplementation. We believe it is important to diagnose MBD because it is a potentially reversible encephalopathy.
    背景与目标: :Marchiafava-Bignami病(MBD)历史上曾报道于中年酗酒的男性。我们描述了一名年轻的非酒精中毒妇女的表现,病程和影像学表现,该妇女在术后发展为脑病和MRI表现与MBD一致。补充维生素后,她恢复了基线。我们认为诊断MBD很重要,因为它是一种潜在的可逆性脑病。
  • 【评估年龄和缺牙症对女性受试者下颌骨矿物质密度的相对影响的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.06.061 复制DOI
    作者列表:Devlin H,Horner K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the relative influence of age and edentulousness upon mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of dentate and edentulous female subjects. STUDY DESIGN:Seventy-two patients (43-79 years of age; mean age, 62.5 years), of whom 49 were edentulous and 23 dentate, underwent dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA) to determine the BMD of the body of mandible. Mandibular BMD was measured using DXA. The investigators independently determined rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) on the mandibular images, and the computer calculated the BMD of these specified regions. For the dentate patients, the ROIs were placed to exclude the roots of teeth. RESULTS:A linear multiple regression model was fitted to the dependent variable, mandibular body BMD, with age and whether the patient was edentulous or dentate being explanatory factors in the statistical model. The variable describing the dentate/edentulous state was not significant in the statistical model (P = .91). The model showed that age was significantly related negatively to the BMD of the mandibular body (P = .01). CONCLUSION:Age was a predictor of mandibular BMD but edentulousness was not.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究的目的是评估年龄和缺牙程度对齿状和缺牙女性受试者样本中下颌骨矿物质密度(BMD)的相对影响。
    研究设计:72例患者(43-79岁;平均年龄为62.5岁),其中49例是无牙的,23例是齿状的,接受了双X射线能量吸收法(DXA)测定下颌骨的BMD 。使用DXA测量下颌骨BMD。研究人员独立确定下颌图像上的矩形感兴趣区域(ROI),然后计算机计算这些指定区域的BMD。对于有牙齿的患者,将ROI放置在排除牙根的位置。
    结果:线性多元回归模型适用于因变量,下颌体BMD,年龄以及患者是无牙还是齿状是统计模型中的解释性因素。在统计模型中,描述齿状/无齿状态的变量不显着(P = 0.91)。该模型显示,年龄与下颌骨的BMD显着负相关(P = .01)。
    结论:年龄是下颌骨BMD的预测因子,但无牙龈缺失。
  • 【一种新的同二倍体鱼类,它是由雌性鲤鱼×雄性钝嘴鲷的种间杂交衍生而来的。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-04582-z 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang S,Ye X,Wang Y,Chen Y,Lin B,Yi Z,Mao Z,Hu F,Zhao R,Wang J,Zhou R,Ren L,Yao Z,Tao M,Zhang C,Xiao J,Qin Q,Liu S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is commonly believed that hybridization might lead to the formation of new polyploidy species, but it is unclear whether hybridization can produce a new homodiploid species. Here, we report the spontaneous occurrence of a new crucian carp-like homodiploid fish (2n = 100) that originated from the interspecific hybridization of female common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprininae, 2n = 100) × male blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, Cultrinae, 2n = 48). The phenotype and reproductive traits of this new crucian carp-like homodiploid fish were found to be very similar to those of the existing diploid species (diploid crucian carp; Carassius auratus). FISH and 5S rDNA analyses revealed that the genotype of the crucian carp-like homodiploid fish differs from those of its parents but is closely related to that of diploid crucian carp. The results provide evidence of the existence of a possible route through which the distant hybridization of this cross can generate crucian carp. The new type of homodiploid fish is of great value in fish genetic breeding and for studying the early evolutionary process.
    背景与目标: :通常认为杂交可能导致新的多倍体物种的形成,但尚不清楚杂交是否可以产生新的同二倍体物种。在这里,我们报道了一种新的cru鱼状同二倍体鱼(2n = 100)的自发发生,该鱼起源于雌性鲤(Cyprinus carpio,Cyprininae,2n = 100)×雄性钝嘴鲷(Megalobrama amblycephala, Cultrinae,2n = 48)。发现这种新的cru鱼状同二倍体鱼的表型和繁殖性状与现有的二倍体物种(二倍体cru鱼; Car鱼)非常相似。 FISH和5S rDNA分析表明,the鱼状同二倍体鱼的基因型与其亲本不同,但与二倍体cru鱼密切相关。结果提供了存在可能的途径的证据,该杂交的远距离杂交可通过该途径产生cru鱼。新型同二倍体鱼类在鱼类遗传育种和研究早期进化过程中具有重要价值。
  • 【在雌雄大鼠的青春期前后进行性腺切除后,对乙醇诱导的条件性味觉厌恶敏感性的差异出现。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.020 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morales M,Spear LP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously demonstrated that gonadectomy either prior to (early) or after (late) puberty elevated ethanol consumption in males to levels similar to intact adult females-effects that were attenuated by testosterone replacement. To assess whether alterations in the aversive effects of ethanol might contribute to gonadectomy-associated increases in ethanol intake in males, the present study examined the impact of gonadectomy on conditioned taste aversions (CTA) to ethanol in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were gonadectomized, received sham surgery (SH) or non-manipulated (NM) on postnatal (P) day 23 (early) or 67 (late) and tested for CTA to ethanol in adulthood. Water-deprived rats were given 1 hr access every-other-day to 10% sucrose followed by an injection of ethanol (0, 1g/kg) for 5 test sessions. Test data were analyzed to determine the first day significant aversions emerged in each ethanol group (i.e., sucrose intakes significantly less than their saline-injected counterparts). Early gonadectomized males acquired the CTA more rapidly than did early SH and NM males (day 1 vs 3 and 4 respectively), whereas a gonadectomy-associated enhancement in ethanol CTA was not evident in late males. Among females, gonadectomy had little impact on ethanol-induced CTA, with females in all groups showing an aversion by the first or second day, regardless of surgery age. These data suggest that previously observed elevations in ethanol intake induced by either pre- or post-pubertal gonadectomy in males are not related simply to gonadectomy-induced alterations in the aversive effects of ethanol indexed via CTA.
    背景与目标: :我们以前已经证明,在青春期之前(早期)或青春期之后(晚期)进行性腺切除术会使男性的乙醇消耗量增加到与完整的成年女性相同的水平,这种作用会因睾丸激素的替代而减弱。为了评估乙醇的厌恶作用改变是否可能与男性进行性腺切除术相关的乙醇摄入量增加有关,本研究检查了性腺切除术对雄性和雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠对乙醇的条件性味觉厌恶(CTA)的影响。在出生后(P)第23天(早期)或67(后期)对动物进行性腺切除术,进行假手术(SH)或不进行操作(NM),并在成年期测试其对乙醇的CTA。每隔一天给缺水的大鼠1小时使用10%的蔗糖,然后注射乙醇(0,1g / kg)进行5次测试。分析测试数据以确定每个乙醇组在第一天就出现了明显的厌恶感(即蔗糖摄入量明显少于其注射生理盐水的对应物)。早期进行过性腺切除的男性比早期SH和NM男性(分别为第1天,第3天和第4天)更快地获得了CTA,而在晚期男性中,与性腺切除术相关的乙醇CTA的增强并不明显。在女性中,性腺切除术对乙醇诱导的CTA几乎没有影响,所有组中的女性在第一天或第二天都表现出厌恶感,无论手术年龄如何。这些数据表明,先前观察到的男性青春期前或青春期后性腺切除术诱导的乙醇摄入量增加与单纯性腺切除术诱导的通过CTA索引的乙醇的厌恶作用改变无关。
  • 【使用弱光疗法治疗雄激素性脱发和女性型脱发。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09546634.2013.832134 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gupta AK,Daigle D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is the most common form of hair loss in men and women. Despite its common occurrence, our understanding of the etiology of AGA and FPHL remains incomplete. As such, traditional therapies demonstrate modest efficacies and new therapies continue to be sought. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) is a relatively new technique used to promote hair growth in both men and women with AGA and FPHL. Currently, there exist several LLLT devices marketed for the treatment of alopecia, which claim to stimulate hair growth; yet marketing these devices only requires that safety, not efficacy, be established. A handful of studies have since investigated the efficacy of LLLT for alopecia with mixed results. These studies suffered from power, confounding and analysis issues which resulted in a high risk of bias in LLLT studies. Due to the paucity of well-conducted randomized controlled trials, the efficacy of LLLT devices remains unclear. Randomized controlled trials of LLLT conducted and reported according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement would greatly increase the credibility of the evidence and clarify the ambiguity of the effectiveness of LLLT in the treatment of AGA and FPHL.
    背景与目标: :雄激素性脱发(AGA)或女性型脱发(FPHL)是男女最常见的脱发形式。尽管经常发生,但我们对AGA和FPHL病因的了解仍然不完整。因此,传统疗法显示出适度的功效,并且继续寻求新疗法。低水平光疗(LLLT)是一种相对较新的技术,用于在患有AGA和FPHL的男性和女性中促进头发生长。目前,有几种用于治疗脱发的LLLT设备已上市,它们声称可以刺激头发生长。然而,销售这些设备只需要确定安全性而不是功效。此后,一些研究调查了LLLT治疗脱发的疗效,但结果不一。这些研究存在能力,混淆和分析问题,导致LLLT研究存在偏见的高风险。由于缺乏进行良好的随机对照试验,LLLT装置的功效仍不清楚。根据《合并报告标准》(CONSORT)声明进行和报告的LLLT随机对照试验将大大提高证据的可信度,并阐明LLLT在AGA和FPHL的治疗中有效性的歧义。

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