• 【住院卒中患者的康复费用,住院时间和效率:基于功能相关人群的初步研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lin JH,Hsiao SF,Liu CK,Lin YT
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between severity of disability and factors such as rehabilitation fees, length of stay and efficiency for hospitalized stroke patients. One hundred and seven first-time stroke patients were studied consecutively for this study. They were recruited from a rehabilitation ward in a university medical center during 1997. Functional ability was evaluated using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) instrument on admission and discharge. Stroke patients who presented with similar degrees of disability were put together using the admission FIM score (FIM Function-Related Groups, FIM-FRGs) for further analysis. Twenty-eight (26.2%) patients examined were categorized as severely disabled (scored 18-36), 48 (44.8%) moderately disabled (scored 37-72) and 31 (29.0%) mildly disabled (scored 73-126). The average expense on rehabilitation fees, for the average rehabilitation length of stay (LOSR) of 34.7 +/- 16.7 days, was NT$ 27,645 +/- 13,812. The FIM score improved from 56.8 +/- 24.2 on admission to 76.6 +/- 26.2 at discharge, with a rehabilitation efficiency index (EIR) of 0.7 +/- 0.7. Further analysis indicated that there were significant differences among the three disability groups on rehabilitation fees and LOSR while EIR was unaffected. The findings of this study suggest that FIM-FRGs can differentiate different rehabilitation needs in terms of rehabilitation fees and LOSR; therefore, a prospective case payment system based on FIM-FRGs is suggested for stroke rehabilitation reimbursement scheme in the future.

    背景与目标: 这项研究的目的是检查残疾严重程度与住院卒中患者康复费用,住院时间和效率等因素之间的关系。这项研究连续研究了107名初次卒中患者。他们是在1997年从大学医疗中心的康复病房招募的。使用入院和出院的功能独立性评估(FIM)仪器对功能能力进行了评估。表现出类似残疾程度的中风患者使用入院FIM评分(FIM功能相关组,FIM-FRG)进行汇总以进行进一步分析。被检查的二十八(26.2%)位患者被分类为严重残疾(评分18-36),中度残疾(48-44.8%)(评分37-72)和轻度残疾(31-29.0%)(评分73-126)。平均康复时间(LOSR)为34.7 /-16.7天,平均康复费用为NT $ 27,645 /-13,812。 FIM评分从入院时的56.8 /-24.2提高到出院时的76.6 /-26.2,康复效率指数(EIR)为0.7 /-0.7。进一步的分析表明,在EIR不受影响的情况下,三个残疾人群体在康复费用和LOSR方面存在显着差异。这项研究的结果表明,FIM-FRG可以根据康复费用和LOSR区分不同的康复需求。因此,建议将来使用基于FIM-FRG的预期病例支付系统来进行中风康复报销计划。

  • 2 Physician fees and managed care plans. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【医师费用和管理式护理计划。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_39.2.184 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zwanziger J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: One of the objectives of managed care organizations (MCOs) has been to reduce the rate of growth of health care expenditures, including that of physician fees. Yet, due to a lack of data, no one has been able to determine whether MCOs have been successful in encouraging the growth of price competition in the market for physician services in order to slow the growth in physician fees. This study uses a unique, national-level data set to determine what factors influenced the physician fees that MCOs negotiated during the 1990-92 period. The most influential characteristics were physician supply and managed care penetration, which suggest that the introduction of competition into the health care market was an effective force in reducing physician fees.

    背景与目标: 管理式护理组织(MCO)的目标之一是降低医疗保健支出(包括医师费)的增长率。然而,由于缺乏数据,没有人能够确定MCO是否成功地鼓励了医师服务市场价格竞争的增长,从而减缓了医师费用的增长。这项研究使用了独特的国家级数据集来确定哪些因素影响了MCO在1990-92年期间协商的医师费用。最有影响力的特征是医生的供应和管理的渗透率,这表明将竞争引入医疗保健市场是降低医生费用的有效力量。

  • 【对临床实践研究数据链(CPRD)进行回顾性,多队列分析,以确定药物浪费,配药费用和开具处方药时间短的费用之间的差异(】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019382 复制DOI
    作者列表:Doble B,Payne R,Harshfield A,Wilson ECF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To investigate patterns of early repeat prescriptions and treatment switching over an 11-year period to estimate differences in the cost of medication wastage, dispensing fees and prescriber time for short (<60 days) and long (≥60 days) prescription lengths from the perspective of the National Health Service in the UK. SETTING:Retrospective, multiple cohort study of primary care prescriptions from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. PARTICIPANTS:Five random samples of 50 000 patients each prescribed oral drugs for (1) glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); (2) hypertension in T2DM; (3) statins (lipid management) in T2DM; (4) secondary prevention of myocardial infarction; and (5) depression. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:The volume of medication wastage from early repeat prescriptions and three other types of treatment switches was quantified and costed. Dispensing fees and prescriber time were also determined. Total unnecessary costs (TUC; cost of medication wastage, dispensing fees and prescriber time) associated with <60 day and ≥60 day prescriptions, standardised to a 120-day period, were then compared. RESULTS:Longer prescription lengths were associated with more medication waste per prescription. However, when including dispensing fees and prescriber time, longer prescription lengths resulted in lower TUC. This finding was consistent across all five cohorts. Savings ranged from £8.38 to £12.06 per prescription per 120 days if a single long prescription was issued instead of multiple short prescriptions. Prescriber time costs accounted for the largest component of TUC. CONCLUSIONS:Shorter prescription lengths could potentially reduce medication wastage, but they may also increase dispensing fees and/or the time burden of issuing prescriptions.
    背景与目标: 目的:调查11年期间的早期重复处方和治疗转换的模式,以估计短(<60天)和长(≥60天)的处方时间的药物浪费,配药费用和开药时间的差异英国国家卫生服务局的观点。
    地点:来自临床实践研究数据链的基础护理处方的回顾性,多队列研究。
    参与者:5万名患者,每人随机抽取5份口服药,用于(1)控制2型糖尿病(T2DM)中的血糖; (2)T2DM中的高血压; (3)T2DM中的他汀类药物(脂质管理); (4)心肌梗死的二级预防; (5)抑郁症。
    主要和次要治疗措施:对早期重复处方和其他三种治疗开关造成的药物浪费量进行了量化和成本计算。还确定了配药费和开药时间。然后比较了与<60天和≥60天的处方相关的总不必要成本(TUC;药物浪费成本,配药费和开药时间),将其标准化为120天。
    结果:更长的处方时长与每张处方中更多的药物浪费相关。但是,当包括配药费和开药时间时,较长的处方时间会导致TUC降低。这一发现在所有五个队列中都是一致的。如果发出单个长处方而不是多个短处方,则每120天每张处方可节省8.38英镑至12.06英镑。开处方者的时间成本占TUC的最大部分。
    结论:更短的处方长度可能会减少药物浪费,但也可能增加配药费用和/或开具处方的时间负担。
  • 【估算山地车手的越野特性,进出费用和站点关闭的变化所带来的收益和成本:选择实验和收益转移。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/jema.2001.0513 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morey ER,Buchanan T,Waldman DM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mountain biking is an increasingly popular leisure pursuit. Consequences are trail degradation and conflicts with hikers and other users. Resource managers often attempt to resolve these problems by closing trails to mountain biking. In order to estimate the impact of these developments, a model has been devised that predicts the effects of changes in trail characteristics and introduction of access fees, and correlates these with biker preference on trail selection. It estimates each individual's per-ride consumer's surplus associated with implementing different policies. The surplus varies significantly as a function of each individual's gender, budget, and interest in mountain biking. Estimation uses stated preference data, specifically choice experiments. Hypothetical mountain bike trails were created and each surveyed biker was asked to make five pair-wise choices. A benefit-transfer simulation is used to show how the model and parameter estimates can be transferred to estimate the benefits and costs to mountain bikers in a specific area.
    背景与目标: :山地自行车是一种越来越受欢迎的休闲活动。后果是步道退化以及与远足者和其他使用者的冲突。资源管理者通常试图通过关闭通往山地自行车的路线来解决这些问题。为了估计这些发展的影响,已经设计了一个模型,该模型可以预测步道特性变化和使用费的影响,并将这些与骑自行车的人对步道选择的偏好相关联。它估计了与实施不同政策相关的每个人的乘车消费者剩余。盈余随每个人的性别,预算和对山地自行车的兴趣而变化很大。估计使用陈述的偏好数据,特别是选择实验。创建了假想的山地自行车道,并要求每位接受调查的骑自行车的人做出五个成对选择。利益转移模拟用于说明如何将模型和参数估计值转移到特定区域的山地车手,以估计其收益和成本。
  • 【计划生育方法的用户费用:孟加拉国城市避孕药具的支付行为分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Routh S,Thwin AA,Kane TT,Hel Baqui A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The study was carried out to review the experience with the existing user-fee (pricing) strategies and examine the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with payment behaviour among contraceptors in urban Bangladesh for selected contraceptive methods, such as injectables, pill, and condom. Data for the study were drawn from a survey of more than 5,000 married women of reproductive age in Zone 3 of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, within the sample frame of the Urban Panel Survey of the ICDDR,B's former Urban MCH-FP Extension Project. The findings of the study showed that most (80%) urban contraceptors have been paying for selected family-planning services. This indicates the existence of a notable demand for contraceptives which suggests that there is scope for improved financial sustainability of the family-planning programme through charging appropriate user-fees for contraceptives with proper analyses of willingness-to-pay among the contraceptors and price elasticities of demand. Higher socioeconomic status of households, marked by higher levels of education and house rent, and location of residence in non-slum areas, is predictive of paying for contraception. Households having 1-3 living child(ren) are also more likely to make payment for the selected contraceptive services.

    背景与目标: 这项研究的目的是回顾现有用户收费(定价)策略的经验,并研究孟加拉国城市中避孕药的支付行为与社会经济和人口统计学因素有关,这些避孕方法包括注射剂,药丸和避孕套等选定的避孕方法。该研究的数据来自对孟加拉国达卡市3区5,000多名育龄已婚妇女的调查,该调查是在ICDDR的城市小组调查(B的前城市MCH-FP扩展项目)的样本框架内进行的。该研究的结果表明,大多数(80%)城市避孕者一直在为选定的计划生育服务付费。这表明对避孕药具的需求显着,这表明通过向避孕药具收取适当的使用者费用,并对避孕药具的支付意愿和价格弹性进行适当分析,可以改善计划生育计划的财务可持续性。要求。以较高的教育水平和房租以及在非贫民区的居住地点为特征的家庭较高的社会经济地位,可以预料要为避孕买单。有1-3个活着的孩子的家庭也更有可能为选定的避孕服务付款。

  • 【保健利用中的横向公平和卫生筹资的公平性:卢旺达的小额医疗保险和使用费的比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/hec.1014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schneider P,Hanson K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper uses two methods to compare the impact of health care payments under insurance and user fees. Concentration indices for insured and uninsured groups are computed following the indirect standardisation method to evaluate horizontal inequity in utilisation of basic health care services. The minimum standard approach analyses the extent to which out-of-pocket health spending contributed to increased poverty. The analysis uses cross-sectional household survey data collected in Rwanda in 2000 in the context of the introduction of community-based health insurance. Results indicate that health spending had a small impact on the socio-economic situation of uninsured and insured households; however, this is at the expense of horizontal inequity in utilisation of care for user-fee paying individuals who reported significantly lower visit rates than the insured.
    背景与目标: :本文使用两种方法来比较医疗保险支付对保险和用户费用的影响。按照间接标准化方法计算被保险人和非被保险人的浓度指数,以评估基本医疗服务利用中的水平不平等。最低标准方法分析了自付费用的医疗支出在多大程度上加剧了贫困。该分析使用了2000年卢旺达在引入基于社区的健康保险的背景下收集的横断面家庭调查数据。结果表明,卫生支出对无保险和有保险家庭的社会经济状况影响很小;然而,这是以牺牲了看病率明显低于被保险人的用户付费个人的护理利用中的横向不平等为代价的。
  • 【医疗费。在澳大利亚如何给医生付款的历史。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dammery D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medical fees are an important part of medical practice, yet they have always been a bone of contention. This article is the first in a series of three that will look at the way the doctor was paid. It examines the role of medical fees in early medical practice in Australia.
    背景与目标: :医疗费用是医疗实践的重要组成部分,但始终是争论的焦点。本文是三部分中的第一篇,将探讨医生的付款方式。它研究了医疗费用在澳大利亚早期医疗实践中的作用。
  • 8 The Economics of Residency Application Fees. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【居留申请费的经济学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001842 复制DOI
    作者列表:Maroongroge S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 【突然取消用户费用:布隆迪一线经理的观点。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/heapol/czr061 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nimpagaritse M,Bertone MP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In May 2006, the President of Burundi announced the removal of user fees in all health centres and hospitals for children under 5 and women giving birth. As other studies also point out, the policy was adopted extremely suddenly, without much reflection on its ultimate aims and on the operational dimension of its implementation. From the perspective of a frontline manager, this paper provides a descriptive case study of the abolition of user fees in the Muramvya District and a first-hand account of the effects of the sudden reform in the management of a district and a district hospital. The analysis highlights the challenges that the district and hospital teams faced. The main issues were: the reduction of financial flows, which prevented the possibility of investments and caused frequent drugs stock-outs; the reduced quality of the services and the disruption of the referral system; the motivation of the health staff who saw the administrative workload increase (not necessarily because of increased utilization) and faced 'ethical dilemmas' caused by the imprecise targeting of the reform. Undoubtedly, the removal of user fees for certain groups was an equitable and necessary measure in an extremely poor country such as Burundi. However, the suddenness of the decision and the lack of preparation had critical and long-lasting consequences for the entire health system. This analysis, performed from the frontline perspective, clarifies the importance of a rigorous planning of any reform, as well as of involving peripheral actors and understanding the complex challenges that they face.
    背景与目标: :2006年5月,布隆迪总统宣布取消所有健康中心和医院的5岁以下儿童和分娩妇女的使用费。正如其他研究还指出的那样,该政策突然被采纳,而对其最终目标和实施的运作层面却没有太多的思考。从一线经理的角度出发,本文提供了有关在Muramvya区取消使用费的描述性案例研究,以及对区和区医院管理突然改革的影响的第一手资料。分析强调了地区和医院团队面临的挑战。主要问题是:资金流动减少,这阻止了投资的可能性并导致经常的药品缺货;服务质量下降和推荐系统中断;卫生人员的动力,他们看到行政工作量增加了(不一定是因为利用率提高了),并且面临着由于改革目标不明确而造成的“道德困境”。无疑,在某些极端贫困的国家(例如布隆迪),免除某些群体的使用费是一项公平而必要的措施。但是,决策的突然性和缺乏准备对整个卫生系统造成了严重而持久的后果。从前线角度进行的这一分析阐明了对任何改革进行严格规划的重要性,并需要让外围参与者参与并理解他们面临的复杂挑战。
  • 【1975年至1995年的牙科手术费:已更改了多少?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0427 复制DOI
    作者列表:Brown LJ,Lazar V
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: A shift toward diagnostic and preventive dentistry in the last two decades is evident from the change in the number of dental procedures performed, as well as the change in the percentage of time spent performing different types of procedures. During the period 1975 through 1995, the average nominal fees for selected dental procedures increased. Once inflation was taken into account, however, the increase in the average real fees charged was more modest.

    背景与目标: 从执行的牙科程序数量的变化以及执行不同类型的程序所花费的时间百分比的变化可以明显看出,过去二十年来向诊断和预防牙科的转变。在1975年至1995年期间,某些牙科手术的平均名义费用有所增加。但是,一旦考虑到通货膨胀,平均实际收费的增加幅度就较小。

  • 【流血的心,奸商或两者皆有:不受管制的市场中的专科医生费。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/hec.3317 复制DOI
    作者列表:Johar M,Mu C,Van Gool K,Wong CY
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study shows that, in an unregulated fee-setting environment, specialist physicians practise price discrimination on the basis of their patients' income status. Our results are consistent with profit maximisation behaviour by specialists. These findings are based on a large population survey that is linked to administrative medical claims records. We find that, for an initial consultation, specialist physicians charge their high-income patients AU$26 more than their low-income patients. While this gap equates to a 19% lower fees for the poorest patients (bottom 25% of the household income distribution), it is unlikely to remove the substantial financial barriers they face in accessing specialist care. There are large variations across specialties, with neurologists exhibiting the largest fee gap between the high-income and low-income patients. Several possible channels for deducing the patient's income are examined. We find that patient characteristics such as age, health concession card status and private health insurance status are all used by specialists as proxies for income status. These characteristics are particularly important to further practise price discrimination among the low-income patients but are less relevant for the high-income patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    背景与目标: :这项研究表明,在不受监管的费用设定环境中,专科医生根据患者的收入状况实行价格歧视。我们的结果与专家的利润最大化行为一致。这些发现基于与行政医疗索赔记录相关联的大规模人口调查。我们发现,在初步咨询中,专科医生向高收入患者收取的费用比低收入患者高出26澳元。虽然这一差距意味着最贫困患者的费用降低了19%(家庭收入分配的最低25%),但不可能消除他们在获得专科护理方面面临的巨大财务障碍。各专业之间差异很大,神经科医师在高收入和低收入患者之间的费用差距最大。研究了几种推断患者收入的可能途径。我们发现,诸如年龄,健康优惠卡状态和私人健康保险状态之类的患者特征均被专家用作收入状态的代理。这些特征对于在低收入患者中进一步实行价格歧视特别重要,但与高收入患者的相关性较小。版权所有©2016 John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.
  • 【复印费和患者获取自己病历的限制。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8560 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jaspers AW,Cox JL,Krumholz HM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 13 Fees in dispute. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【费用有争议。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cameron A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 【通过增加FDA使用费为售后药品安全性研究提供资金的提案。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.469 复制DOI
    作者列表:Carpenter D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :I propose to raise funds for postapproval studies of long-term drug safety by augmenting the existing "user-fee" system. Fees would be raised by an amount deemed optimal for revenue collection, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) would direct the incremental funds to a combination of randomized controlled trials, epidemiological studies, and postmarketing surveillance. User-fee augmentation is an achievable, incremental reform that would subsidize information that is now undersupplied in the U.S. health care system; spread the burden of funding postmarketing safety studies among pharmaceutical sponsors; and help restore public, scientific, and professional confidence in the FDA and its user-fee system.
    背景与目标: :我建议通过增加现有的“用户费用”系统来为长期药物安全性的批准后研究筹集资金。费用将提高至最适合收税的数额,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)将把增加的资金用于随机对照试验,流行病学研究和上市后监督的组合。增加用户费用是一项可以实现的渐进式改革,将对目前美国医疗保健系统中供应不足的信息提供补贴;在药品赞助商之间分散进行售后安全性研究的资金负担;并帮助恢复公众,科学和专业人士对FDA及其用户费用系统的信心。
  • 【跨国比较付款方和患者分担的医疗费用:根据假设病例和报销费用对绝经后患有早期乳腺癌的妇女进行的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000354249 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hamada S,Hinotsu S,Ishiguro H,Toi M,Kawakami K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The objectives of this study were to estimate and cross-nationally compare the medical costs shared by payers and patients and the distributions of medical costs by cost category. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We estimated the medical costs covered from definitive diagnosis to completion of treatments of early-stage breast cancer and follow-up, assuming almost identical medical care provided in Japan, the UK, and Germany. The analysis was performed from the payer's perspective. Medical costs were calculated by multiplying the unit costs by the number of units consumed, based on assumption case scenarios. The medical costs incurred by payers or patients were estimated according to the cost-sharing and the cost-bearing systems in each country. RESULTS:The total medical costs in Japan were much lower than those in the UK and Germany, and these differences were mainly caused by the low costs of surgery and radiotherapy in Japan. For the base-case scenario, the co-payment in Japan (€ 3,486) was found to be 6.4-fold higher than that in Germany (€ 548). The payers in the European countries paid 2.9-fold more than those in Japan (€ ∼25,000 vs. € 8,627). CONCLUSION:Our results will be useful for policy makers in considering how to share medical costs and how to allocate limited resources. HINTERGRUND:Ziel dieser Studie war es, die von den Kassen und Patienten geteilten Kosten sowie die Aufteilung der medizinischen Kosten auf verschiedene Kostenkategorien zu schätzen und länderübergreifend zu vergleichen. MATERIAL UND METHODEN:Wir schätzten die medizinischen Kosten, die von der definitiven Diagnose bis zur Vollendung der Behandlung von Brustkrebs sowie der Nachbeobachtung abgedeckt werden müssen, unter der Annahme, dass die medizinische Versorgung in Japan, Großbritannien und Deutschland ungefähr gleich ist. Die Analyse wurde aus der Sicht der Kassen durchgeführt. Die medizinischen Kosten wurden kalkuliert, indem basierend auf theoretischen Fallszenarien die Einheitskosten mit der Anzahl der verbrauchten Einheiten multipliziert wurden. Die medizinischen Kosten, die von den Kassen oder Patienten zu tragen waren, wurden entsprechend den Kostenteilungs- und Kostenträgersystemen in jedem Land ermittelt. ERGEBNISSE:Die medizinischen Gesamtkosten waren in Japan wesentlich geringer als die in Großbritannien und Deutschland; diese Unterschiede beruhten zum großen Teil auf den geringen Kosten für Operationen und Radiotherapien in Japan. Für das Basisfallszenario wurde in Japan (3486 €) eine 6,4-fach höhere Zuzahlung als in Deutschland (548 €) ermittelt. Die Kassen der europäischen Länder zahlten 2,9-mal mehr als die in Japan (∼25 000 € vs. 8627 €). SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG:Unsere Ergebnisse werden für Entscheidungsträger bei ihren Überlegungen zur Verteilung der medizinischen Kosten und der Zuweisung von begrenzten Ressourcen nützlich sein.
    背景与目标: 背景:本研究的目的是估计和跨国比较付款人和患者所承担的医疗费用以及医疗费用按费用类别的分布。
    材料和方法:假设日本,英国和德国提供的医疗服务几乎相同,我们估算了从明确诊断到完成早期乳腺癌治疗和随访的医疗费用。分析是从付款人的角度进行的。根据假设案例方案,通过将单位成本乘以消耗的单位数来计算医疗成本。根据每个国家的费用分摊和费用分担制度,估算付款人或患者产生的医疗费用。
    结果:日本的总医疗费用远低于英国和德国的医疗费用,这些差异主要是由于日本手术和放射疗法的费用较低所致。在基本情况下,日本的共付额(3,486欧元)比德国(548欧元)高6.4倍。欧洲国家的付款人支付的费用是日本的2.9倍(25,000欧元对8,627欧元)。
    结论:我们的结果对于决策者在考虑如何分担医疗费用以及如何分配有限资源方面将是有用的。
    HINTERGRUND:Ziel死于Studie战争,死于von den Kassen和Patienten死亡,而Aufteilung der medizinischen Kosten auf verschiedene Kostenkategorien zuschätzen和länderübergreifendzu vergleichen。
    材料和方法:德国医学博士,德国医学博士,德国医学博士,德国医学博士,德国医学博士,德国医学博士。死于西德·德·卡森·杜尔希格菲尔特。死于医学的科斯滕·伍登·卡尔库利特(Kosten wurden)杰西姆·兰德·米特(Jedem Land ermittelt)的医学博士,冯·德·卡森·德·耐特森·德·特雷根·沃伦,伍登·德·科斯滕特勒格和德·科斯滕特·雷格森系统。
    ERGEBNISSE:在日本死去的医学博士Gesamtkosten死于德国的Großbritannien和德国。在日本,您可以在操作和放射治疗上工作。日本的Fürdas Basisfallszenario wurde(3486€)德国的6,4-fachhöhereZuzahlung als(548€)ermittelt。在日本死于2,9-马尔代夫的死于欧洲的死神(约25,000欧元vs.8627欧元)。
    SCHHLUSSFOLGERUNG:在德国的医学和医学研究中心工作。

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