BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine reproductive rates among patients with schizophrenia who attended the outpatient clinic at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHOD:All patients with schizophrenia completed a semi-standardized questionnaire, and data from the Brazilian census was used for comparing population rates. RESULTS:167 patients completed the questionnaires and of these 33 (19.8%) were or had been married and 32 reported being a parent. The fertility rate (number of individuals who had had at least one child divided by the total number of individuals) was 19.4% (25% for females, 15.8% for males, p = 0.14). Fecundity rate was 1.75 for males and 1.69 for females (p = 0.85). A logistic regression analysis identified an association between the later date of the onset of illness and higher rate of marriage (p = 0.003). Gender and the interaction between gender and marital status were significant predictors for fertility (p < 0.05 and p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Patients with schizophrenia showed lower rates for marital status, fertility and fecundity when compared to standard population rates. However, many patients will become parents during their life time. Therefore, it is imperative to develop services that fulfill their needs, mainly in Brazil, a middle-income country, where resources are scarce and there is no policy for dealing with this reality.

背景与目标： 目的：确定在圣保罗联邦大学门诊就读的精神分裂症患者的生殖率。
方法：所有精神分裂症患者均填写了半标准化问卷，并使用巴西人口普查数据比较了人群发生率。
结果：167名患者完成了问卷调查，其中33名（19.8％）已婚或已婚，其中32名是父母。生育率（生育至少一个孩子的人数除以总人数）为19.4％（女性为25％，男性为15.8％，p = 0.14）。男性的生殖力为1.75，女性为1.69（p = 0.85）。逻辑回归分析确定了发病的较晚日期和较高的结婚率之间的关联（p = 0.003）。性别以及性别与婚姻状况之间的相互作用是生育能力的重要预测因子（分别为p <0.05和p = 0.024）。
结论：与标准人群相比，精神分裂症患者的婚姻状况，生育能力和生育能力较低。但是，许多患者将在其一生中成为父母。因此，当务之急是开发满足其需求的服务，主要是在巴西这样的中等收入国家，那里资源稀缺，没有针对这一现实的政策。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There are two life history landmarks that can be used to define the terminal period in individual Drosophila melanogaster females: the cessation of daily oviposition, which defines the start of the retired stage, and final oviposition, which defines the start of post-ovipository survival. The terminal period is a substantial component of D. melanogaster life history. Analysis of published data on the daily fecundity and survival of 3971 individually maintained, mated female flies reveals that the terminal period is far more variable within populations than other life history components, including total adult life span. It has been reported that there is a negative correlation between fecundity and duration of the terminal state in recently collected wild stocks. Here I show that the negative correlation occurs in multiple inbred and outbred lab-adapted populations as well. In terms of proportion of adult life, lower fecundity flies spend on average twice as much time in the terminal stage as higher fecundity flies from the same population. Both high and low fecundity flies experience end-of-life plateaus in mortality, with the former exhibiting higher plateau levels. The negative correlation between fecundity and terminal survival is of sufficient magnitude to create heterogeneity among the oldest old: the final 10% of survivors are predominately flies with a history of high fecundity, but about one in five is a low fecundity fly with long terminal stage.

背景与目标： ：有两个生活史上的里程碑可用来定义果蝇雌性个体的终末期：停止每日排卵（这决定了退休阶段的开始）和最终排卵（这决定了排卵后生存的开始） 。末期是黑腹果蝇生活史的重要组成部分。对已发表的3971只个体交配的雌性苍蝇的每日繁殖力和存活率的公开数据进行的分析表明，与其他生命史组成部分（包括总成年寿命）相比，种群内的终末期变化更大。据报道，在最近采集的野生种群中，繁殖力与绝热状态持续时间之间呈负相关。在这里，我表明负相关也发生在多个近交和近交实验室适应人群中。就成年生活的比例而言，繁殖力低下的苍蝇在末期平均花费的时间是同一种群的繁殖力高的苍蝇的两倍。高繁殖力和低繁殖力的苍蝇都经历了生命的停滞高原，而前者表现出较高的高原水平。繁殖力与最终生存之间的负相关程度足以在最老的老年人中造成异质性：最后10％的幸存者主要是具有高繁殖力历史的果蝇，但大约五分之一是终末期长的低繁殖力果蝇。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Smittium, the most speciose genus of the "gut fungi" (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes), is found attached to the hindgut cuticle of larval aquatic Diptera. Smittium spp. colonize several host families (e.g., Smittium culisetae in Chironomidae, Culicidae and Simuliidae), but some species appear to be specific to a single host family (e.g., Smittium morbosum Sweeney in Culicidae). The specificity of Smittium spp. within a host family has been difficult to resolve. This research presents evidence that certain Smittium spp. differentially colonize particular species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) hosts as measured by differences in prevalence, abundance and fecundity. Reasons for this differential occurrence and fecundity in hosts are unclear but might include fungal responses to variations in host morphology, physiology, distribution or behavior. Variable fitness of Smittium spp., within a suite of available hosts, could be a factor in the diversity of this fungal group.

背景与目标： ：Smittium是“肠道真菌”（Zygomycota：Trichomycetes）最特殊的属，被发现附着在幼虫水生双翅目的后肠表皮上。 mit在几个寄主家庭中定居（例如，Chironomidae，Culicidae和Simuliidae中的Smittium culisetae），但某些物种似乎对单个寄主家庭具有特定性（例如Culicidae中的Smittium morbosum Sweeney）。 Smittium spp的特异性。在寄宿家庭中很难解决。这项研究提供了某些Smittium spp的证据。通过患病率，丰度和繁殖力的差异来衡量，黑蝇（Diptera：Simuliidae）寄主的特定物种有不同的殖民地。宿主中这种差异发生和繁殖力的原因尚不清楚，但可能包括对宿主形态，生理，分布或行为变化的真菌反应。在一组可用宿主内，Smittium spp。的适应性可能是该真菌群多样性的一个因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Background: Knowledge of fecundity and infertility in women with a disability (WWD) is limited. This study aims to compare the fecundity and infertility experiences of women with a self-identified disability, in domains of sensory (hearing and vision loss), cognitive (difficulty concentrating, remembering, and making decisions), and physical (difficulty walking or climbing stairs) disabilities, with those without a self-identified disability. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional survey data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 2011-2015, were analyzed. A final analytic sample of 383 women from the NSFG, aged 18-44 years, was included to study the fecundity rates of WWD and women without a disability, using the current duration approach. Results: Fecundity hazard ratios (FHRs) and the proportion of women experiencing infertility after 12 months of actively attempting pregnancy were reported for the comparison group and by each disability type. Women with a self-identified cognitive disability experienced significant decreases in fecundity (FHR = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30-0.88) when adjusting for age, education level, parity, living in a metropolitan area, and infertility services. Furthermore, the estimated proportion of infertile women without a disability was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.23-0.62) versus 0.51 (95% CI: 0.34-0.72) for women with a self-identified cognitive disability. Conclusions: Women with a self-identified cognitive disability experienced significant decreases in fecundity.

背景与目标： ：
背景：
对残疾妇女（WWD）的生殖力和不育的了解是有限的。这项研究的目的是在感觉（听力和视力丧失），认知（难以集中注意力，记忆和做出决定）和身体（难以行走或爬楼梯）领域比较自我识别残疾妇女的生殖力和不育经历。 ）残障人士，以及没有自我识别残障人士的残障人士。
材料和方法：
分析了2011-2015年美国家庭成长状况调查（NSFG）的横断面调查数据。最后的分析样本包括来自NSFG的383名年龄在18-44岁之间的妇女，使用当前持续时间方法研究了WWD和无残疾妇女的生育率。
结果：
比较组和每种残疾类型均报告了女性生殖力危险比（FHRs）和在积极尝试怀孕12个月后遭受不育的妇女比例。在调整年龄，教育水平，均等性，居住在大都市地区和不育服务后，具有自我识别性认知障碍的妇女的生育力显着下降（FHR = 0.56； 95％可信区间[CI]：0.30-0.88）。此外，不具残疾的不育妇女的估计比例为0.38（95％CI：0.23-0.62），而具有自我识别的认知障碍的妇女为0.51（95％CI：0.34-0.72）。
结论：
具有自我识别的认知障碍的妇女的生殖力明显下降。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mycobacteriosis is the second most common infectious disease in zebrafish research colonies, and most often this is caused by Mycobacterium chelonae. The infection is characterized by multiple granulomas in the kidney, coelomic cavity, particularly the ovary. However, most fish still appear clinically normal. Developmental genetics remain a primary area of research with the zebrafish model, and hence, an important use of adult zebrafish is as brood fish to produce embryos. We investigated the effects of experimentally induced M. chelonae infections on fecundity. A total of 480 5D wild-type zebrafish were divided into four groups: controls, males infected, females infected, and both sexes. Exposed fish developed high prevalence of infection, including many females with ovarian infections. Fish were then first subjected to four separate group spawns with four replicate tanks/group. Then, a third of the fish were subjected to pairwise spawns, representing 20 pairs/group, and then the pairs were evaluated by histopathology. Overall, the group and pairwise spawns resulted numerous eggs and viable embryos. However, we found no statistical correlations between infection status and number of eggs or viability. In contrast to Egg Associated Inflammation and Fibroplasia, lesions in infected ovaries were more localized, with large regions of the ovary appearing normal.

背景与目标： 结核分枝杆菌病是斑马鱼研究群体中第二大最常见的传染病，通常是由螯虾分枝杆菌引起的。感染的特征是肾脏，腔腔，尤其是卵巢中的多个肉芽肿。但是，大多数鱼在临床上仍看似正常。发育遗传学仍然是斑马鱼模型研究的主要领域，因此，成年斑马鱼的重要用途是作为繁殖胚胎的育雏鱼。我们调查了实验诱导的M. chelonae感染对生殖力的影响。总共480只5D野生型斑马鱼分为四组：对照组，雄性感染，雌性感染以及男女。裸露的鱼类感染率很高，包括许多感染卵巢的雌性。然后，首先对鱼类进行四个单独的产卵，每个产卵有四个重复的水箱。然后，对三分之一的鱼进行成对产卵，代表每对20对，然后通过组织病理学对成对进行评估。总的来说，成对产卵和成对产卵产生了许多卵和有生命的胚胎。但是，我们没有发现感染状况与卵数或生存力之间的统计相关性。与卵子相关的炎症和纤维化形成相反，受感染的卵巢中的病变更局限，卵巢的大部分区域显示正常。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cornerstone of population genetics is a probabilistic understanding of the ultimate fate--survival or extinction--of rare mutations. If a mutation is beneficial, it enables its carrier to reproduce faster than native wild-type individuals. In classic derivations and in the considerable body of research that has followed, "faster" has been defined mathematically to mean "able to produce more surviving offspring per generation." Many organisms, however, may increase their reproductive rate by producing the same number of offspring in a shorter generation time: a mutant bacterium, for example, may complete the cell cycle and produce two offspring more quickly than the wild type. We find that the ultimate fixation probability of a mutation conferring a shorter generation time differs from that of a mutation conferring more offspring by a factor of 2 ln(2)-nearly 40%. This predicts a reduction in the overall substitution rate for any mutation that decreases the generation time: fixation probability is biased toward increased offspring number.

背景与目标： ：人口遗传学的基石是对罕见突变的最终命运（生存或灭绝）的概率理解。如果突变是有益的，它使它的载体比天然野生型个体繁殖得更快。在经典派生和随后的大量研究中，“更快”在数学上被定义为“能够每代产生更多存活的后代”。但是，许多生物可以通过在较短的产生时间内产生相同数量的后代来提高其繁殖率：例如，突变细菌可以完成细胞周期并比野生型更快地产生两个后代。我们发现，赋予较短世代时间的突变的最终固定概率与赋予更多后代的突变的最终固定概率相差2 ln（2）-近40％。这预示着降低突变发生时间的任何突变的总体替代率将降低：固定概率偏向于增加后代数量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe the parasitological kinetics and histopathological and immunological alterations in platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient (PAFR(-/-)) and wild-type mice after a single Strongyloides venezuelensis infection (subcutaneous inoculation of 500 L3 larvae). There was no difference in the numbers of worms that reached and became established in the small intestines of PAFR(-/-) and wild-type mice. However, at 12 days after infection, significantly more worms were recovered from PAFR(-/-) mice. Although PAFR(-/-) infected mice showed a delay in elimination of adult worms, worms established in the small intestine of these mice produced a significantly lower number of eggs due to a reduction in worm fecundity. There were also significant reductions in the number of circulating and tissue eosinophils and tumor necrosis factor levels in the small intestines of PAFR(-/-) mice infected for 7 days compared to the number and level in wild-type mice. Histological analysis confirmed the reduced inflammatory process and revealed that the PAFR(-/-) mice had a smaller number of goblet cells. The concentrations of the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 were lower in small intestine homogenates and in supernatants of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes from spleens or mesenteric lymph nodes of PAFR(-/-) mice than in the corresponding preparations from wild-type mice. Thus, in S. venezuelensis-infected PAFR(-/-) mice, decreased intestinal inflammation is associated with enhanced worm survival but decreased fecundity. We suggest that although a Th2-predominant inflammatory response decreases worm survival, the worm may use factors produced during this response to facilitate egg output and reproduction. PAFR-mediated responses appear to modulate these host-derived signals that are important for worm fecundity.

背景与目标： ：我们描述了单支Strongyloides venezuelensis感染（皮下接种500 L3幼虫）后血小板活化因子受体缺陷型（PAFR（-/-））和野生型小鼠的寄生虫动力学以及组织病理学和免疫学改变。在PAFR（-/-）和野生型小鼠的小肠中到达并建立的蠕虫数量没有差异。但是，在感染后第12天，从PAFR（-/-）小鼠中发现了明显更多的蠕虫。尽管感染PAFR（-/-）的小鼠显示出消除成虫的延迟，但是由于蠕虫的繁殖力降低，在这些小鼠小肠中建立的蠕虫产生的卵数明显减少。与野生型小鼠的数量和水平相比，感染7天的PAFR（-/-）小鼠小肠中循环和组织嗜酸性粒细胞的数量以及肿瘤坏死因子水平也显着降低。组织学分析证实炎症过程减少，并显示PAFR（-/-）小鼠的杯状细胞数量较少。 2型细胞因子白介素4（IL-4），IL-5和IL-10的浓度在小肠匀浆和PAFR脾脏或肠系膜淋巴结抗原刺激淋巴细胞的上清液中较低）小鼠，而不是从野生型小鼠中制备相应的制剂。因此，在委内瑞拉链球菌感染的PAFR（-/-）小鼠中，肠道炎症的降低与蠕虫的存活率提高但繁殖力降低有关。我们建议，尽管以Th2为主的炎症反应会降低蠕虫的存活率，但蠕虫可能会利用在此反应过程中产生的因子来促进卵的输出和繁殖。 PAFR介导的反应似乎可以调节这些宿主来源的信号，这些信号对蠕虫的繁殖力很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of anti-fecundity and anti-embryonation immunity of anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody NP30 of Schistosoma japonicum on female adult worm. METHODS:The active immunization of C57BL/6 mice was conducted by means of three intraperitoneal injections of NP30. The control group was injected with SP2/0 ascites intraperitoneally. RESULTS:On the twenty-seventh day after challenge infection, the number of eggs in the liver tissue and in uterus of the group immunized with NP30 decreased by 30.91% and by 38.55%, respectively. On the thirty-ninth day after the challenge infection, the number of mature eggs in the liver tissue of the group immunized with NP30 decreased by 66.63% and the number of dead eggs increased by 60.66%. CONCLUSIONS:NP30, with which mice were actively immunized, possesses double effects of anti-fecundity and anti-embryonation immunity on female adult worm of Schistosoma japonicum, therefore it can be used as a promising candidate of anti-pathologic vaccine molecule against Schistosomiasis japonica.

背景与目标： 目的：观察日本血吸虫抗独特型单克隆抗体NP30对成虫的抗生殖力和抗胚芽免疫的作用。
方法：通过腹膜内注射3次NP30对C57BL / 6小鼠进行主动免疫。对照组腹腔注射SP2 / 0腹水。
结果：在攻击感染后的第二十七天，NP30免疫组的肝脏组织和子宫中的卵数分别减少了30.91％和38.55％。攻击感染后的第39天，NP30免疫组的肝脏组织中成熟卵的数量减少了66.63％，死卵的数量增加了60.66％。
结论：主动免疫小鼠的NP30对日本血吸虫成虫具有抗生殖力和抗胚芽免疫的双重作用，因此可作为抗日本血吸虫病的病理疫苗分子的有前途的候选者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adult female worms recovered from the jejunum of rats infected per os with 1000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis were significantly more fecund (peak jejunal fecundity = 35.7 +/- 3.1 newborn larvae per female) than females recovered from the terminal ileum (9.3 +/- 4.1 larvae per female) in the same infections. The majority of the adult worms were established in those sections of the small intestines that produced the most fecund females (r = 0.92; P less than 0.05). Worm fecundity is believed to be location-specific because adult females that were surgically implanted into the jejunum were significantly more fecund that were implanted into only the ileum. It is concluded that the physico-chemical conditions of the anterior small intestines are optimal for the parasites' reproductive fitness and this exerts a strong selective pressure on habitat selection behavior.

背景与目标： ：从经空肠感染旋毛虫1000幼虫的大鼠空肠中回收的成年雌虫比从末端回肠（9.3 /-4.1幼虫）中回收的雌虫，其生殖力（空肠繁殖力最高= 35.7 /-3.1新生幼虫/每只雌虫）明显多。每个女性）在相同的感染中。大多数成虫是在小肠中繁殖最多的雌性小肠中建立的（r = 0.92； P小于0.05）。蠕虫的生殖力被认为是特定位置的，因为通过手术植入空肠的成年雌性的生殖力明显更高，仅植入回肠即可。结论是，前小肠的理化条件对于寄生虫的生殖适应性是最佳的，这对生境选择行为施加了很大的选择压力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP) are the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that has been shown to exert both toxic and biological effects on living organisms. The present study investigated effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA, 4-NP and 4-tert-OP (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L) on the fecundity of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In the all exposure groups of BPA, 4-NP and 4-tert-OP, it was found a statistically significant decrease in mean fecundity as compared to the control groups (p < 0.05).

背景与目标： ：双酚A（BPA），4-壬基苯酚（4-NP）和4-叔辛基苯酚（4-tert-OP）是内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC），已证明对活生物体具有毒性和生物学作用。本研究调查了与环境有关的BPA，4-NP和4-ter-OP（0.1、1和10 mg / L）浓度对果蝇果蝇繁殖力的影响。在BPA，4-NP和4-tert-OP的所有暴露组中，与对照组相比，平均生殖力下降具有统计学意义（p <0.05）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The fungus Beauveria bassiana reduces Aedes aegypti longevity in laboratory conditions, but effects on survival, blood-feeding behavior, and fecundity in realistic environmental conditions have not been tested. Adult, female Ae. aegypti infected with B. bassiana (FI-277) were monitored for blood-feeding success and fecundity in the laboratory. Fungal infection reduced mosquito-human contact by 30%. Fecundity was reduced by (mean ± SD) 29.3 ± 8.6 eggs per female per lifetime in the laboratory; egg batch size and viability were unaffected. Mosquito survival, blood-feeding behavior, and fecundity were also tested in 5 meter × 7 meter × 4 meter semi-field cages in northern Queensland, Australia. Fungal infection reduced mosquito survival in semi-field conditions by 59-95% in large cages compared with 61-69% in small cages. One semi-field cage trial demonstrated 80% reduction in blood-feeding; a second trial showed no significant effect. Infection did not affect fecundity in large cages. Beauveria bassiana can kill and may reduce biting of Ae. aegypti in semi-field conditions and in the laboratory. These results further support the use of B. bassiana as a potential biocontrol agent against Ae. aegypti.

背景与目标： ：球孢白僵菌在实验室条件下会降低埃及伊蚊的寿命，但尚未测试其在现实环境条件下对存活，采血行为和繁殖力的影响。成年雌性Ae。在实验室中监测了感染了球孢杆菌的埃及埃及人（FI-277）的补血成功和繁殖力。真菌感染使蚊虫与人的接触减少了30％。在实验室中，每位女性每生一生的产卵量减少（平均值±标准差）29.3±8.6个卵；鸡蛋的批量大小和生存力不受影响。在澳大利亚昆士兰州北部的5米×7米×4米的半田式笼子中，还测试了蚊子的存活率，摄食行为和繁殖力。大型笼中的真菌感染使半田野条件下的蚊子存活率降低了59-95％，相比之下，小型笼中的蚊子存活率降低了61-69％。一项半场笼试验表明，采血量减少了80％。第二项试验显示无明显效果。感染并没有影响大笼子里的繁殖力。球孢白僵菌可杀死并减少对Ae的咬伤。埃及在半田野条件下和实验室中。这些结果进一步支持了球芽孢杆菌作为潜在的针对Ae的生物防治剂的用途。埃及

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Like many angiosperms, Crinum erubescens is partially self-compatible, producing fewer seeds upon selfing than after outcrossing. In this paper we test the relative magnitude of the prefertilization and postfertilization effects of self-incompatibility, inbreeding depression, or both in a natural population of this hermaphroditic tropical herb. We characterize prefertilization effects by examining pollen tube growth, while postfertilization effects are characterized by examination of embryo abortion and seed maturation. Statistical methods are developed to test the magnitude of these effects from one life-cycle stage to the next. We find that although pollen performance in selfed flowers is lower than that in outcrossed flowers, pollen performance is low overall. Postfertilization effects attributable to inbreeding depression account for a larger proportion of the reduction in fecundity in selfed compared to outcrossed flowers. Among naturally pollinated plants, despite ample pollen deposition, the numbers of fruits and seeds set are intermediate to selfed and outcrossed treatments.

背景与目标： ：与许多被子植物一样，Crimum erubescens是部分自溶的，自交时产生的种子少于异交后的种子。在本文中，我们测试了这种雌雄同体热带草本植物的自然种群中自交亲和性，近交性抑郁或两者兼有的偏爱和受精后效应的相对大小。我们通过检查花粉管的生长来表征优选的作用，而受精后的作用则是通过检测胚胎的流产和种子的成熟来表征。开发了统计方法来测试从一个生命周期阶段到下一生命周期阶段这些影响的严重程度。我们发现，尽管自交花的花粉表现低于异交花，但总体上花粉表现却很低。与异交花相比，归因于近交衰退的受精后效应占自交繁殖力降低的更大比例。在自然授粉的植物中，尽管花粉沉积量足够大，但结实和结实的种子数量却介于自交和异交处理之间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :PHF7 exhibits male-specific expression in early germ cells, germline stem cells and spermatogonia in insects, and its expression promotes spermatogenesis in germ cells when they are present in a male soma. However, the influence of male-specific PHF7 on female reproductive biology via mating remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the potential impacts of male PHF7, existed in seminal fluid of Nilaparvata lugens (NlPHF7), on fecundity and population growth via mating. Our results revealed that suppressing male NlPHF7 expression by RNAi led to decreases in body weight, soluble accessory gland protein content, arginine content, and reproductive organ development in males, resulting in significant reduction of oviposition periods and fecundity in females, and significant decrease in body weight, fat body and ovarian protein content, yeast-like symbionts abundance, ovarian development and vitellogenin gene expression in their female mating partners. Similarly, suppression of NlPHF7 expression in males mated with the control female reduced population growth and egg hatching rate, but did not influence gender ratio. We infer that NlPHF7 play a role important in stimulating female fecundity via mating. This study provides valuable information by identifying a potentially effective target gene for managing BPH population through RNAi.

背景与目标： ：PHF7在昆虫的早期生殖细胞，生殖系干细胞和精原细胞中表现出雄性特异性表达，当它们存在于雄性体细胞中时，其表达促进生殖细胞中的精子发生。但是，尚不清楚男性特异性PHF7通过交配对女性生殖生物学的影响。因此，我们调查了Nilaparvata lugens（NlPHF7）精液中存在的雄性PHF7通过繁殖对繁殖力和种群增长的潜在影响。我们的研究结果表明，通过RNAi抑制雄性NlPHF7表达可导致男性体重，可溶性附属腺蛋白含量，精氨酸含量和生殖器官发育下降，从而导致雌性产卵周期和生殖力显着减少，而体质显着下降雌性交配伙伴的体重，脂肪体和卵巢蛋白含量，酵母样共生体丰度，卵巢发育和卵黄蛋白原基因表达。类似地，在雄性中抑制NlPHF7表达与对照雌性交配会降低种群增长和卵孵化率，但不影响性别比。我们推断，NlPHF7在通过交配刺激女性生殖力中起重要作用。这项研究通过鉴定潜在有效的靶基因来通过RNA干扰管理BPH种群提供了有价值的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Growth and reproduction in higher plants depend on meristems, which have three developmental fates. A meristem can become reproductive, but doing so terminates its activity, it can differentiate vegetatively, or it can remain quiescent for extended periods. The first two fates are mutually exclusive, and only the second leads to the production of additional meristems for subsequent growth and reproduction. In Polygonum arenastrum (frequently referred to as P. aviculare in North American Floras), an annual species lacking quiescent meristems, a quantitative genetic analysis of inbred full-sibling families revealed genetic variation in the developmental pattern of axillary meristem commitment to vegetative growth versus reproduction. Developmental variation resulted in family differences in the age of first reproduction, in age-specific fecundity and growth, and in final plant size and reproductive output. Furthermore, there were strong negative genetic correlations between age-specific growth and fecundity. Early commitment of meristems to reproduction favors high early fecundity, but reduces the number of meristems available for vegetative differentiation, and leads to lowered growth rates and fecundity later in life, when meristems are limiting. Conversely, meristem commitment to vegetative growth early in life results in low early fecundity but high late fecundity and growth. Meristem limitation, like resource limitation, is a proximate mechanism that generates trade-offs between life history traits. Differences between meristem limitation and resource limitation are discussed. Meristem limitation leads automatically to a senescent life history because of the determinate fate of reproductive meristems. Developmental characters were also found to be genetically correlated with metamer characters (leaf size, internode length) and seed size in this selfing species. The pattern of correlation is suggestive of selection for particular suites of life history and morphological characters.

背景与目标： ：高等植物的生长和繁殖取决于分生组织，分生组织具有三个发育命运。分生组织可以繁殖，但是这样做会终止其活动，可以营养分化，或者可以长时间保持静止。前两个命运是互斥的，只有第二个命运导致产生额外的分生组织，以供随后的生长和繁殖。在东北Poly（一年生缺乏静止分生组织的物种）中，n属近亲全系的定量遗传分析揭示了腋生分生组织对营养生长与繁殖的承诺的发育模式的遗传变异。 。发育差异导致家庭在初次繁殖的年龄，特定年龄的繁殖力和生长以及最终植物的大小和生殖产量方面的差异。此外，按年龄增长和生育力之间存在强烈的负遗传相关性。分生组织对繁殖的早期承诺有利于早期的高繁殖力，但减少了可用于营养分化的分生组织的数量，并在分生组织受到限制的情况下导致生命后期的生长速率和繁殖力降低。相反，分生组织致力于生命早期的营养生长的结果是早期生殖力较低，而晚期生殖力和生长较高。与资源限制一样，分生组织限制是一种在生活史特征之间进行权衡的最接近的机制。讨论了分生组织限制与资源限制之间的差异。由于生殖分生组织的确定命运，分生组织的限制自动导致衰老的生活史。在该自交物种中，还发现发育特征与同聚物的特征（叶大小，节间长度）和种子大小在遗传上相关。相关模式建议选择特定的生活史和形态特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infertility affects 10-15% of couples, and approximately 50% of cases are linked to male factor infertility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the DNA methylation patterns in spermatozoa from males who are suffering from a reduction in fecundity. Thirty samples were subjected to 450K arrays as a screening study to evaluate the variation in sperm DNA methylation levels between cases and controls groups, and then four CpG sites (cg05799088, cg07227024, cg16338278, and cg08408433) underwent to deep bisulfite sequencing to validate the observed methylation differences in 111 samples (56 proven fertile males as 'controls' and 55 males suffering from a reduction in fecundity as 'cases'). A significant difference in the mean methylation level was found between cases and controls in the CpGs of PRICKLE2 gene-related amplicon (CpG1, p ≤ 0.002, and CpG2, p ≤ 0.004) and CpG of ALS2CR12 gene-related amplicon (CpG1, p ≤ 0.015, and CpG2, p ≤ 0.009). Besides, a significant difference was found at seven from thirteen CpGs tested in the ALDH3B2 gene amplicon CpG2, CpG6, CpG9, CpG10, CpG11, CpG12, and CpG13 (p ≤ 0.005, p ≤ 0.004, p ≤ 0.012, p ≤ 0.028, p ≤ 0.012, p ≤ 0.009, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively). In addition, the results showed that nine CpGs out of the twenty-six within the PTGIR gene-related amplicon (CpG4, CpG6, CpG8, CpG9, CpG11, CpG15, CpG19, CpG23, and CpG26) had a significant difference in their mean methylation level (p ≤ 0.006, p ≤ 0.009, p ≤ 0.003, p ≤ 0.003, p ≤ 0.007, p ≤ 0.002, p ≤ 0.018, p ≤ 0.018, and p ≤ 0.040, respectively) in the case vs. CONTROL GROUP:In conclusion, an alteration in the methylation levels of sperm DNA from males with reduced fecundity was observed. In addition, an association between changes in the methylation level for these CpGs and different semen parameters has been found.

背景与目标： ：不孕症影响10-15％的夫妻，大约50％的病例与男性因素不孕症有关。这项研究的目的是评估精子数量减少的男性精子中的DNA甲基化模式。对30个样品进行450K阵列筛选研究，以评估病例组和对照组之间精子DNA甲基化水平的变化，然后对四个CpG位点（cg05799088，cg07227024，cg16338278和cg08408433）进行深亚硫酸氢盐测序，以验证观察到的结果。 111个样本中的甲基化差异（56个经证实可育的雄性为“对照”，55个雄性生殖力降低为“病例”）。在病例和对照之间，PRICKLE2基因相关扩增子的CpGs（CpG1，p≤0.002和CpG2，p≤0.004）和ALS2CR12基因相关扩增子的CpG（CpG1，p≤ 0.015和CpG2，p≤0.009）。此外，在ALDH3B2基因扩增子CpG2，CpG6，CpG9，CpG10，CpG11，CpG12和CpG13中测试的13种CpG中，发现有7种存在显着差异（p≤0.005，p≤0.004，p≤0.012，p≤0.028，p分别≤0.012，p≤0.009和p≤0.001）。此外，结果显示，在PTGIR基因相关扩增子中的二十六个中的九个CpG（CpG4，CpG6，CpG8，CpG9，CpG11，CpG15，CpG19，CpG23和CpG26）具有明显的甲基化差异情况下的水平（分别为p≤0.006，p≤0.009，p≤0.003，p≤0.003，p≤0.007，p≤0.002，p≤0.018，p≤0.018和p≤0.040）vs.
对照组：总的来说，观察到了生殖力降低的雄性精子DNA甲基化水平的变化。另外，已经发现这些CpG的甲基化水平的变化与不同精液参数之间的关联。