• 【饮食组成和社会环境决定了杂食性昆虫的食物消耗,表型和繁殖力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rsos.200100 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gutiérrez Y,Fresch M,Ott D,Brockmeyer J,Scherber C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nutrition is the single most important factor for individual's growth and reproduction. Consequently, the inability to reach the nutritional optimum imposes severe consequences for animal fitness. Yet, under natural conditions, organisms may face a mixture of stressors that can modulate the effects of nutritional asymmetry. For instance, stressful environments caused by intense interaction with conspecifics. Here, we subjected the house cricket Acheta domesticus to (i) either of two types of diet that have proved to affect cricket performance and (ii) simultaneously manipulated their social environment throughout their complete life cycle. We aimed to track sex-specific consequences for multiple traits during insect development throughout all life stages. Both factors affected critical life-history traits with potential population-level consequences: diet composition induced strong effects on insect development time, lifespan and fitness, while the social environment affected the number of nymphs that completed development, food consumption and whole-body lipid content. Additionally, both factors interactively determined female body mass. Our results highlight that insects may acquire and invest resources in a different manner when subjected to an intense interaction with conspecifics or when isolated. Furthermore, while only diet composition affected individual reproductive output, the social environment would determine the number of reproductive females, thus indirectly influencing population performance.
    背景与目标: 营养是个体成长和繁殖的最重要因素。因此,无法达到最佳营养状况会给动物适应性带来严重后果。然而,在自然条件下,生物体可能会面临多种压力源,这些压力源可调节营养不对称的影响。例如,与特定对象之间的激烈交互导致的压力环境。在这里,我们对家Acheta domesticus进行(i)两种已证明会影响性能的饮食中的任一种,以及(ii)在整个生命周期中同时操纵其社交环境。我们的目标是跟踪昆虫在整个生命阶段中发育过程中多种性状的特定性别后果。这两个因素都影响着重要的生活史特征,并可能导致人口数量级的后果:饮食结构对昆虫的发育时间,寿命和适应性产生了强烈影响,而社会环境影响了完成发育的若虫数量,食物消耗和全身脂质含量。另外,这两个因素相互作用确定女性体重。我们的结果突出表明,昆虫与特定物种之间发生激烈相互作用或与外界隔离时,可能会以不同的方式获取和投资资源。此外,虽然只有饮食结构会影响个体的生殖产出,但社会环境将决定生殖女性的数量,从而间接影响人口的表现。
  • 【有或没有繁殖力(F)基因拷贝的Booroola Merino母羊卵巢分泌的生物活性抑制素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1677/joe.0.119r005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tsonis CG,Baird DT,Campbell BK,Downing JA,Scaramuzzi RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The secretion rates of bioactive inhibin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured during the mid-luteal phase and at various times during the follicular phase of the cycle by a sensitive bioassay using sheep pituitary cells in culture in 12 Booroola ewes with and without copies of the Fecundity (F) gene in which the left ovary had been auto-transplanted to the neck. Inhibin secretion was high during the luteal phase and fell in the early follicular phase in all genotypes (P less than 0.01). In Booroola ewes with a F/- genotype, inhibin secretion then increased again, towards luteal rates, in the mid and late follicular phases. In Booroola ewes without a copy of the F gene (+/+) inhibin secretion remained low at all three sampling times in the follicular phase. The secretion rate of inhibin at 36 h (P less than 0.1) and 48 h (P less than 0.01) were significantly lower in ewes from the +/+ (no copy of the gene) ewes than in F/- (one copy of the gene) ewes. Oestradiol secretion was low during the luteal phase and increased steadily during the early (24 h) to a plateau in the mid (36 h; P less than 0.01) and late (48 h; P less than 0.05) follicular phase. Progesterone secretion was high during the luteal phase, and decreased to a very low rate by 24 h after prostaglandin (PG) treatment (P less than 0.001) and remained low. At 24 h after PG the concentration of FSH was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that during the luteal phase and remained suppressed until the onset of the LH surge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    背景与目标: :通过灵敏的生物测定法,在12个Booroola母羊中,在有和无复制品的情况下,使用羊垂体细胞进行灵敏的生物测定,在周期的黄体中期和卵泡期的不同时间测定生物活性抑制素,雌二醇和孕酮的分泌率。生殖力(F)基因,其中左卵巢已自动移植到颈部。在所有基因型中,黄体期抑制素分泌较高,而在卵泡早期则抑制素分泌降低(P小于0.01)。在F /-基因型的Booroola母羊中,在卵泡中期和晚期,抑制素的分泌再次增加,朝着黄体的方向增加。在Booroola母羊中,没有F基因的复制(/),在卵泡期的所有三个采样时间,抑制素分泌仍然很低。来自/(无基因拷贝)母羊的母羊在36 h(P小于0.1)和48 h(P小于0.01)的抑制素的分泌率显着低于F /-(该基因的一个拷贝) )母羊。黄体期的雌二醇分泌较低,在卵泡期的中期(36 h; P小于0.01)和晚期(48 h; P小于0.05)期间,黄体激素的分泌稳定增加至高原期。黄体期黄体酮分泌高,在前列腺素(PG)治疗后24 h时黄体激素分泌降低至非常低的速率(P小于0.001),并保持较低水平。 PG后24小时,FSH的浓度显着低于黄体期(P小于0.01),并一直受到抑制,直到LH激增开始(摘要截断为250个字)。
  • 【American necator americanus:在金仓鼠(Mesocricetus auratus)中维持了一百代。一,寄主与钩虫负担和繁殖力的性别相关差异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0014-4894(03)00094-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jian X,Sen L,Hui-Qin Q,Hai-Nan R,Tie-Hua L,Hai-Chou X,Hotez PJ,Shu-Hua X
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human hookworm Necator americanus was maintained through one hundred generations in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). The parasite strain employed here was ultimately adapted to hamsters without the requirement for exogenous steroids or other immunosuppressive agents. Moreover, there was no requirement to use neonatal hamsters--successful infections were obtained in 9- to 10-week-old hamsters infected subcutaneously with 250 hookworm larvae. This unique adaptation of N. americanus to hamsters permits its use for purposes of anthelminthic drug and vaccine development.
    背景与目标: :人类钩虫美洲金枪鱼在金仓鼠(Mesocricetus auratus)中维持了一百代。此处使用的寄生虫菌株最终适应了仓鼠,而无需外源性类固醇或其他免疫抑制剂。此外,不需要使用新生儿仓鼠-在皮下感染250例钩虫幼虫的9至10周龄的仓鼠中成功感染。美洲猪笼草对仓鼠的这种独特适应性使其可以用于驱虫药和疫苗的开发。
  • 【女性暴露于内分泌破坏性化学物质和生殖力的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000373 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mínguez-Alarcón L,Gaskins AJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been known for their ability to interfere with aspects of hormone action resulting in adverse health consequences among animals and humans; however, the effects of EDCs on human fecundity have shown inconsistent findings. This review summarizes the most recent epidemiologic literature from humans on the potential effects of female exposure to nonpersistent EDCs, specifically bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, parabens, and triclosan, on fecundity, measured by markers of reproductive hormones, markers of ovulation or ovarian reserve, IVF outcomes, and time-to-pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS:Although the epidemiologic literature on this topic is growing, the evidence supporting an association between female urinary concentrations of BPA, phthalates, parabens and triclosan, and fecundity remains unclear. The heterogeneous results could be due to methodological differences in recruitment populations (fertile vs. subfertile), study designs (prospective vs. retrospective), assessment of exposure (including differences in the number and timing of urine samples and differences in the analytical methods used to assess the urinary concentrations), residual confounding due to diet or other lifestyle factors, and coexposures to other chemicals. SUMMARY:At present, there is limited evidence to conclude that female exposure to nonpersistent EDCs affect fecundity in humans. Further studies focusing on exposure to mixtures of EDCs are needed.
    背景与目标: 审查目的:破坏内分泌的化学物质(EDC)能够干扰荷尔蒙作用,从而给动物和人类带来不良的健康后果,因此而闻名。但是,EDC对人类繁殖力的影响显示出不一致的发现。这篇综述总结了人类的最新流行病学文献,这些文献通过雌性激素,排卵或卵巢的标志物,测量了女性暴露于非持久性EDC(特别是双酚A(BPA),邻苯二甲酸盐,对羟基苯甲酸酯和三氯生)对生殖力的潜在影响。储备,IVF结果和怀孕时间。
    最近的调查结果:尽管有关该主题的流行病学文献正在增长,但尚不清楚证据表明女性尿液中BPA,邻苯二甲酸盐,对羟基苯甲酸酯和三氯生的浓度与生育力之间存在关联。异质性结果可能是由于招募人群(可育与亚不育),研究设计(前瞻性与回顾性),暴露评估(包括尿液样本的数量和时间的差异以及用于分析的分析方法的差异)的方法学差异造成的。评估尿液浓度),由于饮食或其他生活方式因素造成的残留混杂物以及与其他化学物质的共同暴露。
    摘要:目前,只有很少的证据可以得出结论,即女性接触非持久性EDC会影响人类的生育能力。需要进一步研究,重点放在暴露于EDC混合物中。
  • 【小麦在高温和干旱胁迫下的繁殖力和防御能力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/jxb/eraa017 复制DOI
    作者列表:Xie H,Shi J,Shi F,Xu H,He K,Wang Z
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Plants are routinely subjected simultaneously to different abiotic and biotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and insect infestation. Plant-insect interactions in such complex stress situations are poorly understood. We evaluated the performance of the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to a combination of heat and drought stresses. We also performed assays of the relative water content, nutritional quality, and responses of phytohormone signaling pathways. Lower relative water content and accumulation of soluble sugars and amino acids were observed in plants exposed to combined heat and drought stress. These conditions increased abscisic acid levels in the absence of aphids, as well as leading to higher levels of jasmonate-dependent transcripts. The grain aphid infestation further increased abscisic acid levels and the abundance of jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent defenses under the combined stress conditions. Aphids reared on plants grown under drought stress alone showed lower net reproductive rates, intrinsic rates of increase, and finite rates of increase compared with aphids reared on plants in the absence of stress. The heat-treated plants also showed a decreased aphid net reproductive rate. These findings demonstrate that exposure to a combination of stresses enhances plant defense responses against aphids as well as altering nutritional quality.
    背景与目标: :植物通常同时受到不同的非生物和生物胁迫,例如高温,干旱和昆虫侵扰。在如此复杂的胁迫情况下,植物与昆虫之间的相互作用知之甚少。我们评估了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)在高温和干旱胁迫下的蚜虫(Sitobion avenae)的性能。我们还进行了相对含水量,营养质量和植物激素信号通路反应的测定。在暴露于高温和干旱双重胁迫的植物中,观察到较低的相对含水量以及可溶性糖和氨基酸的积累。在没有蚜虫的情况下,这些条件增加了脱落酸的水平,并且导致茉莉酸酯依赖性转录物的水平更高。在组合胁迫条件下,谷物蚜虫的侵扰进一步增加了脱落酸的水平以及丰富的茉莉酸和水杨酸依赖性防御作用。与在没有胁迫的情况下在植物上饲养的蚜虫相比,仅在干旱胁迫下生长的植物上养殖的蚜虫显示出较低的净生殖速率,内在的增长率和有限的增长率。热处理过的植物也显示出降低的蚜虫净繁殖率。这些发现表明,暴露于多种胁迫下可增强植物对蚜虫的防御反应并改变营养品质。
  • 【酪氨酸磷酸酶61F的细胞核和内质网靶向形式调节果蝇的生长,寿命和繁殖力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1128/MCB.01411-12 复制DOI
    作者列表:Buszard BJ,Johnson TK,Meng TC,Burke R,Warr CG,Tiganis T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) T cell PTP (TCPTP) and PTP1B share a high level of catalytic domain sequence and structural similarity yet display distinct differences in substrate recognition and function. Their noncatalytic domains contribute to substrate selectivity and function by regulating TCPTP nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and targeting PTP1B to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The Drosophila TCPTP/PTP1B orthologue PTP61F has two variants with identical catalytic domains that are differentially targeted to the ER and nucleus. Here we demonstrate that the PTP61F variants differ in their ability to negatively regulate insulin signaling in vivo, with the nucleus-localized form (PTP61Fn) being more effective than the ER-localized form (PTP61Fm). We report that PTP61Fm is reliant on the adaptor protein Dock to attenuate insulin signaling in vivo. Also, we show that the PTP61F variants differ in their capacities to regulate growth, with PTP61Fn but not PTP61Fm attenuating cellular proliferation. Furthermore, we generate a mutant lacking both PTP61F variants, which displays a reduction in median life span and a decrease in female fecundity, and show that both variants are required to rescue these mutant phenotypes. Our findings define the role of PTP61F in life span and fecundity and reinforce the importance of subcellular localization in mediating PTP function in vivo.
    背景与目标: :蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP)T细胞PTP(TCPTP)和PTP1B具有高水平的催化结构域序列和结构相似性,但在底物识别和功能上却表现出明显的差异。它们的非催化结构域通过调节TCPTP核质穿梭并将PTP1B靶向内质网(ER)来促进底物选择性和功能。果蝇TCPTP / PTP1B直向同源物PTP61F具有两个具有相同催化域的变体,它们分别靶向ER和细胞核。在这里,我们证明了PTP61F变体在体内对胰岛素信号的负调控能力不同,其中核定位形式(PTP61Fn)比ER定位形式(PTP61Fm)更有效。我们报告说,PTP61Fm依赖于衔接蛋白Dock来减弱体内的胰岛素信号传导。此外,我们显示PTP61F变体在调节生长的能力方面有所不同,PTP61Fn而不是PTP61Fm会减弱细胞增殖。此外,我们生成了一个缺少两个PTP61F变异体的突变体,这两个突变体均显示了中位寿命的缩短和女性繁殖力的降低,并表明这两个变异体都需要挽救这些突变体的表型。我们的发现定义了PTP61F在寿命和繁殖力中的作用,并增强了亚细胞定位在体内介导PTP功能的重要性。
  • 【雄性骚扰和交配率升高对雌性一生的繁殖力和后代表现的体尺依赖性影响的实验测试。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/jeb.13526 复制DOI
    作者列表:Iglesias-Carrasco M,Fox RJ,Vega-Trejo R,Jennions MD,Head ML
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many studies investigate the benefits of polyandry, but repeated interactions with males can lower female reproductive success. Interacting with males might even decrease offspring performance if it reduces a female's ability to transfer maternal resources. Male presence can be detrimental for females in two ways: by forcing females to mate at a higher rate and through costs associated with resisting male mating attempts. Teasing apart the relative costs of elevated mating rates from those of greater male harassment is critical to understand the evolution of mating strategies. Furthermore, it is important to test whether a male's phenotype, notably body size, has differential effects on female reproductive success versus the performance of offspring, and whether this is due to male body size affecting the costs of harassment or the actual mating rate. In the eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, males vary greatly in body size and continually attempt to inseminate females. We experimentally manipulated male presence (i.e., harassment), male body size and whether males could copulate. Exposure to males had strong detrimental effects on female reproductive output, growth and immune response, independent of male size or whether males could copulate. In contrast, there was a little evidence of a cross-generational effect of male harassment or mating rate on offspring performance. Our results suggest that females housed with males pay direct costs due to reduced condition and offspring production and that these costs are not a consequence of increased mating rates. Furthermore, exposure to males does not affect offspring reproductive traits.
    背景与目标: :许多研究调查了一夫多妻制的好处,但与雄性的反复互动会降低雌性生殖的成功率。如果与雄性互动可能会降低雌性转移母体资源的能力,甚至会降低后代的表现。雄性的出现有两种方式对雌性有害:通过强迫雌性以更高的比率交配,以及通过抵抗雄性交配尝试的相关成本。将交配率的相对成本与男性骚扰的相对成本进行区分开来,对于了解交配策略的演变至关重要。此外,重要的是要测试男性的表型,尤其是体型,对女性生殖成功与后代表现有不同的影响,以及这是否是由于男性体型影响了骚扰成本或实际交配率。在东部的蚊鱼Gambusia holbrooki中,雄鱼的体型差异很大,并不断尝试授精雌鱼。我们通过实验控制了雄性的存在(即骚扰),雄性的体型以及雄性是否可以交配。男性接触对女性的生殖能力,生长和免疫反应具有强烈的有害影响,而与男性的身材大小或男性是否能够交配无关。相反,几乎没有证据表明雄性骚扰或交配率对后代表现有跨代影响。我们的结果表明,与男性同住的雌性由于状况和后代产量的减少而直接支付费用,而这些费用并不是交配率提高的结果。此外,接触雄性不会影响后代的生殖特性。
  • 【门诊精神分裂症患者的生育力和生殖力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Terzian AC,Andreoli SB,Razzouk D,Chaves AC,Mari Jde J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine reproductive rates among patients with schizophrenia who attended the outpatient clinic at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHOD:All patients with schizophrenia completed a semi-standardized questionnaire, and data from the Brazilian census was used for comparing population rates. RESULTS:167 patients completed the questionnaires and of these 33 (19.8%) were or had been married and 32 reported being a parent. The fertility rate (number of individuals who had had at least one child divided by the total number of individuals) was 19.4% (25% for females, 15.8% for males, p = 0.14). Fecundity rate was 1.75 for males and 1.69 for females (p = 0.85). A logistic regression analysis identified an association between the later date of the onset of illness and higher rate of marriage (p = 0.003). Gender and the interaction between gender and marital status were significant predictors for fertility (p < 0.05 and p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Patients with schizophrenia showed lower rates for marital status, fertility and fecundity when compared to standard population rates. However, many patients will become parents during their life time. Therefore, it is imperative to develop services that fulfill their needs, mainly in Brazil, a middle-income country, where resources are scarce and there is no policy for dealing with this reality.
    背景与目标: 目的:确定在圣保罗联邦大学门诊就读的精神分裂症患者的生殖率。
    方法:所有精神分裂症患者均填写了半标准化问卷,并使用巴西人口普查数据比较了人群发生率。
    结果:167名患者完成了问卷调查,其中33名(19.8%)已婚或已婚,其中32名是父母。生育率(生育至少一个孩子的人数除以总人数)为19.4%(女性为25%,男性为15.8%,p = 0.14)。男性的生殖力为1.75,女性为1.69(p = 0.85)。逻辑回归分析确定了发病的较晚日期和较高的结婚率之间的关联(p = 0.003)。性别以及性别与婚姻状况之间的相互作用是生育能力的重要预测因子(分别为p <0.05和p = 0.024)。
    结论:与标准人群相比,精神分裂症患者的婚姻状况,生育能力和生育能力较低。但是,许多患者将在其一生中成为父母。因此,当务之急是开发满足其需求的服务,主要是在巴西这样的中等收入国家,那里资源稀缺,没有针对这一现实的政策。
  • 【终生历史:果蝇实验种群的后期繁殖力和存活率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10522-020-09889-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Curtsinger JW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There are two life history landmarks that can be used to define the terminal period in individual Drosophila melanogaster females: the cessation of daily oviposition, which defines the start of the retired stage, and final oviposition, which defines the start of post-ovipository survival. The terminal period is a substantial component of D. melanogaster life history. Analysis of published data on the daily fecundity and survival of 3971 individually maintained, mated female flies reveals that the terminal period is far more variable within populations than other life history components, including total adult life span. It has been reported that there is a negative correlation between fecundity and duration of the terminal state in recently collected wild stocks. Here I show that the negative correlation occurs in multiple inbred and outbred lab-adapted populations as well. In terms of proportion of adult life, lower fecundity flies spend on average twice as much time in the terminal stage as higher fecundity flies from the same population. Both high and low fecundity flies experience end-of-life plateaus in mortality, with the former exhibiting higher plateau levels. The negative correlation between fecundity and terminal survival is of sufficient magnitude to create heterogeneity among the oldest old: the final 10% of survivors are predominately flies with a history of high fecundity, but about one in five is a low fecundity fly with long terminal stage.
    背景与目标: :有两个生活史上的里程碑可用来定义果蝇雌性个体的终末期:停止每日排卵(这决定了退休阶段的开始)和最终排卵(这决定了排卵后生存的开始) 。末期是黑腹果蝇生活史的重要组成部分。对已发表的3971只个体交配的雌性苍蝇的每日繁殖力和存活率的公开数据进行的分析表明,与其他生命史组成部分(包括总成年寿命)相比,种群内的终末期变化更大。据报道,在最近采集的野生种群中,繁殖力与绝热状态持续时间之间呈负相关。在这里,我表明负相关也发生在多个近交和近交实验室适应人群中。就成年生活的比例而言,繁殖力低下的苍蝇在末期平均花费的时间是同一种群的繁殖力高的苍蝇的两倍。高繁殖力和低繁殖力的苍蝇都经历了生命的停滞高原,而前者表现出较高的高原水平。繁殖力与最终生存之间的负相关程度足以在最老的老年人中造成异质性:最后10%的幸存者主要是具有高繁殖力历史的果蝇,但大约五分之一是终末期长的低繁殖力果蝇。
  • 【在Smittium-simuliid模型中对滴虫的患病率,丰度和繁殖力进行实验室研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3852/mycologia.97.2.338 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nelder MP,McCreadie JW,Beard CE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Smittium, the most speciose genus of the "gut fungi" (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes), is found attached to the hindgut cuticle of larval aquatic Diptera. Smittium spp. colonize several host families (e.g., Smittium culisetae in Chironomidae, Culicidae and Simuliidae), but some species appear to be specific to a single host family (e.g., Smittium morbosum Sweeney in Culicidae). The specificity of Smittium spp. within a host family has been difficult to resolve. This research presents evidence that certain Smittium spp. differentially colonize particular species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) hosts as measured by differences in prevalence, abundance and fecundity. Reasons for this differential occurrence and fecundity in hosts are unclear but might include fungal responses to variations in host morphology, physiology, distribution or behavior. Variable fitness of Smittium spp., within a suite of available hosts, could be a factor in the diversity of this fungal group.
    背景与目标: :Smittium是“肠道真菌”(Zygomycota:Trichomycetes)最特殊的属,被发现附着在幼虫水生双翅目的后肠表皮上。 mit在几个寄主家庭中定居(例如,Chironomidae,Culicidae和Simuliidae中的Smittium culisetae),但某些物种似乎对单个寄主家庭具有特定性(例如Culicidae中的Smittium morbosum Sweeney)。 Smittium spp的特异性。在寄宿家庭中很难解决。这项研究提供了某些Smittium spp的证据。通过患病率,丰度和繁殖力的差异来衡量,黑蝇(Diptera:Simuliidae)寄主的特定物种有不同的殖民地。宿主中这种差异发生和繁殖力的原因尚不清楚,但可能包括对宿主形态,生理,分布或行为变化的真菌反应。在一组可用宿主内,Smittium spp。的适应性可能是该真菌群多样性的一个因素。
  • 【美国残疾妇女的生育力和不孕症。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/jwh.2018.7267 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang Y,McLain AC,Davis B,McDermott S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Background: Knowledge of fecundity and infertility in women with a disability (WWD) is limited. This study aims to compare the fecundity and infertility experiences of women with a self-identified disability, in domains of sensory (hearing and vision loss), cognitive (difficulty concentrating, remembering, and making decisions), and physical (difficulty walking or climbing stairs) disabilities, with those without a self-identified disability. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional survey data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 2011-2015, were analyzed. A final analytic sample of 383 women from the NSFG, aged 18-44 years, was included to study the fecundity rates of WWD and women without a disability, using the current duration approach. Results: Fecundity hazard ratios (FHRs) and the proportion of women experiencing infertility after 12 months of actively attempting pregnancy were reported for the comparison group and by each disability type. Women with a self-identified cognitive disability experienced significant decreases in fecundity (FHR = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30-0.88) when adjusting for age, education level, parity, living in a metropolitan area, and infertility services. Furthermore, the estimated proportion of infertile women without a disability was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.23-0.62) versus 0.51 (95% CI: 0.34-0.72) for women with a self-identified cognitive disability. Conclusions: Women with a self-identified cognitive disability experienced significant decreases in fecundity.
    背景与目标:
    背景:
    对残疾妇女(WWD)的生殖力和不育的了解是有限的。这项研究的目的是在感觉(听力和视力丧失),认知(难以集中注意力,记忆和做出决定)和身体(难以行走或爬楼梯)领域比较自我识别残疾妇女的生殖力和不育经历。 )残障人士,以及没有自我识别残障人士的残障人士。
    材料和方法:
    分析了2011-2015年美国家庭成长状况调查(NSFG)的横断面调查数据。最后的分析样本包括来自NSFG的383名年龄在18-44岁之间的妇女,使用当前持续时间方法研究了WWD和无残疾妇女的生育率。
    结果:
    比较组和每种残疾类型均报告了女性生殖力危险比(FHRs)和在积极尝试怀孕12个月后遭受不育的妇女比例。在调整年龄,教育水平,均等性,居住在大都市地区和不育服务后,具有自我识别性认知障碍的妇女的生育力显着下降(FHR = 0.56; 95%可信区间[CI]:0.30-0.88)。此外,不具残疾的不育妇女的估计比例为0.38(95%CI:0.23-0.62),而具有自我识别的认知障碍的妇女为0.51(95%CI:0.34-0.72)。
    结论:
    具有自我识别的认知障碍的妇女的生殖力明显下降。
  • 【亚临床螯合分枝杆菌感染对斑马鱼繁殖力和胚胎存活的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/zeb.2015.1204 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kent ML,Watral VG,Kirchoff NS,Spagnoli ST,Sharpton TJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mycobacteriosis is the second most common infectious disease in zebrafish research colonies, and most often this is caused by Mycobacterium chelonae. The infection is characterized by multiple granulomas in the kidney, coelomic cavity, particularly the ovary. However, most fish still appear clinically normal. Developmental genetics remain a primary area of research with the zebrafish model, and hence, an important use of adult zebrafish is as brood fish to produce embryos. We investigated the effects of experimentally induced M. chelonae infections on fecundity. A total of 480 5D wild-type zebrafish were divided into four groups: controls, males infected, females infected, and both sexes. Exposed fish developed high prevalence of infection, including many females with ovarian infections. Fish were then first subjected to four separate group spawns with four replicate tanks/group. Then, a third of the fish were subjected to pairwise spawns, representing 20 pairs/group, and then the pairs were evaluated by histopathology. Overall, the group and pairwise spawns resulted numerous eggs and viable embryos. However, we found no statistical correlations between infection status and number of eggs or viability. In contrast to Egg Associated Inflammation and Fibroplasia, lesions in infected ovaries were more localized, with large regions of the ovary appearing normal.
    背景与目标: 结核分枝杆菌病是斑马鱼研究群体中第二大最常见的传染病,通常是由螯虾分枝杆菌引起的。感染的特征是肾脏,腔腔,尤其是卵巢中的多个肉芽肿。但是,大多数鱼在临床上仍看似正常。发育遗传学仍然是斑马鱼模型研究的主要领域,因此,成年斑马鱼的重要用途是作为繁殖胚胎的育雏鱼。我们调查了实验诱导的M. chelonae感染对生殖力的影响。总共480只5D野生型斑马鱼分为四组:对照组,雄性感染,雌性感染以及男女。裸露的鱼类感染率很高,包括许多感染卵巢的雌性。然后,首先对鱼类进行四个单独的产卵,每个产卵有四个重复的水箱。然后,对三分之一的鱼进行成对产卵,代表每对20对,然后通过组织病理学对成对进行评估。总的来说,成对产卵和成对产卵产生了许多卵和有生命的胚胎。但是,我们没有发现感染状况与卵数或生存力之间的统计相关性。与卵子相关的炎症和纤维化形成相反,受感染的卵巢中的病变更局限,卵巢的大部分区域显示正常。
  • 【固定的可能性比减少的生成时间更有利于增加繁殖力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1534/genetics.104.029199 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wahl LM,DeHaan CS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cornerstone of population genetics is a probabilistic understanding of the ultimate fate--survival or extinction--of rare mutations. If a mutation is beneficial, it enables its carrier to reproduce faster than native wild-type individuals. In classic derivations and in the considerable body of research that has followed, "faster" has been defined mathematically to mean "able to produce more surviving offspring per generation." Many organisms, however, may increase their reproductive rate by producing the same number of offspring in a shorter generation time: a mutant bacterium, for example, may complete the cell cycle and produce two offspring more quickly than the wild type. We find that the ultimate fixation probability of a mutation conferring a shorter generation time differs from that of a mutation conferring more offspring by a factor of 2 ln(2)-nearly 40%. This predicts a reduction in the overall substitution rate for any mutation that decreases the generation time: fixation probability is biased toward increased offspring number.
    背景与目标: :人口遗传学的基石是对罕见突变的最终命运(生存或灭绝)的概率理解。如果突变是有益的,它使它的载体比天然野生型个体繁殖得更快。在经典派生和随后的大量研究中,“更快”在数学上被定义为“能够每代产生更多存活的后代”。但是,许多生物可以通过在较短的产生时间内产生相同数量的后代来提高其繁殖率:例如,突变细菌可以完成细胞周期并比野生型更快地产生两个后代。我们发现,赋予较短世代时间的突变的最终固定概率与赋予更多后代的突变的最终固定概率相差2 ln(2)-近40%。这预示着降低突变发生时间的任何突变的总体替代率将降低:固定概率偏向于增加后代数量。
  • 【血小板活化因子受体的缺乏延迟了成虫的消除,但降低了被委内瑞拉虫感染的小鼠的繁殖力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1128/iai.72.2.1135-1142.2004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Negrão-Corrêa D,Souza DG,Pinho V,Barsante MM,Souza AL,Teixeira MM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe the parasitological kinetics and histopathological and immunological alterations in platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient (PAFR(-/-)) and wild-type mice after a single Strongyloides venezuelensis infection (subcutaneous inoculation of 500 L3 larvae). There was no difference in the numbers of worms that reached and became established in the small intestines of PAFR(-/-) and wild-type mice. However, at 12 days after infection, significantly more worms were recovered from PAFR(-/-) mice. Although PAFR(-/-) infected mice showed a delay in elimination of adult worms, worms established in the small intestine of these mice produced a significantly lower number of eggs due to a reduction in worm fecundity. There were also significant reductions in the number of circulating and tissue eosinophils and tumor necrosis factor levels in the small intestines of PAFR(-/-) mice infected for 7 days compared to the number and level in wild-type mice. Histological analysis confirmed the reduced inflammatory process and revealed that the PAFR(-/-) mice had a smaller number of goblet cells. The concentrations of the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 were lower in small intestine homogenates and in supernatants of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes from spleens or mesenteric lymph nodes of PAFR(-/-) mice than in the corresponding preparations from wild-type mice. Thus, in S. venezuelensis-infected PAFR(-/-) mice, decreased intestinal inflammation is associated with enhanced worm survival but decreased fecundity. We suggest that although a Th2-predominant inflammatory response decreases worm survival, the worm may use factors produced during this response to facilitate egg output and reproduction. PAFR-mediated responses appear to modulate these host-derived signals that are important for worm fecundity.
    背景与目标: :我们描述了单支Strongyloides venezuelensis感染(皮下接种500 L3幼虫)后血小板活化因子受体缺陷型(PAFR(-/-))和野生型小鼠的寄生虫动力学以及组织病理学和免疫学改变。在PAFR(-/-)和野生型小鼠的小肠中到达并建立的蠕虫数量没有差异。但是,在感染后第12天,从PAFR(-/-)小鼠中发现了明显更多的蠕虫。尽管感染PAFR(-/-)的小鼠显示出消除成虫的延迟,但是由于蠕虫的繁殖力降低,在这些小鼠小肠中建立的蠕虫产生的卵数明显减少。与野生型小鼠的数量和水平相比,感染7天的PAFR(-/-)小鼠小肠中循环和组织嗜酸性粒细胞的数量以及肿瘤坏死因子水平也显着降低。组织学分析证实炎症过程减少,并显示PAFR(-/-)小鼠的杯状细胞数量较少。 2型细胞因子白介素4(IL-4),IL-5和IL-10的浓度在小肠匀浆和PAFR脾脏或肠系膜淋巴结抗原刺激淋巴细胞的上清液中较低)小鼠,而不是从野生型小鼠中制备相应的制剂。因此,在委内瑞拉链球菌感染的PAFR(-/-)小鼠中,肠道炎症的降低与蠕虫的存活率提高但繁殖力降低有关。我们建议,尽管以Th2为主的炎症反应会降低蠕虫的存活率,但蠕虫可能会利用在此反应过程中产生的因子来促进卵的输出和繁殖。 PAFR介导的反应似乎可以调节这些宿主来源的信号,这些信号对蠕虫的繁殖力很重要。
  • 【用日本血吸虫的抗独特型单克隆抗体NP30免疫的小鼠的抗生殖力免疫力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Feng Z,Li Y,Qiu Z,Li Y,Xue W,Guan X,Wu G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of anti-fecundity and anti-embryonation immunity of anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody NP30 of Schistosoma japonicum on female adult worm. METHODS:The active immunization of C57BL/6 mice was conducted by means of three intraperitoneal injections of NP30. The control group was injected with SP2/0 ascites intraperitoneally. RESULTS:On the twenty-seventh day after challenge infection, the number of eggs in the liver tissue and in uterus of the group immunized with NP30 decreased by 30.91% and by 38.55%, respectively. On the thirty-ninth day after the challenge infection, the number of mature eggs in the liver tissue of the group immunized with NP30 decreased by 66.63% and the number of dead eggs increased by 60.66%. CONCLUSIONS:NP30, with which mice were actively immunized, possesses double effects of anti-fecundity and anti-embryonation immunity on female adult worm of Schistosoma japonicum, therefore it can be used as a promising candidate of anti-pathologic vaccine molecule against Schistosomiasis japonica.
    背景与目标: 目的:观察日本血吸虫抗独特型单克隆抗体NP30对成虫的抗生殖力和抗胚芽免疫的作用。
    方法:通过腹膜内注射3次NP30对C57BL / 6小鼠进行主动免疫。对照组腹腔注射SP2 / 0腹水。
    结果:在攻击感染后的第二十七天,NP30免疫组的肝脏组织和子宫中的卵数分别减少了30.91%和38.55%。攻击感染后的第39天,NP30免疫组的肝脏组织中成熟卵的数量减少了66.63%,死卵的数量增加了60.66%。
    结论:主动免疫小鼠的NP30对日本血吸虫成虫具有抗生殖力和抗胚芽免疫的双重作用,因此可作为抗日本血吸虫病的病理疫苗分子的有前途的候选者。

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