BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined (1) orodental (OD) problems in 10-19-year-old children of substance use disorder (SUD) (n = 127) and non-SUD fathers (n = 111) and (2) the moderating effect of child's substance use (SU) involvement in the associations of paternal SUD and neglectful parenting with OD problems in the offspring. The results showed that periodontal problems differentiated between groups and the interactions between child's SU involvement and paternal SUD and neglectful parenting were respectively associated with hard/soft tissue lesions and carious lesions in the offspring, indicating that SU involvement increases risk for OD due to paternal SUD and neglectful parenting.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了（1）10-19岁的物质使用障碍（SUD）（n = 127）和非SUD父亲（n = 111）的儿童口腔（OD）问题，以及（2）调节作用儿童物质使用（SU）参与父系SUD和疏忽育儿与后代OD问题的关联。结果表明，牙周问题在各组之间有所区别，儿童SU参与与父系SUD和疏忽育儿之间的相互作用分别与后代的硬/软组织病变和龋齿病变相关，表明SU参与会增加父系SUD导致OD的风险和疏忽的养育子女。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Mothers and fathers are severely challenged when providing care for their terminally ill child at end of life. Caregiving needs have been studied predominantly in mothers. Differences in caregiving needs between mothers and fathers during their child's end of life have not, however, been explored so far. This knowledge is of importance to best meet individual parental needs in paediatric end-of-life care. METHODS:Secondary analysis of a quantitative survey on parental needs during their child's last 4 weeks of life, collected in the Swiss multicentre "Paediatric End-of-Life Care Needs" (PELICAN) study. Caregiving needs of mothers and fathers (parental dyad) who had lost a child due to a cardiological, neurological or oncological disease or during the neonatal period in the years 2011-2012 were retrospectively assessed using a questionnaire representing six evidence-based quality domains of paediatric palliative and end-of-life care. RESULTS:Seventy-eight parental dyads were included in this analysis. Differences between mothers and fathers were mostly found around needs to be supported as a family. In all, 28 out of 34 needs-related questionnaire items were scored higher by mothers than by fathers, indicating higher importance for that need to be met. The results indicate that these differences might relate to different caregiving roles and gender-specific coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS:To best meet parental needs in paediatric end-of-life care, particular attention should be paid to both mothers and fathers and their specific caregiving roles, as differences in these roles might influence their needs in this exceptional situation. Therefore, healthcare professionals should identify how parental dyads mutually navigate care for their sick child to best meet their needs in support. Additionally, mothers and fathers should be supported in their individual coping strategies.

背景与目标： 背景：母亲和父亲在临终时为其身患绝症的孩子提供照料时面临着严峻的挑战。主要在母亲中研究了照料需求。但是，到目前为止，尚未探讨父母在孩子生命终结期间在照料需求方面的差异。该知识对于在儿科临终关怀中最大程度地满足父母的个人需求非常重要。
方法：在瑞士多中心“儿科生命终止护理需求”（PELICAN）研究中收集的关于其子女最后四个星期的父母需求的定量调查的二次分析。使用代表六个基于证据的儿科质量领域的调查表，回顾性评估了因心脏病，神经病或肿瘤病或新生儿期在2011-2012年期间失去孩子的母亲和父亲（父母双亲）的照料需求。姑息治疗和临终关怀。
结果：该分析包括了八十八个双亲。父母之间的差异主要存在于需要家庭支持的地方。总体而言，在34个与需求相关的问卷调查项目中，有28个母亲的得分高于父亲得分，表明满足这一要求的重要性更高。结果表明，这些差异可能与不同的护理角色和针对性别的应对策略有关。
结论：为了最好地满足父母对小儿临终关怀的需求，应特别注意父母双方及其具体护理角色，因为在这种特殊情况下，这些角色的差异可能会影响他们的需求。因此，医疗保健专业人员应确定父母二联体如何相互指导他们生病的孩子的护理，以最好地满足他们在抚养方面的需求。此外，父母应在个人应对策略中给予支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Changes in smoking and drinking habits of fathers of young families expecting their first baby were studied in maternity health care clinics. The first phase of the Finnish Family Competence Study included a total of 1414 fathers. Of these, 1279 responded to the questionnaire, the drop-out rate being 9.5%. Basic educational level, age, occupation and location of present and childhood home were used as demographic variables. Socio-economic factors of the father, his wife and his parents were also studied. The fathers were asked to give their own estimation of their smoking and alcohol consumption before and during the wife's pregnancy. Changes were seen in alcohol consumption, studied in relation to the amount consumed at one drinking time, frequency of alcohol consumption, age, and location of childhood home. Changes in smoking habits were studied in the same way. According to the fathers' own assessment, they reduced smoking and drinking of alcohol during their wives' pregnancies. Parents seem to transmit their own patterns of health behaviour to their children, and the model provided by them is highly important.

背景与目标： ：在产妇保健诊所研究了希望生下第一个孩子的年轻家庭的父亲吸烟和饮酒习惯的变化。芬兰家庭能力研究的第一阶段包括1414名父亲。其中，有1279人回答了问卷，辍学率为9.5％。基础教育水平，年龄，职业以及现在和童年时期的住所被用作人口统计学变量。还研究了父亲，妻子和父母的社会经济因素。要求父亲对妻子怀孕前后的吸烟和饮酒情况做出自己的估计。饮酒量发生了变化，并与一次饮酒的饮酒量，饮酒频率，年龄和儿童住所的位置有关。以相同的方式研究了吸烟习惯的变化。根据父亲自己的评估，他们减少了妻子怀孕期间的吸烟和饮酒。父母似乎向孩子传播了自己的健康行为方式，他们提供的模式非常重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization negatively impact maternal parenting. However, little is known about the association between fathers' perpetration of IPV and paternal parenting. OBJECTIVE:To examine associations between fathers' IPV perpetration against the child's mother and fathers' stimulation and spanking practices with their young child. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:We used two waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study in the United States. The analytic sample comprised of 2,257 biological fathers who had been in a romantic relationship with the child's mother. METHODS:Fathers' IPV perpetration at year 1 and 3 was measured based on maternal report. Fathers were categorized into: never perpetrators (no IPV at either year), persisters (IPV at both years), desisters (IPV at year 1 only), and emergers (IPV at year 3 only). Fathers' parenting at year 3 was measured based on self-reported stimulation (e.g., reading books, playing games, telling stories) and spanking. RESULTS:Approximately one-third of fathers never perpetrated IPV, 35.8% were persisters, 14.4% were desisters, and 16.9% were emergers. For stimulation, persisters (β=-0.16, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.06) and emergers (β=-0.25, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.14), but not desisters (β=-0.02, 95% CI: -0.14, 0.11), were less engaged in stimulation than fathers who never perpetrated IPV. However, for spanking, there were no differences in the associations by father IPV profiles. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that fathers' perpetration of IPV is related to their stimulation practices. Partner-abusive men and their children may benefit from parenting programs that promote engagement in stimulation and improve the quality of parent-child relationships.

背景与目标： 背景：亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）受害的经历会对孕育父母产生负面影响。但是，关于父亲的IPV行为和父母育儿之间的关系知之甚少。
目的：研究父亲针对孩子母亲的IPV行为与父亲对幼儿的刺激和打屁股行为之间的关联。
参与者和环境：我们使用了来自美国脆弱家庭和儿童福利研究的两波数据。该分析样本由2257位亲生父亲组成，他们与孩子的母亲保持着浪漫关系。
方法：根据孕产妇报告测量父亲在第一年和第三年的IPV行为。父亲分为以下几类：从不行凶者（任一年均无IPV），坚持者（两年均IPV），后代（仅第一年IPV）和新生者（仅第三年IPV）。父亲在3年级时的父母育儿是根据自我报告的刺激（例如看书，玩游戏，讲故事）和打屁股来衡量的。
结果：约有三分之一的父亲从未犯过IPV，其中35.8％是顽固的人，14.4％是绝望的人，16.9％的是新兴人。对于刺激，坚持者（β= -0.16，95％CI：-0.25，-0.06）和出苗者（β= -0.25，95％CI：-0.36，-0.14），但不是渴望者（β= -0.02，95％ CI：-0.14，0.11），比从未犯过IPV的父亲参与刺激的要少。但是，对于打屁股，父IPV配置文件的关联没有差异。
结论：研究表明，父亲对IPV的犯罪行为与他们的刺激行为有关。虐待伴侣的男人及其子女可能会受益于育儿计划，该计划可促进参与刺激并改善亲子关系的质量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Based on available evidence, it appears reasonable to assume that the psychological and social consequences of becoming a father during adolescence are the same as those more traditionally associated with adolescent motherhood. Guidelines for research to enhance knowledge of this important but relatively neglected area are outlined.

背景与目标： 根据现有的证据，可以合理地假设，在青春期成为父亲的心理和社会后果与传统上与青春期母亲更为相关的后果是相同的。概述了增强对这一重要但相对被忽略的领域的知识的研究指南。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study's aim was to understand the experience of being the father of a boy diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Eight fathers of 10-year-old or older boys diagnosed with DMD, living in RibeirãoPreto and surrounding cities participated in the study. Interviews included a semi-structured script and data were analyzed according to thematic content analysis. The results show that the confirmation of a DMD diagnosis shocked fathers and was mixed with sorrow, helplessness and hopelessness. Most fathers considered the illness of their child to be a mission sent by God, which helps to alleviate the pain and anguish caused by the disease. As the symptoms started manifesting, the fathers experienced losses that exposed them to great suffering and triggered an anticipatory mourning process. The fathers assigned to the disease the meaning of a mission to be accomplished and considered themselves to be "special fathers", which positively influenced their adaptation to the disease. Identifying and understanding how fathers experience fatherhood in the presence of a chronic disease/disability is essential to devising psychological counseling and care programs directed to fathers and their families.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是了解被诊断为杜兴氏肌营养不良症（DMD）的男孩的父亲的经历。居住在RibeirãoPreto和周边城市的八个被诊断患有DMD的10岁或以上男孩的父亲参加了这项研究。访谈包括半结构化脚本，并根据主题内容分析对数据进行了分析。结果表明，对DMD诊断的确认震惊了父亲，并充满了悲伤，无助和绝望。大多数父亲认为孩子的病是上帝的使命，这有助于减轻疾病带来的痛苦和痛苦。当症状开始显现时，父亲遭受的损失使他们遭受了巨大的痛苦，并引发了预期的哀悼过程。父亲赋予疾病以使命的意义，并认为自己是“特殊父亲”，这对他们对疾病的适应产生了积极的影响。识别和理解父亲在患有慢性疾病/残疾时如何经历父亲身份对于设计针对父亲及其家人的心理咨询和护理计划至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human paternal behavior is multidimensional, and extant research has yet to delineate how hormone patterns may be related to different dimensions of fathering. Further, although studies vary in their measurement of hormones (i.e., basal or reactivity), it remains unclear whether basal and/or reactivity measures are predictive of different aspects of men's parenting. We examined whether men's testosterone and cortisol predicted fathers' involvement in childcare and play with infants and whether fathers' testosterone and cortisol changed during fathers' first interaction with their newborn. Participants were 298 fathers whose partners gave birth in a UNICEF-designated "baby-friendly" hospital, which encourages fathers to hold their newborns 1 h after birth, after mothers engage in skin-to-skin holding. Salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured before and after fathers' first holding of their newborns. Basal and short-term changes in cortisol and testosterone were analyzed. Fathers were contacted 2-4 months following discharge to complete questionnaires about childcare involvement. Fathers' cortisol decreased during the time they held their newborns on the birthing unit. Fathers' basal testosterone in the immediate postnatal period predicted their greater involvement in childcare. Both basal and reactivity cortisol predicted fathers' greater involvement in childcare and play. Results suggest that reduced basal testosterone is linked with enhanced paternal indirect and direct parenting effort months later, and that higher basal cortisol and increases in cortisol in response to newborn interaction are predictive of greater paternal involvement in childcare and play, also months later. Findings are discussed in the context of predominating theoretical models on parental neuroendocrinology.

背景与目标： ：人的父亲行为是多维的，目前的研究尚未描述激素模式如何与父亲的不同维度相关。此外，尽管研究对激素（即基础或反应性）的测量方法有所不同，但尚不清楚基础和/或反应性测量方法是否能预测男性育儿的不同方面。我们检查了男性的睾丸激素和皮质醇是否可以预测父亲参与育儿和与婴儿嬉戏，以及父亲的睾丸激素和皮质醇在父亲与新生儿的首次互动中是否发生了变化。参加者有298位父亲，他们的伴侣在联合国儿童基金会指定的“爱婴”医院分娩，该医院鼓励父亲在母亲进行皮肤接触后，在出生后1小时内抱着新生儿。在父亲第一次抱着新生儿之前和之后测量唾液睾丸激素和皮质醇。分析了皮质醇和睾丸激素的基础和短期变化。出院后2-4个月与父亲取得联系，以完成有关育儿参与的调查表。父亲将新生儿抱在分娩室的过程中皮质醇下降。父亲在产后即刻的基础睾丸激素预示着他们将更多地参与育儿。基础和反应性皮质醇都预示着父亲将更多地参与育儿和娱乐活动。结果表明，基础睾丸激素减少与几个月后父亲间接和直接育儿努力的增强有关，并且较高的基础皮质醇和对新生儿相互作用的皮质醇水平的增加也预示着父亲也将更多地参与育儿和娱乐。在有关父母神经内分泌学的理论模型占主导地位的背景下讨论了这些发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Parent Infant Feeding Initiative (PIFI) was a factorial, randomised controlled trial that aimed to prolong exclusive breastfeeding by targeting expecting fathers. One of the intervention strategies evaluated was a father-focused breastfeeding class facilitated by a male peer facilitator. The aim of this mixed-methods descriptive study was to 1) evaluate the feedback provided from participants of the class and 2) explore the motivations and experiences of volunteer male peer facilitators trained to deliver the class. METHODS:Father-focused breastfeeding antenatal (FFAB) classes were conducted in six Western Australian hospitals between August 2015 and December 2016. Following each peer facilitated FFAB class, expecting father participants completed an evaluation form to assess their satisfaction with the format, facilitation and content, in addition to whether their expectations and confidence to manage breastfeeding problems had changed. Feedback to open-ended questions was analysed using content analysis to identify learnings and suggestions for improvements. At the completion of PIFI, individual telephone interviews were undertaken with 14 peer facilitators to gain insight into their motivations for volunteering and experiences of conducting the classes. Transcripts from interviews were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six phases for thematic analysis. RESULTS:Participant evaluation forms were completed by 678 of the 697 father participants (98%). Overall satisfaction with class format, facilitation and content was high with 90% or more of fathers either strongly agreeing or agreeing with each positively-phrased evaluation item. Class participants enjoyed interacting with other fathers, appreciated validation of their role, were not always aware of the importance of breastfeeding or potential difficulties, valued the anticipatory guidance around what to expect in the early weeks of parenting and appreciated learning practical breastfeeding support strategies. Peer facilitators indicated they felt well prepared and supported to conduct FFAB classes. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed common experiences of the peer facilitators incorporating four themes: 'Highlights of being a facilitator', 'Challenges', 'Mourning the project completion' and 'Satisfaction with training and support'. CONCLUSION:Father-focused breastfeeding classes supported by volunteer male peer facilitators are a feasible and acceptable way of engaging fathers as breastfeeding supporters. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ACTRN12614000605695 . Registered 6 June 2014.

背景与目标： 背景：父母婴儿喂养计划（PIFI）是一项析因性，随机对照试验，旨在通过针对预期的父亲延长纯母乳喂养时间。评估的干预策略之一是在男性同伴协助下，以父亲为中心的母乳喂养课程。这项混合方法描述性研究的目的是：1）评估班级参与者提供的反馈意见，以及2）探索受过培训以交付班级的志愿者男性同伴辅导员的动​​机和经验。
方法：在2015年8月至2016年12月期间，在西澳大利亚的六家医院进行了以父亲为中心的母乳喂养产前（FFAB）课程。在每个同伴为FFAB进行便利之后，希望父亲参加者完成一份评估表，以评估他们对格式，便利性和内容的满意度，除了他们对管理母乳喂养问题的期望和信心是否发生了变化。使用内容分析来分析对开放式问题的反馈，以识别学习内容和改进建议。 PIFI完成后，与14位同伴主持人进行了电话访谈，以了解他们的志愿动机和上课的经验。使用Braun和Clarke的六个阶段对访谈记录进行了分析，以进行主题分析。
结果：697名父亲参与者中的678名（98％）填写了参与者评估表。 90％或更多的父亲强烈同意或同意每个积极措辞的评估项目，他们对课堂形式，促进和内容的总体满意度很高。班级参与者喜欢与其他父亲互动，赞赏他们的角色，并不总是意识到母乳喂养的重要性或潜在的困难，重视在育儿初期几周对预期的指导，并赞赏学习实用的母乳喂养支持策略。同行主持人表示，他们为参加FFAB课程做好了充分的准备，并得到了他们的支持。对访谈笔录的分析揭示了同行主持人的共同经历，其中包括四个主题：“成为主持人的要点”，“挑战”，“哀悼项目完成”和“对培训和支持的满意度”。
结论：由志愿的男性同伴协助者支持的以父亲为中心的母乳喂养课程是一种可行且可接受的方式，让父亲成为母乳喂养的支持者。
试用注册：ACTRN12614000605695。 2014年6月6日注册。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Research on the psychobiology of partnering and fathering has focused on testosterone (T), oxytocin, and prolactin (PRL) as mechanisms that potentially mediate life history trade-offs related to those roles. Less is known about other hormones that might be responsive to life history transitions and implicated in fathering, such as estradiol (E2). We examined how E2 changed during the transition to marriage and fatherhood, its correlation with fathers' caregiving, and its joint within-individual production with other hormones (T, PRL). METHODS:Data were collected from a total of 913 Filipino men (aged 25.9 years ± 0.3 SD at follow-up) enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. Morning saliva samples collected at baseline (2005) and follow-up (2009) were assayed for T and E2 (n = 329), dried blood spots from baseline were assayed for PRL. Fathers reported on caregiving in 2009. RESULTS:When compared with men who remained single non-fathers over the study period, men who became married residential fathers experienced larger declines in E2. This effect was non-significant when we controlled for longitudinal changes in T. E2 was not significantly related to fathers' caregiving, controlling for T. In cross-sectional analyses for PRL, T, and E2, married residential fathers exhibited within-individual profiles of reduced T and elevated PRL, whereas single non-fathers exhibited the opposite profile of elevated T and reduced PRL. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings point to the need for future research to consider the mutually regulatory dynamics and/or combinatorial implications of multiple physiological axes acting within individuals to underpin life history trade-offs and behavioral strategies.

背景与目标： 目的：伴侣和父亲的心理生物学研究集中于睾丸激素（T），催产素和催乳激素（PRL），作为可能介导与这些角色相关的生活史权衡的机制。对可能对生活史转变有反应并与父亲有牵连的其他激素（如雌二醇（E2））的了解较少。我们研究了E2在婚姻和父亲身份过渡期间的变化，其与父亲照料的相关性以及与其他激素（T，PRL）的联合个体内部生产。
方法：数据收集自参与纵向队列研究的总共913名菲律宾男性（年龄25.9岁，随访时为0.3 SD）。在基线（2005年）和随访（2009年）收集的晨唾液样品中检测了T和E2（n = 329），从基线干燥的血斑中检测了PRL。父亲在2009年报告了看护情况。
结果：与研究期间仍为单身非父亲的男性相比，已婚的定居父亲的男性E2下降幅度更大。当我们控制T的纵向变化时，这种影响不显着。E2与控制T的父亲的照护没有显着相关。在PRL，T和E2的横断面分析中，已婚居住的父亲表现出个人内部特征降低的T和PRL升高，而单身父亲则呈现出升高的T和PRL降低的相反特征。
结论：我们的发现表明，有必要在未来的研究中考虑个体内部多个生理轴的相互调节动力学和/或组合影响，以支持生命史的权衡和行为策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors examined correlates of parenting stress among 230 gay adoptive fathers across the United States through an Internet survey. As with previous research on adoptive parents, results showed that fathers with less social support, older children, and children who were adopted at older ages reported more parenting stress. Moreover, gay fathers who had a less positive gay identity also reported more parenting stress. These 4 variables accounted for 33% of the variance in parenting stress; effect sizes were medium to large. Our results suggest the importance of social support and a positive gay identity in facilitating successful parenting outcomes among gay adoptive fathers.

背景与目标： ：作者通过互联网调查，调查了全美230位同性收养父亲中父母压力的相关性。与以前关于收养父母的研究一样，研究结果表明，社会支持较少的父亲，较大的孩子以及年龄较大的被收养的孩子报告的育儿压力更大。此外，同性恋者对同性恋身份的态度较差，他们也报告了更多的育儿压力。这四个变量占父母压力变化的33％。效果大小为中到大。我们的研究结果表明，社会支持和积极的同性恋身份对于促进同性恋收养父亲成功养育父母的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is growing evidence that dog-directed and infant-directed speech have similar acoustic characteristics, like high overall pitch, wide pitch range, and attention-getting devices. However, it is still unclear whether dog- and infant-directed speech have gender or context-dependent acoustic features. In the present study, we collected comparable infant-, dog-, and adult directed speech samples (IDS, DDS, and ADS) in four different speech situations (Storytelling, Task solving, Teaching, and Fixed sentences situations); we obtained the samples from parents whose infants were younger than 30 months of age and also had pet dog at home. We found that ADS was different from IDS and DDS, independently of the speakers' gender and the given situation. Higher overall pitch in DDS than in IDS during free situations was also found. Our results show that both parents hyperarticulate their vowels when talking to children but not when addressing dogs: this result is consistent with the goal of hyperspeech in language tutoring. Mothers, however, exaggerate their vowels for their infants under 18 months more than fathers do. Our findings suggest that IDS and DDS have context-dependent features and support the notion that people adapt their prosodic features to the acoustic preferences and emotional needs of their audience.

背景与目标： ：越来越多的证据表明，以狗为导向的语音和以婴儿为导向的语音具有相似的声学特征，例如较高的总体音高，较宽的音调范围和引人注目的装置。但是，尚不清楚以狗和婴儿为导向的语音是否具有性别或上下文相关的声学特征。在本研究中，我们收集了四种不同语音情况（讲故事，任务解决，教学和固定句子情况）下可比较的婴儿，狗和成人定向语音样本（IDS，DDS和ADS）；我们从父母那里获得了样本，这些父母的婴儿还不到30个月大，并且家里还养有宠物狗。我们发现，ADS与IDS和DDS有所不同，与说话者的性别和给定情况无关。在空闲状态下，DDS中的总体音高也比IDS中的高。我们的结果表明，父母双方在与孩子交谈时会发声过元音，而在与狗说话时则不会发声：此结果与语言教学中的高语音目标是一致的。但是，母亲比18个月大的夸大18个月以下婴儿的元音。我们的发现表明，IDS和DDS具有上下文相关的功能，并支持人们将韵律功能适应听众的听觉偏好和情感需求这一观点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We aimed to determine the levels of anxiety and depression in mothers and fathers of a chronically ill child (0-18 years) and to study which parental and child variables are associated with anxiety and depression. In a cross-sectional design, anxiety and depression were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Scores were compared to a Dutch reference group by analysis of variance and logistic regression analysis. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine which variables were associated with anxiety and depression. Mothers of a chronically ill child (n = 566) scored significantly higher than the reference group (p < .001) on anxiety (Mean 5.9 vs 4.8) and depression (Mean 4.5 vs 3.1). Fathers (n = 123) had higher depression scores (Mean 4.5 vs 3.6; p < .05), but fathers' anxiety scores were comparable to the reference group. The percentages of mothers in the clinical range of anxiety (31.8 vs 20.7 %, OR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.46-2.83) and depression (23.0 vs 12.0 %, OR 2.76, 95 % CI 1.84-4.13) were higher (p < .001) than in the reference group. No differences were found for fathers in the clinical range for anxiety and depression. Practical problems in daily life (a: β = .33, d: β = .25) and parenting stress (a: β = .30, d: β = .32) showed the strongest association with anxiety and depression for parents as a group. Illness-related characteristics of the child were not related. Parents of a chronically ill child, especially mothers, reported high levels of anxiety and depression. Awareness about parental anxiety and depression in pediatrics is important as well as targeted interventions.

背景与目标： ：我们旨在确定一名慢性病儿童（0-18岁）的父母的焦虑和抑郁水平，并研究哪些父母和孩子变量与焦虑和抑郁相关。在横断面设计中，用医院焦虑和抑郁量表评估焦虑和抑郁。通过方差分析和逻辑回归分析将得分与荷兰参考组进行比较。进行线性回归分析以检查哪些变量与焦虑和抑郁相关。患有慢性病的孩子（n = 566）的母亲在焦虑（分别为5.9和4.8）和抑郁（分别为4.5和3.1）方面的得分明显高于参考组（p <.001）。父亲（n = 123）的抑郁评分较高（平均4.5 vs 3.6； p <.05），但父亲的焦虑评分与参考组相当。母亲在焦虑（31.8 vs 20.7％，OR 2.03，95％CI 1.46-2.83）和抑郁症（23.0 vs 12.0％，2.76，95％CI 1.84-4.13）的临床范围内的百分比更高（p <。 001）。在焦虑和抑郁的临床范围内，父亲没有发现差异。日常生活中的实际问题（a：β= .33，d：β= .25）和育儿压力（a：β= .30，d：β= .32）显示父母与父母的焦虑和抑郁之间的联系最紧密团体。与孩子的疾病相关的特征无关。患有慢性病的孩子的父母，尤其是母亲，报告称焦虑和抑郁情绪高发。关于儿科父母的焦虑和抑郁的意识以及有针对性的干预措施很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim was to examine if there is an effect of fathers' age and of birth order on the occurrence of congenital heart disease. DESIGN:This was a hospital based case-referent study including use of birth defects surveillance data. SUBJECTS:Subjects were 497 cases of congenital heart disease aged between 3 months and 5 years, born in Beijing and Hebei Province, China; 6222 children without congenital heart disease serve as reference baseline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:With stratified analysis and logistic regression analyses, congenital heart disease was found to be associated with fathers' age less than 25 years (odds ratio 2.63), independent of mothers' age and of birth order. There was also evidence to show a higher birth order effect on the occurrence of congenital heart disease independent of parental ages. CONCLUSION:Higher birth order and fathers aged less than 25 years were both independently associated with some categories of congenital heart disease and with congenital heart disease overall.

背景与目标： 目的：研究父亲的年龄和出生顺序对先天性心脏病的发生是否有影响。
设计：这是一项基于医院的病例参考研究，包括出生缺陷监测数据的使用。
研究对象：出生于中国北京和河北省的497例年龄在3个月至5岁之间的先天性心脏病患者； 6222例无先天性心脏病的儿童作为参考基线。
测量和主要结果：通过分层分析和逻辑回归分析，发现先天性心脏病与父亲的年龄小于25岁（比值比2.63）有关，与母亲的年龄和出生顺序无关。也有证据表明，出生顺序对先天性心脏病的发生有较高的影响，而与父母的年龄无关。
结论：较高的出生顺序和小于25岁的父亲均与某些类型的先天性心脏病以及总体上与先天性心脏病独立相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Based on the assumptions of emotion regulation theory, this study tests whether drinking to cope mediates the association between work-family conflict (WFC) and alcohol use; an important link missing in previous studies. Based on a sample of 144 fathers and 165 mothers of pre-schoolers in Switzerland, Poisson regression mediation models were estimated. Models were adjusted for other drinking motives, age, and employment level. The results revealed that, among mothers, coping motives fully mediated the effect of WFC on frequency of risky single occasion drinking (IRR direct effect = 0.969, p > .05; IRR indirect effect = 1.043, p < .05) and partially mediated the link between WFC and usual quantity per drinking day (IRR direct effect = 1.181, p < .01; IRR indirect effect = 1.035, p < .05). Among fathers, no effect of WFC on alcohol use was found and consequently no mediation of coping motives. The findings suggest that mothers who drink to cope are at risk of excessive drinking, particularly when experiencing WFC. This puts them at risk for long-term health consequences when the stress and negative affects resulting from WFC are not adequately addressed. Intervention efforts should focus on women who drink for coping motives by providing them with support and non-drinking alternatives.

背景与目标： ：基于情绪调节理论的假设，本研究测试了饮酒以应对工作-家庭冲突（WFC）与饮酒之间的关系；以前的研究中缺少的重要环节。基于瑞士学龄前儿童的144名父亲和165名母亲的样本，估计了Poisson回归中介模型。针对其他饮酒动机，年龄和就业水平对模型进行了调整。结果显示，在母亲中，应对动机完全介导了WFC对高风险单次饮酒频率的影响（IRR直接效应= 0.969，p> 0.05; IRR间接效应= 1.043，p <0.05），并部分地介导了WFC对危险单次饮酒频率的影响。 WFC与每个饮酒日的平常量之间的联系（IRR直接影响= 1.181，p <.01; IRR间接影响= 1.035，p <.05）。在父亲中，未发现WFC对饮酒的影响，因此没有调解应对动机。研究结果表明，喝酒应付的母亲有过量饮酒的风险，尤其是在经历WFC时。如果无法充分解决因WFC造成的压力和负面影响，这将使他们面临长期健康后果的风险。干预工作应集中于为应对动机而喝酒的妇女，方法是为她们提供支持和非饮酒替代品。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The absence of fathers during pregnancy increases the risk of feto-infant morbidities, including low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), and small-for-gestational age. Previous research has shown that the Central Hillsborough Healthy Start project (CHHS)-a federally funded initiative in Tampa, Florida-has improved birth outcomes. This study explores the effectiveness of the CHHS project in ameliorating the adverse effects of fathers' absence during pregnancy. This retrospective cohort study used CHHS records linked to vital statistics and hospital discharge data (1998-2007). The study population consisted of women who had a singleton birth with an absent father during pregnancy. Women were categorized based on residence in the CHHS service area. Propensity score matching was used to match cases (CHHS) to controls (rest of Florida). Conditional logistic regression was employed to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for matched observations. Women residing in the CHHS service area were more likely to be high school graduates, black, younger (<35 years), and to have adequate prenatal care compared to controls (p < 0.01). These differences disappeared after propensity score matching. Mothers with absent fathers in the CHHS service area had a reduced likelihood of LBW (OR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.65-0.89), PTB (OR 0.72, 95 % CI 0.62-0.84), very low birth weight (OR 0.50, 95 % CI 0.35-0.72) and very preterm birth (OR 0.48, 95 % CI 0.34-0.69) compared to their counterparts in the rest of the state. This study demonstrates that a Federal Healthy Start project contributed to a significant reduction in adverse fetal birth outcomes in families with absent fathers.

背景与目标： ：怀孕期间父亲的缺席会增加胎儿发病的风险，包括低出生体重（LBW），早产（PTB）和小胎龄。先前的研究表明，中央希尔斯伯勒健康启动项目（CHHS）是佛罗里达州坦帕市一项由联邦政府资助的计划，已经改善了分娩结局。这项研究探索了CHHS项目在减轻父亲在怀孕期间缺席的不利影响方面的有效性。这项回顾性队列研究使用的CHHS记录与生命统计数据和医院出院数据相关（1998-2007年）。研究人群包括在怀孕期间单身出生且父亲不在的妇女。根据CHHS服务区中的居住地区对妇女进行了分类。倾向得分匹配用于将病例（CHHS）与对照（佛罗里达州其他地区）进行匹配。使用条件逻辑回归来为匹配的观测值生成比值比（OR）和95％置信区间（CI）。与对照组相比，住在CHHS服务区的妇女更有可能是高中毕业生，黑人，年轻（<35岁），并且有足够的产前护理（p <0.01）。倾向得分匹配后，这些差异消失了。 CHHS服务区域中父亲不在的母亲的体重偏低（OR 0.76，95％CI 0.65-0.89），PTB（OR 0.72，95％CI 0.62-0.84），出生体重很低（OR 0.50，95％）的可能性降低CI 0.35-0.72）和早产儿（OR 0.48，95％CI 0.34-0.69），而其余州的同龄人。这项研究表明，“联邦健康开始计划”（Federal Healthy Start）项目显着减少了父亲不在的家庭的不良胎儿出生结局。