BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The genotypic characteristics and drug susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovered from prison hospital patients in the Tula region (central Russia) during 2001 and 2002 are reported. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) poses a major health risk to the population, with economic implications for TB control. Prisons serve as a continuous source of TB transmission. The results showed that members of the LAM and Beijing families are major contributors to the epidemiological picture of TB in the population studied. The two families of strains accounted for most of the drug-resistant TB in the population. The genotypic characteristics of the M. tuberculosis predominant LAM strain that was responsible for 31 % of TB cases in this setting are presented.

背景与目标： ：报告了2001和2002年从图拉地区（俄罗斯中部）的监狱医院患者中回收的结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的基因型特征和药物敏感性分布。耐多药结核病（TB）的出现给人们带来了重大的健康风险，对结核病控制产生了经济影响。监狱是结核病传播的持续来源。结果表明，LAM和北京家庭的成员是所研究人群中结核病流行病学特征的主要贡献者。菌株的两个家族占人口中大多数耐药结核病的比例。呈现了结核分枝杆菌占主导地位的LAM菌株的基因型特征，该菌株在这种情况下占31％的结核病病例。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Iminodisuccinate (IDS) epimerase catalyzes the epimerisation of R,R-, S,S- and R,S- iminodisuccinate, one step in the biodegradation of the chelating agent iminodisuccinate by Agrobacterium tumefaciens BY6. The enzyme is a member of the MmgE/PrpD protein family, a diverse and little characterized class of proteins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. IDS epimerase does not show significant overall amino acid sequence similarity to any other protein of known three-dimensional structure. The crystal structure of this novel epimerase has been determined by multi-wavelength diffraction to 1.5 A resolution using selenomethionine-substituted enzyme. In the crystal, the enzyme forms a homo-dimer, and the subunit consists of two domains. The larger domain, not consecutive in sequence and comprising residues Met1-Lys266 and Leu400-Pro446, forms a novel all alpha-helical fold with a central six-helical bundle. The second, smaller domain folds into an alpha+beta domain, related in topology to chorismate mutase by a circular permutation. IDS epimerase is thus not related in three-dimensional structure to other known epimerases. The fold of the IDS epimerase is representative for the whole MmgE/PrpD family. The putative active site is located at the interface between the two domains of the subunit, and is characterized by a positively charged surface, consistent with the binding of a highly negatively charged substrate such as iminodisuccinate. Docking experiments suggest a two-base mechanism for the epimerisation reaction.

背景与目标： ：亚氨基二琥珀酸酯（IDS）差向异构酶催化R，R-，S，S-和R，S-亚氨基二琥珀酸酯的差向异构化，这是根癌农杆菌BY6对螯合剂亚氨基二琥珀酸酯的生物降解的一个步骤。该酶是MmgE / PrpD蛋白质家族的成员，MmgE / PrpD蛋白质家族是原核和真核来源的多种多样且鲜为特征的蛋白质。 IDS差向异构酶与已知三维结构的任何其他蛋白质均未显示出明显的总体氨基酸序列相似性。该新型差向异构酶的晶体结构已通过硒代蛋氨酸取代的酶通过多波长衍射确定为1.5 A的分辨率。在晶体中，酶形成同型二聚体，该亚基由两个结构域组成。较大的结构域，顺序不连续，包含残基Met1-Lys266和Leu400-Pro446，形成带有中心六螺旋束的新型全α螺旋折叠。第二个较小的域折叠成一个alpha beta域，该域在拓扑结构上与通过循环排列分支变异酶有关。因此，IDS差向异构酶在三维结构上与其他已知的差向异构酶无关。 IDS差向异构酶的折叠代表整个MmgE / PrpD家族。推定的活性位点位于亚基的两个结构域之间的界面处，其特征是带正电的表面，与带负电的底物（如亚氨基二琥珀酸酯）的结合相一致。对接实验提出了差向异构反应的两碱基机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This minireview considers the possibility that there is a correlation between the slow rate of morphological change and speciation events that has been occurred within the lungfish lineage since the Permian period, and the apparent slow rate of divergence in the amino acid sequences of lungfish opioid precursor sequences. The status of lungfish as "living fossils" is considered.

背景与目标： ：本篇小型综述认为，二叠纪以来在肺鱼谱系内发生的形态变化和物种形成的缓慢速率与形态上的缓慢变化与肺鱼阿片样物质前体的氨基酸序列的明显缓慢速率之间存在相关性的可能性序列。考虑到肺鱼作为“活化石”的地位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In Taiwan, the authorities have spent years working on remedying polluted rivers. Generally, the remediation planning works are divided into two phases. During the first phase, the allowed pollution discharge quantity and abatement quantity of each drainage zone, including the assimilative capacity, are generated based on the total river basin. In the second phase, the abatement action plans for each pollution source in each drainage zone are respectively devised by the related organizations based on the strategies generated during the first phase. However, the effectiveness of linking the two phases is usually poor. Highly integrated performances are not always achieved because the separate two-phase method does not take system and management thinking into consideration in the planning stage. This study pioneers the use of the Managing for Results (MFR) method in planning strategies and action plans for river water quality management. A sustainable management framework is proposed based on the concept and method of MFR, Management Thinking, and System Analysis. The framework, consisting of planning, implementation, and controlling stages, systematically considers the relationships and interactions among four factors: environment, society, economy, and institution, based on the principles of sustainable development. Based on the framework, the Modified Bounded Implicit Enumeration algorithm, which is used as a solving method, is combined with Visual Basic software and MS Excel to develop a computer system for strategy planning. The Shetzu River, located in northern Taiwan, is applied as a case study. According to the theoretical, practical, and regulatory considerations, the result-oriented objectives are defined to first improve the pollution length of the Shetzu River in specific remediation periods to finally meet regulated water quality standards. The objectives are then addressed as some of the constraints for the strategy planning model. The model objective is to pursue the maximum assimilative capacity (environmental phase) subjected to the constraints of water quality standards (institutional phase), social equity (social phase), and proper available technology (economic phase). The pollution quantity abatement and allocation, which are named the top strategies, of each drainage zone for different scenarios can be obtained based on each water quality standard. The middle as well as lower strategies and action plans, which consist of pollution quantity abatement and allocation of each class (domestic, industrial, livestock, and non-point pollution sources) and their individual pollution sources in each drainage zone, are then generated based on the top strategies. The performance indicators and measure plans are proposed based on the action plans to promote the comprehensive effectiveness of river water quality management. The authorities have begun to develop a budget based on the strategies and action plans developed in this study. The analytical results indicate that the objectives, strategies, and action plans developed based on the sustainable management framework and strategy planning system can effectively help the related authorities to fulfill the tasks of water quality management for a river basin.

背景与目标： ：在台湾，当局花费了多年的时间来修复受污染的河流。通常，修复计划工作分为两个阶段。在第一阶段，每个流域的允许污染排放量和减排量（包括同化能力）是基于总流域产生的。在第二阶段，相关组织根据第一阶段产生的策略分别制定每个流域每个污染源的减排行动计划。但是，连接两个阶段的有效性通常很差。由于分离的两阶段方法在计划阶段没有考虑系统和管理思想，因此无法始终实现高度集成的性能。这项研究开创了在河流水质管理的规划策略和行动计划中使用“结果管理”（MFR）方法的方法。基于MFR，管理思想和系统分析的概念和方法，提出了一种可持续的管理框架。该框架由规划，实施和控制阶段组成，根据可持续发展的原则，系统地考虑了四个因素之间的关系和相互作用：环境，社会，经济和制度。在此框架的基础上，将改进的有界隐式枚举算法（作为一种求解方法）与Visual Basic软件和MS Excel相结合，以开发用于战略规划的计算机系统。以台湾北部的神社河为例。根据理论，实践和监管方面的考虑，确定了以结果为导向的目标，即首先在特定的修复时期内改善Shetzu河的污染长度，以最终达到规定的水质标准。然后，将目标作为战略计划模型的一些约束条件加以解决。该模型的目标是在水质标准（机构阶段），社会公平（社会阶段）和适当的可用技术（经济阶段）的约束下，追求最大同化能力（环境阶段）。可以根据每个水质标准获得不同情景下每个流域的污染量减免和分配，这是最重要的策略。然后基于每个流域生成中等和较低的战略和行动计划，其中包括减少污染量和分配每个类别（家庭，工业，牲畜和非点源污染源）及其各自的污染源。在最重要的策略上。根据行动计划提出绩效指标和措施计划，以提高河流水质管理的综合有效性。当局已开始根据本研究制定的策略和行动计划制定预算。分析结果表明，基于可持续管理框架和战略计划系统制定的目标，战略和行动计划可以有效地帮助有关部门完成流域水质管理的任务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the contribution of the CD5+ B cell to the preferential expression of VH 7183 and Q52 observed early in development was determined. CD5+ and CD5- B cells from BALB/c mice were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and the expression of particular VH gene families was determined directly by in situ hybridization. The results indicate that CD5+ B cells obtained from both adult and neonatal animals express Q52 at increased levels compared with CD5- B cells. Preferential expression of VH 7183 was observed only in the neonatal CD5- B cell subset. Thus, the increased expression of VH 7183 early in development is caused by the CD5- subset whereas increased Q52 expression is caused by the CD5+ subset. These results indicate that the fetal/neonatal conventional B cell is distinct from conventional adult B cells in terms of Ig gene repertoire expression.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，确定了CD5 B细胞对发育早期观察到的VH 7183和Q52优先表达的贡献。通过荧光激活细胞分选仪分离来自BALB / c小鼠的CD5和CD5-B细胞，并通过原位杂交直接确定特定VH基因家族的表达。结果表明，与CD5-B细胞相比，从成年和新生动物身上获得的CD5 B细胞表达的Q52含量都增加了。仅在新生儿CD5-B细胞亚群中观察到VH 7183的优先表达。因此，VH 7183在发育早期的表达增加是由CD5-亚群引起的，而Q52表达的增加是由CD5亚群引起的。这些结果表明，就Ig基因全集表达而言，胎儿/新生儿常规B细胞与常规成人B细胞是不同的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although nutrition is an important part of medical care, nutrition education is not provided in most training programs for physicians in the United States, resulting in limited nutrition knowledge among physicians and limited nutritional care of patients. A nutrition education program was provided by a physician nutrition specialist in a family practice residency program. For 6 mo, the nutrition specialist provided the family physicians with recommendations for nutritional care for their patients. The effects of the education program on residents' and faculty physicians' nutrition knowledge and nutritional patient care, patients' perceptions of the importance of nutrition, and physicians' dietary patterns were determined by pre- and post-intervention nutrition exams for physicians and patients, patient questionnaires about attitudes toward nutrition, chart reviews, and physicians' diet records. The nutrition education program resulted in an increase in physicians' nutrition knowledge scores (P < 0.01) and an increase in the frequency with which physicians discussed nutrition and recommended diets for their patients (P < 0.05). This suggests that nutrition education by a physician nutrition specialist within a family practice residency program can be effective in increasing nutritional care provided to patients.

背景与目标： 尽管营养是医疗保健的重要组成部分，但在美国大多数医师的培训计划中并未提供营养教育，这导致医师之间的营养知识有限，患者的营养保健也有限。营养保健教育计划是由医师营养专家在家庭执业驻留计划中提供的。营养专家在6个月内为家庭医生提供了有关为其患者提供营养护理​​的建议。通过干预前和干预后对医师和患者的营养检查来确定教育计划对住院医师和教职医师的营养知识和患者营养的影响，患者对营养重要性的看法以及医师的饮食方式的影响，有关营养态度的患者问卷调查表，图表评论以及医生的饮食记录。营养教育计划导致医师的营养知识得分增加（P <0.01），医师讨论营养和为患者推荐饮食的频率增加（P <0.05）。这表明在家庭执业住院医师计划中，由医生营养专家进行的营养教育可以有效地增加提供给患者的营养保健服务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We have isolated and characterized the first Xenopus transmembrane Eph ligand, XLerk (Xenopus Ligand for Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinases). While this ligand has 72% identity with the closest mammalian family member, Lerk-2, it is the cytoplasmic domain of this molecule that is the most conserved domain with 95% identity. XLerk exists as a maternally expressed mRNA, however, expression of transcripts and protein increase during gastrulation and again in the late swimming tadpole stage. In the adult, XLerk is expressed at low levels in most adult tissues with increased levels observed in the kidney, oocytes, ovary and testis. While low levels of XLerk expression are observed in the adult brain, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrates prominent expression in the developing olfactory system, retina, hindbrain, cranial ganglia, and somites. Furthermore, we have shown that XLerk transcripts are significantly elevated during mesoderm induction caused by activin and FGF, but not during noggin-induced neuralization. These results suggest a role for XLerk in the developing mesenchymal and nervous tissue.

背景与目标： 我们已经分离并鉴定了第一个非洲爪蟾跨膜Eph配体XLerk（用于Eph受体酪氨酸激酶的非洲爪蟾配体）。尽管该配体与最接近的哺乳动物家族成员Lerk-2具有72％的同一性，但该分子的胞质结构域是具有95％的同一性的最保守的结构域。 XLerk作为母体表达的mRNA存在，但是转录的表达和蛋白质在胃排泄过程中以及游泳increase后期再次增加。在成年人中，XLerk在大多数成年人组织中低水平表达，在肾脏，卵母细胞，卵巢和睾丸中观察到水平升高。尽管在成年大脑中观察到了低水平的XLerk表达，但原位杂交分析显示出在发育中的嗅觉系统，视网膜，后脑，颅神经节和体节中突出表达。此外，我们已经表明，在由激活素和FGF引起的中胚层诱导过程中，XLerk转录物显着升高，但在头蛋白诱导的神经化过程中却没有。这些结果表明XLerk在发育中的间充质和神经组织中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reports on the efficacy of physical activity intervention trials usually only include discussion of the primary outcomes. However, assessing factors such as participant retention, adherence and compliance can assist in the accurate interpretation of the overall impact of a program in terms of reach and appeal. A quasi-randomised trial was carried out to assess and compare retention and adherence rates, and compliance with, a twice weekly resistance training program provided either individually at home or in a group format. Retirement villages (n=6) were assigned to either 'Have A Try' (HAT, home-based) or 'Come Have A Try' (CHAT, group-based); both programs included nine strength and two balance exercises. The program involved a 20-week Intervention Phase a 24-week Maintenance Phase and a 20-week On-going Maintenance Phase. One hundred and nineteen participants (mean age 80+/-6 years) were recruited (HAT=38, CHAT=81). There was no difference in retention rates at the end of the Intervention Phase, but significantly more HAT than CHAT participants had dropped out of the study (p<0.01) after the Maintenance Phase and the On-going Maintenance Phase. During the Intervention Phase, over half the HAT and CHAT participants completed > or =75% of the prescribed activity sessions, but adherence was significantly greater in CHAT than HAT during the Maintenance Phase (p<0.01). Participants in CHAT were significantly more compliant than HAT participants (p<0.05). Both home- and group-based formats were successful over the short-term, but, in retirement villages, the group program had better adherence and compliance in the longer-term.

背景与目标： ：有关体育锻炼干预试验功效的报告通常仅包括对主要结局的讨论。但是，评估参与者的保留，遵守和遵守等因素可以帮助准确地解释计划在影响力和吸引力方面的总体影响。进行了一项半随机试验，以评估和比较保留率和依从率，以及是否遵守每周两次的在家中或以小组形式提供的每周两次阻力训练计划。退休村（n = 6）被分配为“尝试一下”（HAT，基于家庭）或“来一下尝试”（CHAT，基于组）；这两个程序都包括九项力量和两项平衡练习。该计划包括20周的干预阶段，24周的维护阶段和20周的持续维护阶段。招募了119名参与者（平均年龄80 / -6岁）（HAT = 38，CHAT = 81）。在干预阶段结束时，保留率没有差异，但是在维护阶段和正在进行的维护阶段之后，HAT的退出人数比CHAT参与者退出研究的次数多（p <0.01）。在干预阶段，超过一半的HAT和CHAT参与者完成了规定活动的>或= 75％，但是在维持阶段，CHAT中的依从性明显高​​于HAT（p <0.01）。与CHAT参与者相比，CHAT参与者的依从性更高（p <0.05）。以家庭为基础和以团体为基础的形式在短期内都是成功的，但是在退休村，从长期来看，团体计划具有更好的遵守性和合规性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent genome searches suggest a putative linkage of many loci to susceptibility to type I diabetes. The chromosome 2q31-35 region is reported to be linked to susceptibility to type I diabetes and is thought to contain several diabetes susceptibility loci. These candidate genes include the HOXD gene cluster, BETA2, CTLA4, CD28, IGFBP2, and IGFBP5. Association studies in populations and families are required to confirm and/or identify the actual susceptibility loci. We hereby report several previously unknown DNA polymorphisms for HOXD8, BETA2, and IGFBP5, which we have used along with previously known polymorphisms of HOXD8 and CTLA4 to test whether these candidate loci are the susceptibility genes on chromosome 2q31-35. Using a case-control design with a subsequent family-association approach to confirm associations, we find no evidence that these candidate genes are associated with susceptibility to type I diabetes.

背景与目标： 最近的基因组搜索表明，许多基因位点与I型糖尿病易感性的推测联系。据报道，染色体2q31-35与I型糖尿病易感性相关，并被认为含有几个糖尿病易感性基因座。这些候选基因包括HOXD基因簇，BETA2，CTLA4，CD28，IGFBP2和IGFBP5。需要在人群和家庭中进行协会研究，以确认和/或识别实际的易感基因座。我们在此报告了HOXD8，BETA2和IGFBP5的几种先前未知的DNA多态性，并将其与HOXD8和CTLA4的先前已知多态性一起用于测试这些候选基因座是否为2q31-35染色体上的易感性基因。使用病例对照设计和随后的家庭关联方法来确认关联，我们没有发现这些候选基因与I型糖尿病易感性相关的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Some alleles of the wtf gene family can increase their chances of spreading by using poisons to kill other alleles, and antidotes to save themselves.

背景与目标： ：wtf基因家族的某些等位基因可以通过使用毒药杀死其他等位基因和解毒剂来拯救自己，从而增加传播的机会。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The prevalence of lithiasis is increasing at all ages. This study aimed to assess the crystallization risk in urine from healthy school children and to determine urinary parameters that are most associated with it. METHODS:Urine samples were obtained from 184 children aged 5-12 years: a spot sample collected in the afternoon, and a 12-h overnight sample. Information was obtained regarding family histories of lithiasis. Urine volume, pH, and biochemical parameters of stone risk were measured. Crystallization risk was defined by the presence of specific urine conditions that had previously been associated with stone formation in vitro. RESULTS:Crystallization risk was observed in 15 % of spot urine samples and 54 % of 12-h samples. Metabolic abnormalities and a low urinary volume were more frequently detected in children with crystallization risk. Calcium excretion and calcium/citrate ratio were higher in children with a family history of lithiasis. CONCLUSIONS:We observed a high prevalence of crystallization risk in urine, especially in children with a family history of the disease. Low urinary volume was the factor most associated with increased risk. Adequate fluid intake at an early age may be a simple and effective measure to reduce the incidence of nephrolithiasis.

背景与目标： 背景：石斑症的患病率在各个年龄段都在增加。这项研究旨在评估健康学童尿液中结晶的风险，并确定与其最相关的尿液参数。
方法：从184名5-12岁的儿童中获取尿液样本：下午收集现场样本，并收集12小时的过夜样本。获得了有关石尿症家族史的信息。测量尿液体积，pH值和结石风险的生化参数。结晶风险是由以前与体外结石形成有关的特定尿液条件定义的。
结果：在15％的现货尿液样本和54％的12小时样本中观察到结晶风险。具有结晶风险的儿童更经常检测到代谢异常和尿量低。有结石病家族史的儿童的钙排泄和钙/柠檬酸比更高。
结论：我们观察到尿液中结晶风险的患病率很高，尤其是在有该病家族史的儿童中。低尿量是与增加风险最相关的因素。早期摄入足够的液体可能是减少肾结石症发生率的一种简单有效的措施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A Gram-negative, rod shaped, motile bacterium, was isolated from a marine solar saltern sample collected from Kakinada, India. Strain AK2(T) was determined to be positive for nitrate reduction, catalase, Ala-Phe-Pro-arylamidase, β-galactosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase and phosphatase activities, hydrolysis of aesculin, Tween 20/40/60/80 and urea. It was determined to be negative for oxidase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase activities and could not hydrolyze agar, casein, gelatin and starch. The predominant fatty acids were identified as iso-C(15:0) (28.2 %), anteiso-C(15:0) (23.2 %), iso-C(13:0) (19.9 %) and iso-C(15:0) 3-OH (13.9 %). Strain AK2(T) was found to contain menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK-7) as the sole respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified lipids as polar lipids. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated the strain AK2(T) as a member of the genus Marinilabilia and is closely related to Marinilabilia salmonicolor with pair-wise sequence similarity of 98.2 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the strain AK2(T) clustered with M. salmonicolor. However, DNA-DNA hybridization with M. salmonicolor JCM 21150(T) showed a relatedness of 48 ± 0.5 % with respect to strain AK2(T). The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 40.2 mol%. Based on the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic inference, it is proposed that the strain AK2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Marinilabilia, for which the name Marinilabilia nitratireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of M. nitratireducens sp. nov. is AK2(T) (= MTCC 11402(T) = JCM 17679(T)).

背景与目标： ：从印度Kakinada收集的海洋太阳能盐分离器样本中分离出革兰氏阴性，棒状，能动细菌。确定菌株AK2（T）对硝酸盐还原，过氧化氢酶，Ala-Phe-前芳酰胺酶，β-半乳糖苷酶，β-N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶，β-葡萄糖苷酶，β-木糖苷酶，α-葡萄糖苷酶，α-半乳糖苷酶和磷酸酶活性，七叶皂苷，Tween 20/40/60/80和尿素的水解。它被确定为氧化酶，赖氨酸脱羧酶和鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性阴性，并且不能水解琼脂，酪蛋白，明胶和淀粉。主要脂肪酸被鉴定为iso-C（15：0）（28.2％），anteiso-C（15：0）（23.2％），iso-C（13：0）（19.9％）和iso-C（ 15：0）3-OH（13.9％）。发现菌株AK2（T）含有具有七个异戊二烯单元（MK-7）的甲基萘醌作为唯一的呼吸醌和磷脂酰乙醇胺，一个未确定的磷脂和三个未确定的脂质作为极性脂质。 16S rRNA基因序列分析表明，菌株AK2（T）是马里尼布拉马氏菌属的成员，与马里尼拉鲑鱼色密切相关，成对序列相似性为98.2％。 16S rRNA基因的系统发育分析表明，菌株AK2（T）与沙门氏菌成簇。但是，与鲑鱼支原体JCM 21150（T）的DNA-DNA杂交显示出与菌株AK2（T）的相关性为48±0.5％。测得该菌株的DNA G C含量为40.2mol％。根据表型特征和系统发育推论，建议菌株AK2（T）代表Marinilabilia属的一个新种，其名称为Marinilabilianitroatireducens sp。十一月被提议。硝化分枝杆菌的类型菌株。十一月是AK2（T）（= MTCC 11402（T）= JCM 17679（T））。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A specific form of family therapy (family-based treatment) is the leading treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. As this treatment has certain limitations, alternative approaches are needed. "Enhanced" cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is a potential candidate given its utility as a treatment for adults with eating disorder psychopathology. The aim of the present study was to establish, in a representative cohort of patients with marked anorexia nervosa, the immediate and longer term outcome following CBT-E. Forty-nine adolescent patients were recruited from consecutive referrals to a community-based eating disorder clinic. Each was offered 40 sessions of CBT-E over 40 weeks from a single therapist. Two-thirds completed the full treatment with no additional input. In these patients there was a substantial increase in weight together with a marked decrease in eating disorder psychopathology. Over the 60-week post-treatment follow-up period there was little change despite minimal subsequent treatment. These findings suggest that CBT-E may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to family-based treatment.

背景与目标： ：一种特殊形式的家庭治疗（基于家庭的治疗）是神经性厌食症青少年的主要治疗方法。由于这种治疗有一定的局限性，因此需要其他方法。鉴于“增强型”认知行为疗法（CBT-E）可用于患有饮食失调症的心理病理学成年人，因此是一种潜在的候选药物。本研究的目的是在具有明显神经性厌食症的患者的代表性队列中建立CBT-E术后的近期和长期预后。从连续转诊到社区饮食失调诊所招募了49名青少年患者。一位治疗师在40周内为每位患者提供了40次CBT-E疗程。三分之二的人完成了全部治疗，没有其他投入。在这些患者中，体重显着增加，而进食障碍的精神病理学显着下降。在治疗后的60周随访期内，尽管后续治疗最少，但变化不大。这些发现表明，CBT-E可能被证明是替代基于家庭的治疗的一种经济有效的选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Proteins encoded by MADS-box genes are important transcription factors involved in the regulation of flowering plant growth and development. Currently, no systematic information exists regarding the MADS-box family in the important tropical fruit banana. Ninety-six MADS-box genes were identified from the banana (Pahang) A genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Musa acuminata MCM1-AGAMOUS- DEFICIENS-SRF (MaMADS) could be divided into MIKCc, MIKC*, Mα/β and Mγ groups. MIKCc could be further divided into 11 subfamilies, which was further supported by conserved motif and gene structure analyses. Transcriptome analysis on the Feng Jiao (FJ) and BaXi Jiao (BX) banana cultivars revealed that MaMADS genes are differentially expressed in various organs, at different fruit development and ripening stages, indicating the involvement of these genes in fruit development and ripening processes. Interactive network analysis indicated that MaMADS24 and 49 not only interacted with MaMADS proteins themselves, but also interacted with hormone-response proteins, ethylene signal transduction and biosynthesis-related proteins, starch biosynthesis proteins and metabolism-related proteins. This systematic analysis identified candidate MaMADS genes related to fruit development and ripening for further functional characterization in plants, and also provided new insights into the transcriptional regulation of MaMADS genes, facilitating the future genetic manipulation of MADS-mediated fruit development and ripening.

背景与目标： MADS-box基因编码的蛋白质是重要的转录因子，参与开花植物生长发育的调控。目前，在重要的热带水果香蕉中，尚无有关MADS盒家族的系统信息。从香蕉（彭亨州）A基因组中鉴定出96个MADS-box基因。系统发育分析表明，Musus acuminata MCM1-AGAMOUS-DEFICIENS-SRF（MaMADS）可以分为MIKCc，MIKC *，Mα/β和Mγ组。 MIKCc可以进一步分为11个亚家族，这由保守的基序和基因结构分析进一步支持。凤角（FJ）和八喜角（BX）香蕉品种的转录组分析表明，MaMADS基因在不同器官中处于不同的果实发育和成熟阶段差异表达，表明这些基因参与了果实发育和成熟过程。交互网络分析表明，MaMADS24和49不仅与MaMADS蛋白本身相互作用，而且还与激素响应蛋白，乙烯信号转导和生物合成相关蛋白，淀粉生物合成蛋白和代谢相关蛋白相互作用。这项系统分析确定了与果实发育和成熟有关的候选MaMADS基因，以进一步在植物中进行功能表征，也为MaMADS基因的转录调控提供了新见识，从而促进了MADS介导的果实发育和成熟的未来遗传调控。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Little is known about molecular recognition of acetylated N termini, despite prevalence of this modification among eukaryotic cytosolic proteins. We report that the family of human DCN-like (DCNL) co-E3s, which promote ligation of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to cullin targets, recognizes acetylated N termini of the E2 enzymes UBC12 and UBE2F. Systematic biochemical and biophysical analyses reveal 40- and 10-fold variations in affinities among different DCNL-cullin and DCNL-E2 complexes, contributing to varying efficiencies of different NEDD8 ligation cascades. Structures of DCNL2 and DCNL3 complexes with N-terminally acetylated peptides from UBC12 and UBE2F illuminate a common mechanism by which DCNL proteins recognize N-terminally acetylated E2s and how selectivity for interactions dependent on N-acetyl-methionine are established through side chains recognizing distal residues. Distinct preferences of UBC12 and UBE2F peptides for inhibiting different DCNLs, including the oncogenic DCNL1 protein, suggest it may be possible to develop small molecules blocking specific N-acetyl-methionine-dependent protein interactions.

背景与目标： ：尽管在真核细胞溶质蛋白中普遍存在这种修饰，但对乙酰化N末端的分子识别知之甚少。我们报告说，人类DCN样（DCNL）co-E3s的家族，促进泛素样蛋白NEDD8与cullin目标的连接，识别E2酶UBC12和UBE2F的乙酰化N末端。系统的生化和生物物理分析表明，不同DCNL-cullin和DCNL-E2复合物之间的亲和力变化为40倍和10倍，从而导致不同NEDD8连接级联反应的效率不同。具有来自UBC12和UBE2F的N末端乙酰化肽的DCNL2和DCNL3配合物的结构阐明了DCNL蛋白质识别N末端乙酰化E2的共同机制以及如何通过识别远端残基的侧链建立依赖N-乙酰甲硫氨酸的相互作用的选择性。 UBC12和UBE2F肽对抑制不同的DCNL（包括致癌DCNL1蛋白）的偏好不同，这表明可能开发出阻断特定N-乙酰基-蛋氨酸依赖性蛋白相互作用的小分子。