BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sustainable, environmental friendly, and safe disposal of sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge is a global expectation. Bioremediation performance was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in 3-10 days and organic loading rates (OLR) at 0.66-7.81 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) per liter per day, with mixed filamentous fungal (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum) inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion (LSB) technique as a continuous process in large-scale bioreactor. Encouraging results were monitored in treated sludge by LSB continuous process. The highest removal of total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, and COD were achieved at 98, 99, and 93%, respectively, at 10 days HRT compared to control. The minimum volatile suspended solid/suspended solid implies the quality of water, which was recorded 0.59 at 10 days and 0.72 at 3 days of HRT. In treated supernatant with 88% protein removal at 10 days of HRT indicates a higher magnitude of purification of treated sludge. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) quantifies the performance of dewaterability; it was recorded minimum 0.049 × 10(12) m kg(-1) at 10 days of HRT, which was equivalent to 97% decrease of SRF. The lower OLR and higher HRT directly influenced the bioremediation and dewaterability of STP sludge in LSB process. The obtained findings imply encouraging message in continuing treatment of STP sludge, i.e., bioremediation of wastewater for environmental friendly disposal in near future.

背景与目标： ：对污水处理厂（STP）污泥进行可持续，环保和安全的处置是一项全球期望。在3-10天的不同水力停留时间（HRT）和每升每天0.66-7.81 g化学需氧量（COD）的有机负荷率（OLR）下，对混合的丝状真菌（黑曲霉和耐青霉菌）进行生物修复性能检查液态生物转化（LSB）技术进行接种是大规模生物反应器中的一个连续过程。通过LSB连续过程对处理后的污泥进行了令人鼓舞的结果。与对照组相比，在HRT放置10天时，总悬浮固体（TSS），浊度和COD的去除率最高，分别为98％，99％和93％。最小的挥发性悬浮固体/悬浮固体表示水的质量，HRT在10天时记录为0.59，在3天时记录为0.72。在经过处理的上清液中，在HRT停留10天时蛋白质去除率达到88％，这表明处理过的污泥的净化程度更高。特定的过滤抗性（SRF）量化了脱水性能；在HRT停留10天时，记录的最小值为0.049×10（12）m kg（-1），相当于SRF降低了97％。较低的OLR和较高的HRT直接影响LSB工艺中STP污泥的生物修复和脱水能力。获得的发现暗示了在继续处理STP污泥方面的令人鼓舞的信息，即在不久的将来对废水进行生物修复以进行环境友好的处置。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Protein transduction domains (PTDs), also known as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), have been developed as effective systems for delivering bio-active cargos such as proteins, genes and particles. Further improvements on cell-specific targeting, intracellular organelle targeting and intracellular retention are still necessary to enhance the therapeutic effect of PTD fusion proteins. In order to enhance the cell transduction and retention of anti-oxidative metallothionein protein (MT), MT was recombinantly fused with transcriptional activator (Tat) with or without a short peptide (sMTS) derived from mitochondria malate dehydrogenase (mMDH). Cellular uptake and retention time of fusion protein were significantly increased in the H9c2 cell by sMTS. The Tat-sMTS-MT (TMM) fusion protein protected H9c2 cells more effectively against hypoxia, hyperglycemia and combination compared with Tat-MT (TM) by reducing intracellular ROS level. It maintained the normal blood glucose level over an extended period of time in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. PTD-sMTS-MT fusion protein has a potential to be used as a therapeutic protein for the treatment or prevention of diabetes and diabetic complications.

背景与目标： ：蛋白转导域（PTDs），也称为细胞穿透肽（CPPs），已被开发为有效的系统，可输送蛋白质，基因和颗粒等具有生物活性的货物。为了增强PTD融合蛋白的治疗效果，仍需要对细胞特异性靶向，细胞内细胞器靶向和细胞内保留进行进一步的改进。为了增强细胞转导和抗氧化金属硫蛋白蛋白（MT）的保留，将MT与转录激活剂（Tat）重组融合，融合或不融合衍生自线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶（mMDH）的短肽（sMTS）。 sMTS在H9c2细胞中显着增加了融合蛋白的细胞摄取和保留时间。与Tat-MT（TM）相比，Tat-sMTS-MT（TMM）融合蛋白通过降低细胞内ROS水平，更有效地保护了H9c2细胞免受缺氧，高血糖症和联合症的侵害。在链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠模型中，它可以长时间维持正常的血糖水平。 PTD-sMTS-MT融合蛋白具有用作治疗或预防糖尿病和糖尿病并发症的治疗蛋白的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:New faculty are often not prepared for a career in academia, and the transition can be challenging. They often come from practice environments where work expectations are clearly delineated. PROBLEM:Traditional mentoring programs typically pair new with experienced faculty members who are expected to provide guidance and advice. Results of the hierarchical dyad method have been mixed. APPROACH:Three generations of faculty formed a team composed of a tenured, a midcareer, and a new faculty member. The midcareer educator was better suited to help the novice prepare to teach, as they had recently been through the process, whereas the tenured faculty member was able to provide scholarship support to both. CONCLUSIONS:Providing new faculty with 2 mentors in a constellation format, along with the opportunity to network during structured mentoring meetings, contributed to a smooth onboarding of new faculty and provided scholarship support for the midcareer faculty member.

背景与目标： 背景：新教师通常不为学术界的职业做好准备，而过渡可能会充满挑战。他们通常来自明确描述工作期望的实践环境。
问题：传统的指导课程通常与新的经验丰富的教职员工配对，他们将提供指导和建议。分层二分法的结果好坏参半。
方法：三代教师组成了一个由终身职位，中期职业和新员工组成的团队。中期职业教育家更适合于帮助新手准备教书，就像他们最近经历的那样，而终身任职的教师能够为这两个人提供奖学金支持。
结论：以星座形式为新教师提供2名导师，并在结构化导师会议期间提供网络交流的机会，为新教师的顺利入职做出了贡献，并为职业中期教师提供了奖学金支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The genome of Borrelia burgdorferi is composed of one linear chromosome and approximately 20 linear and circular plasmids. Although some plasmids are required by B. burgdorferi in vivo, most plasmids are dispensable for growth in vitro. However, circular plasmid (cp) 26 is present in all natural isolates and has never been lost during in vitro growth. This plasmid carries ospC, which is critical for mammalian infection. We previously showed that cp26 encodes essential functions, including the telomere resolvase, ResT, and hence cannot be displaced. Here we identify two additional essential genes on cp26, bbb26 and bbb27, through a systematic attempt to inactivate each open reading frame (ORF). Furthermore, an incompatible plasmid carrying resT, bbb26 and bbb27 could displace cp26. Computational and experimental analyses suggested that both BBB26 and BBB27 are membrane-associated, periplasmic proteins. These data indicate that bbb26 and bbb27 encode essential but possibly redundant functions and that one or the other of these cp26 genes, in addition to resT, is required for bacterial viability. We conclude that the genetic linkage of critical physiological and virulence functions on cp26 is pertinent to its stable maintenance throughout the evolution of B. burgdorferi.

背景与目标： 伯氏疏螺旋体的基因组由一个线性染色体和大约20个线性和环状质粒组成。尽管B. burgdorferi体内需要一些质粒，但大多数质粒对于体外生长都是可有可无的。但是，环状质粒（cp）26存在于所有天然分离物中，并且在体外生长过程中从未丢失。该质粒带有ospC，这对哺乳动物的感染至关重要。先前我们证明了cp26编码基本功能，包括端粒分辨酶ResT，因此不能被取代。在这里，我们通过使每个开放阅读框（ORF）失活的系统尝试，确定了cp26上的两个其他必需基因，即bbb26和bbb27。此外，携带resT，bbb26和bbb27的不相容质粒可能会取代cp26。计算和实验分析表明BBB26和BBB27都是膜相关的周质蛋白。这些数据表明，bbb26和bbb27编码必需但可能是冗余的功能，并且这些cp26基因中的一个或另一个，除了resT之外，还需要细菌生存能力。我们得出结论，在cp26整个进化过程中，关键的生理和毒力功能在cp26上的遗传联系与其稳定维持有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined metal leaching and retention in pervious concrete with or without embedded particulate matter. Particulate matter was collected from an adjacent parking lot and from a nearby parking garage as examples of weathered and un-weathered particulate matter. Particle size distributions were similar, but metal content was 3-35-fold higher and organic matter content was 3-fold higher in the parking garage particulate matter compared to the parking lot particulate matter. Replicate columns were established with either no particulate added as the control, or 20 g of parking lot or parking garage particulate matter. Synthetic rainwater was passed through the columns at variable rainfall intensity or fixed intensity to assess leaching. Metals were leached at higher concentrations from the parking garage particulate amended column, but from all columns less than 1% of the metal mass leached. Rainfall intensity did not have a large effect on leached metal concentrations, only varying effluent by about 2-fold. Synthetic stormwater with elevated dissolved Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations was passed through the same columns and metal removal efficiencies were on the order of 85-95%, 30-95%, 60-90%, and 95+% for each metal, respectively. After loading the column with a year's worth of stormwater metal exposure, removal efficiencies in the no particulate and parking lot particulate amended columns decreased, while parking garage particulate amended columns performed similarly with a small drop in Cu and Pb removal efficiencies. Generally, columns with no particulate and parking lot particulate amendments performed similarly, suggesting the pervious concrete is responsible for the majority of the initial metal retention. The parking garage particulate amended columns retained more metals from stormwater, perhaps due to an increase in pH that promoted surface precipitation as hydroxides or carbonate species on the pervious concrete, or due to complexation in the higher concentrations of organic matter and iron oxides in the particulate matter. Overall, metal retention was aided by the presence of organic matter in the particulate matter, but the pervious concrete itself was more important than particulates for metal retention. A strategy to increase metal retention and removal from the environment could involve amending pervious concrete with mixtures of well-defined sorbents to enhance metal retention.

背景与目标： ：这项研究检查了有或没有嵌入颗粒物的渗透混凝土中的金属浸出和保留。从风化和未风化的颗粒物的示例中，从相邻的停车场和附近的停车场收集颗粒物。粒度分布相似，但与停车场颗粒物相比，停车场颗粒物的金属含量高3-35倍，有机物含量高3倍。建立重复色谱柱，不添加任何颗粒作为对照，或者不添加20 g停车场或停车库颗粒物质。合成雨水以可变的降雨强度或固定的强度通过色谱柱，以评估浸出。金属从停车场微粒修正柱中以较高的浓度浸出，但从所有柱中浸出的金属量不到金属总量的1％。降雨强度对浸出的金属浓度影响不大，仅使出水变化约2倍。溶解的Cu，Zn，Cd和Pb浓度升高的合成雨水通过相同的色谱柱，每种金属的金属去除率分别为85-95％，30-95％，60-90％和95％，分别。在向色谱柱加载了一年的暴雨金属暴露后，无颗粒物和停车场颗粒物修正柱的去除效率下降，而车库颗粒物修正柱的去除效率相似，铜和铅的去除率略有下降。通常，没有颗粒物和停车场颗粒物改性剂的柱子的性能相似，表明渗透混凝土是造成大部分初始金属滞留的原因。停车场的颗粒物修正柱保留了来自雨水的更多金属，这可能是由于pH的升高促进了透水性混凝土上氢氧化物或碳酸盐种类的表面沉淀，或者是由于颗粒物中较高浓度的有机物和氧化铁络合所致。事情。总体而言，颗粒状物质中有机物的存在有助于金属的保留，但是对于金属保留而言，透水混凝土本身比颗粒更重要。一种增加金属保留和从环境中去除的策略可能涉及用明确定义的吸附剂混合物对透水混凝土进行修正，以提高金属保留率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reservoirs are artificial ecosystems with physical, chemical, and biological transitional characteristics between rivers and lakes. Greater water retention time in reservoirs provides conditions for cycling materials inputs from upstream waters through sedimentation, biological assimilation and other biogeochemical processes. We investigated the effects of reservoirs on the water quantity and quality in the Great Plains (Kansas, USA), an area where little is known about these dominant hydrologic features. We analyzed a 30-year time-series of discharge, total phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3(-)), and total suspended solids (TSS) from six reservoirs and estimated overall removal efficiencies from upstream to downstream, testing correlations among retention, discharge, and time. In general, mean removal of TP (42-74%), TSS (0-93%), and NO3(-) (11-56%) from upstream to downstream did not change over 30 years. TP retention was associated with TSS removal, suggesting that nutrient substantial portion of P was adsorbed to solids. Our results indicated that reservoirs had the effect of lowering variance in the water quality parameters and that these reservoirs are not getting more or less nutrient-rich over time. We found no evidence of temporal changes in the yearly mean upstream and downstream discharges. The ratio upstream/downstream discharge was analyzed because it allowed us to assess how much contribution of additional unsampled tributaries may have biased our ability to calculate retention. Nutrient and sediment removal was less affected by hydraulic residence time than expected. Our study demonstrates that reservoirs can play a role in the removal and processing of nutrient and sediments, which has repercussions when valuing their ecological services and designing watershed management plans.

背景与目标： ：水库是在河流和湖泊之间具有物理，化学和生物过渡特征的人工生态系统。水库中更长的保水时间为通过沉淀，生物同化和其他生物地球化学过程从上游水域输入物料循环提供了条件。我们调查了大平原（美国堪萨斯州）的水库对水量和水质的影响，该地区对这些主要水文特征知之甚少。我们分析了六个水库的30年排放，总磷（TP），硝酸盐（NO3（-））和总悬浮固体（TSS）的时间序列，并估算了上游到下游的总体去除效率，测试了保留之间的相关性，放电和时间。通常，从上游到下游，TP（42-74％），TSS（0-93％）和NO3​​（-）（11-56％）的平均去除率在30年内没有变化。 TP的保留与TSS的去除有关，这表明P的养分相当一部分被吸附到了固体上。我们的结果表明，水库具有降低水质参数差异的作用，并且这些水库不会随时间获得更多或更少的养分。我们没有发现年度平均上游和下游流量随时间变化的证据。之所以对上游/下游流量之比进行了分析，是因为它使我们能够评估其他未采样支流的贡献量可能会影响我们计算保留率的能力。营养液和沉积物的去除受水力停留时间的影响小于预期。我们的研究表明，水库可以在营养物和沉积物的去除和处理中发挥作用，这在评估其生态服务和设计流域管理计划时会产生影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :African Americans are less likely than other racial groups to engage in and complete outpatient substance abuse treatment. The current study, conducted as a secondary analysis of a multisite randomized clinical trial, examined whether readiness to change (RTC) over time influences retention and whether gender moderates the relationship between changes in RTC and retention among 194 African American women and men. Participants completed the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment at baseline and at the end of the 16-week study. Findings revealed a significant relationship between RTC over time and retention. Specifically, the more RTC increased throughout the 16-week study, the longer participants remained in treatment. In addition, gender moderated the relationship between changes in RTC and retention, with a stronger association between changes in RTC and retention among men relative to women. One approach to improving substance abuse treatment retention rates is to focus on increasing RTC during treatment, especially among African American men.

背景与目标： ：与其他种族群体相比，非裔美国人参与并完成门诊药物滥用治疗的可能性较小。当前的研究是对一个多地点随机临床试验的次要分析，该研究检查了随着时间的变化准备就绪（RTC）是否会影响保留率，以及性别是否缓解了194名非洲裔美国妇女和男性中RTC变化与保留率之间的关系。参与者在基线和16周研究结束时完成了罗德岛大学变化评估。研究结果表明，RTC随时间推移与保留之间存在显着的关系。具体来说，在整个16周的研究中，RTC的增加幅度越大，参与治疗的时间就越长。此外，性别调节了RTC变化与保留之间的关系，男性相对于女性而言，RTC变化与保留之间的关联更强。提高药物滥用治疗保留率的一种方法是集中于在治疗期间增加RTC，尤其是在非裔美国人中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars program was created to address the nursing faculty shortage and thereby decrease the nursing shortage. PURPOSE:The purpose of the study was to describe the program development, implementation, and ongoing outcome evaluation. METHODS:Data on scholarly productivity, impact of research, research funding, and leadership positions were compiled, including an h-index (impact of publications) comparison with a comparison group of other interdisciplinary faculty at the same institutions of the 90 current and alumni scholars. DISCUSSION:There is evidence of the achievements of the individual scholars; however, the effect of the synergy of the multiple components of the program is difficult to capture in traditional evaluation strategies. CONCLUSIONS:The sense of possibility and responsibility (to the profession, to improving the health of all Americans, and to one's school of nursing and university) was a significant outcome of the program. Lessons learned from the program are important for the leadership development and retention of nursing faculty.

背景与目标： 背景：罗伯特伍德·约翰逊基金会护士护士学者计划的创建是为了解决护士短缺的问题，从而减少护士短缺。
目的：本研究的目的是描述计划的制定，实施和持续的结果评估。
方法：收集了有关学术生产率，研究影响，研究经费和领导职位的数据，包括与90名现任和校友学者相同机构中其他跨学科教授的比较组进行的h指数（出版物的影响）比较。
讨论：有证据表明个别学者的成就。但是，在传统的评估策略中很难捕捉到该计划多个组成部分协同作用的效果。
结论：这种可能性和责任感（对职业，对改善全体美国人的健康以及对自己的护理学校和大学的健康）是该计划的重要成果。从该计划中学到的经验对于领导力的发展和护士队伍的保留很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Retention of a backward classically conditioned reflex response was investigated in the spinal cat preparation. Facilitation of the flexion reflex was induced by the pairing of superficial peroneal nerve stimulation (30 Hz, 0.5 s), the US (unconditioned stimulus), with saphenous nerve stimulation (10 Hz, 1.5 s), the CS (conditioned stimulus). Both the US and CS were supramaximal for activation of A delta cutaneous afferent fibers. Experimental animals received 30 paired trials (US preceded CS by 0.25 s) with an intertrial interval (ITI) of three min. Control animals received the same stimuli but in an explicitly unpaired manner. Following acquisition, all animals received 30 additional CS-alone trials at five min intervals. This paradigm, which incorporated ITIs longer than those which had been used previously in backward conditioning studies, induced a long-lasting potentiation of the flexion reflex which appeared to be specific to spinal reflex pathways activated by A alpha cutaneous fibers. The relevancy of these results to a more specific understanding of backward and forward classical conditioning in the spinal cat is discussed.

背景与目标： ：在脊柱猫制备中研究了向后经典条件反射反应的保留。腓浅神经刺激（30 Hz，0.5 s），US（无条件刺激）与隐神经刺激（10 Hz，1.5 s），CS（条件刺激）配对可促进屈曲反射。 US和CS都对A三角洲皮肤传入纤维的激活具有最大作用。实验动物接受了30分钟的配对试验（美国在CS之前为0.25 s），试验间隔（ITI）为3分钟。对照动物受到相同的刺激，但以明显不成对的方式接受。采集后，所有动物每隔5分钟接受30次单独的CS试验。这种范式的结合时间比以前在逆向调节研究中所使用的更长，它诱导了屈曲反射的持久增强，这似乎是由Aα皮肤纤维激活的脊髓反射途径所特有的。讨论了这些结果与对脊柱猫中向前和向后经典条件的更具体理解的相关性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bran friability (particle size distribution after milling) and water retention capacity (WRC) impact wheat bran functionality in whole grain milling and baking applications. The goal of this study was to identify genomic regions and underlying genes that may be responsible for these traits. The Hard Winter Wheat Association Mapping Panel, which comprised 299 lines from breeding programs in the Great Plains region of the US, was used in a genome-wide association study. Bran friability ranged from 34.5% to 65.9% (median, 51.1%) and WRC ranged from 159% to 458% (median, 331%). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 5D were significantly associated with bran friability, accounting for 11-12% of the phenotypic variation. One of these SNPs was located within the Puroindoline-b gene, which is known for influencing endosperm texture. Two SNPs on chromosome 4A were tentatively associated with WRC, accounting for 4.6% and 4.4% of phenotypic variation. The favorable alleles at the SNP sites were present in only 15% (friability) and 34% (WRC) of lines, indicating a need to develop new germplasm for these whole-grain end-use quality traits. Validation of these findings in independent populations will be useful for breeding winter wheat cultivars with improved functionality for whole grain food applications.

背景与目标： ：麸皮的脆性（制粉后的粒度分布）和保水能力（WRC）影响全麦制粉和烘焙应用中的麦麸功能。这项研究的目的是确定可能导致这些性状的基因组区域和基础基因。整个美国全基因组关联研究使用了“硬冬小麦协会作图小组”，其中包括来自美国大平原地区育种计划的299条品系。麸皮的脆性为34.5％至65.9％（中位数为51.1％），WRC的脆度为159％至458％（中位数为331％）。 5D染色体上的两个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与麸皮脆碎度显着相关，占表型变异的11-12％。这些SNP之一位于Puroindoline-b基因内，该基因以影响胚乳的质地而闻名。 4A染色体上的两个SNPs暂时与WRC相关，分别占表型变异的4.6％和4.4％。 SNP位点的有利等位基因仅存在于15％（易碎性）和34％（WRC）品系中，这表明需要为这些全麦最终用途品质性状开发新的种质。在独立种群中验证这些发现将有助于育种具有改良功能的全麦食品应用的冬小麦品种。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Admission committees use multiple sources of information to select residents. However, the way in which faculty members use each data source remains unclear and highly context-specific. The present study seeks to understand how faculty members use various sources of information about candidates to make admission decisions to a National Psychiatry Residency Program. METHODS:The theory of core competencies was used as a foundation for this qualitative study. Framework analysis was used to structure the project and data presentation. Twenty key informants from the faculty were purposefully sampled in accordance with the initial theory. Open-ended semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain their views about the essential competencies of psychiatrists and the ways in which these competencies could be reliably gauged. RESULTS:Participants described numerous competencies that they believed were essential to becoming competent psychiatrists. These competencies fell within the six core competencies of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education framework. However, several non-competency attributes (such as perseverance, empathy, and compassion) were also relevant in the selection process. To reduce the impact of self-presentation bias, to which these attributes were vulnerable, the faculty relied heavily on sources of information obtained from third parties, such as feedback from co-workers with first-hand experience of the candidate during their clinical placements. CONCLUSION:Faculty members place importance on informal informant-derived information about a candidate's non-competency attributes in addition to core competencies when deciding whether or not to select a candidate for admission into a residency training program.

背景与目标： 目的：入学委员会使用多种信息来源来选择居民。但是，教职员工使用每个数据源的方式仍然不清楚，并且具有高度的针对性。本研究旨在了解教职员工如何使用有关候选人的各种信息资源来决定是否入学《国家精神病学住院医师计划》。
方法：核心能力理论被用作该定性研究的基础。框架分析用于构建项目和数据表示。根据最初的理论，有目的地抽取了来自该学院的20名关键线人。进行了不限成员名额的半结构化访谈，以获取他们对精神科医生基本能力的看法以及对这些能力的可靠衡量方式。
结果：参与者描述了他们认为对成为合格的精神病医生必不可少的许多能力。这些能力属于研究生医学教育认可委员会框架的六项核心能力。但是，在选择过程中，一些不称职的属性（例如毅力，同情心和同情心）也很重要。为了减少这些因素易受其影响的自我表象偏见的影响，教师严重依赖于从第三方获得的信息来源，例如来自同事的反馈以及在临床实习期间候选人的第一手经验。
结论：在决定是否选择候选人入学住院医师培训课程时，除核心能力外，教师还重视非正式的，基于信息提供者的非胜任属性的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Despite federal regulations on faculty conflicts of interest in federally funded research, academic-industry ties are common, and evidence exists that financial considerations bias the research record. Public scrutiny of these ties is increasing, especially in cases where researchers have financial interests in the corporate sponsors of their clinical research. OBJECTIVE:To review policies on conflict of interest at major biomedical research institutions in the United States. DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey and content analysis study conducted from August 1998 to February 2000. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:The 100 US institutions with the most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 1998 were initially sampled; policies from 89 institutions were available and included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Process for disclosure, review, and management of conflicts of interest and specified management strategies or limitations, according to the institutions' faculty/staff conflict of interest policies. RESULTS:Content of the conflict of interest policies varied widely across institutions. Fifty-five percent of policies (n = 49) required disclosures from all faculty while 45% (n = 40) required them only from principal investigators or those conducting research. Nineteen percent of policies (n = 17) specified limits on faculty financial interests in corporate sponsors of research, 12% (n = 11) specified limits on permissible delays in publication, and 4% (n = 4) prohibited student involvement in work sponsored by a company in which the faculty mentor had a financial interest. CONCLUSIONS:Most policies on conflict of interest in our sample of major research institutions in the United States lack specificity about the kinds of relationships with industry that are permitted or prohibited. Wide variation in management of conflicts of interest among institutions may cause unnecessary confusion among potential industrial partners or competition among universities for corporate sponsorship that could erode academic standards. It is in the long-term interest of institutions to develop widely agreed-on, clear, specific, and credible policies on conflicts of interest. JAMA. 2000;284:2203-2208.

背景与目标： 背景：尽管联邦政府对联邦资助的研究中的教师利益冲突有规定，但学术界与学术界之间的联系很普遍，并且有证据表明，出于财务考虑，研究记录存在偏差。公众对这些联系的审查越来越多，特别是在研究人员对其临床研究的公司赞助商有经济利益的情况下。
目的：审查美国主要生物医学研究机构的利益冲突政策。
设计：1998年8月至2000年2月进行的横断面调查和内容分析研究。
地点和参与者：1998年，美国国立卫生研究院资助最多的100家美国机构最初被抽样;已有来自89个机构的政策，该政策已包括在内。
主要观察指标：根据研究机构的教职员工利益冲突政策，披露，审查和管理利益冲突以及指定的管理策略或限制的过程。
结果：利益冲突政策的内容在各个机构之间差异很大。 55％的政策（n = 49）要求所有教职员工公开，而45％（n = 40）的政策仅要求主要研究人员或进行研究的人员公开。 19％的政策（n = 17）规定了公司研究赞助者对教师财务利益的限制，12％（n = 11）规定了允许出版延迟的限制，4％（n = 4）禁止学生参与赞助的工作由教师在其中有财务利益的公司提供。
结论：在我们的美国主要研究机构样本中，大多数关于利益冲突的政策都缺乏关于允许或禁止的与产业的关系的具体性。机构间利益冲突的管理差异很大，可能会导致潜在的行业合作伙伴之间出现不必要的混乱，或者大学之间的企业赞助竞争可能会削弱学术水平。对于利益冲突，制定广泛商定，明确，具体和可信的政策符合机构的长远利益。贾玛2000; 284：2203-2208。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although prior research has examined predictors of treatment retention in public alcohol and drug treatment programs, little is known about factors that influence treatment retention in an insured outpatient population. Because there is growing evidence that the factors which influence treatment retention may differ by gender, we identify sex-specific predictors. METHODS:We recruited all eligible intakes to a health maintenance organization's outpatient alcohol and drug treatment program during a 2-year period and obtained a sample of 317 women and 599 men. The programs, day hospital and traditional outpatient modalities, were abstinence based. We separated our sample by sex and used least squares and logistic regression to identify independent predictors of length of stay and program completion, respectively. RESULTS:One general pattern of predictors of increased retention was shared by women and men in this alcohol and drug treatment program--fewer and less severe drug problems. However, most predictors were sex-specific. Among women, retention was predicted by having higher incomes, belonging to ethnic categories other than African American, being unemployed, being married, and having lower levels of psychiatric severity. Among men, predictors of higher retention included being older, receiving employer suggestions to enter treatment, and having abstinence goals. CONCLUSIONS:These findings highlight the importance of examining aspects of the course of treatment separately by sex. They also suggest treatment factors that may enhance retention among insured populations, including employer referrals, psychiatric services, and drug-related services.

背景与目标： 背景：尽管先前的研究已经检查了公共酒精和药物治疗计划中治疗保留的预测因素，但对于影响保险门诊患者中治疗保留的因素知之甚少。由于越来越多的证据表明，影响治疗保留的因素可能因性别而异，因此我们确定了针对性别的预测因子。
方法：我们在两年内将所有符合条件的摄入量纳入健康维护组织的门诊酒精和药物治疗计划，并获得了317名女性和599名男性的样本。该计划（日间医院和传统的门诊形式）都是基于节制的。我们按性别划分样本，并使用最小二乘和逻辑回归分别确定住院时间和计划完成时间的独立预测因子。
结果：在这项酒精和毒品治疗计划中，男女共享了一种保留率增加的预测指标的一般模式-毒品问题减少且严重程度降低。但是，大多数预测因子是针对性别的。在妇女中，保留率的预测是收入较高，属于非裔美国人以外的种族类别，失业，已婚，并且精神病严重程度较低。在男性中，保留率较高的预测因素包括年龄更大，接受雇主建议进入治疗以及有节制目标。
结论：这些发现强调了按性别分别检查治疗过程各个方面的重要性。他们还建议了可能增加被保险人群保留率的治疗因素，包括雇主推荐，精神病服务和毒品相关服务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To investigate functional divergence of gene duplicates, we examined the protein-protein interactions and coexistence in complexes of paralogs resulting from an ancient whole-genome duplication in yeast. Strikingly, half the surveyed paralog pairs were found to be co-clustered in protein complexes, and were more conserved and highly expressed than non-co-clustered paralogs; however, their discordant expression patterns and conservation rates indicate differential regulation of subfunctionalized paralogs. These results highlight the value of protein complex membership in studying functional divergence among gene duplicates.

背景与目标： ：为了研究基因复制品的功能差异，我们检查了蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用和酵母中古老的全基因组复制产生的旁系同源物复合物中的共存。令人惊讶的是，被调查的旁系同源物对的一半被发现共同聚集在蛋白质复合物中，并且比非共同聚集的旁系同源物更加保守和高表达。然而，它们不一致的表达方式和保守率表明亚功能旁系同源物的调控不同。这些结果突出了蛋白质复合物成员在研究基因重复之间的功能差异中的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In isolated hepatocytes the influence of cellular glutathione (GSH) on initial influx, net uptake and efflux of methotrexate (MTX) was determined. Endogenous glutathione in rat liver cells was depleted by either fasting of rats or by in vivo administration of phorone prior to cell preparation. The initial rate of influx of MTX was found to be higher in hepatocytes of fasted and phorone-treated rats than in those of untreated, fed control rats. The Km values for the methotrexate influx in GSH-deficient hepatocytes were up to 3 times lower than in normal cells, whereas Vmax remained unchanged. These results disclose an increased efficiency of the MTX transport system in cells with diminished cellular GSH levels. On the other hand, titration of external membrane SH groups by 203Hg p-CMBS revealed up to three times higher amounts of free SH groups on cells from starved and phorone-treated rats than on hepatocytes of fed rats. Increased efficiency of the MTX transport system in GSH-deficient cells may, therefore, be interpreted as increased capacity of the MTX transport carrier for which free membrane SH groups are known to be essential. Despite activation of initial transport of MTX here, later net accumulation of MTX became smaller than in cells with normal GSH levels. Efflux of MTX from liver cells was not influenced by fasting or phorone treatment of rats, however, the "nonexchangeable" pool of MTX was found to be decreased, which indicates inhibition of formation of MTX polyglutamates here. This inhibition was most likely responsible for the decreased amounts of MTX finally accumulated in GSH-deficient hepatocytes.

背景与目标： ：在分离的肝细胞中，测定了谷胱甘肽（GSH）对甲氨蝶呤（MTX）初始流入，净摄取和流出的影响。通过禁食大鼠或在制备细胞前体内施用佛尔酮，可消除大鼠肝细胞中的内源性谷胱甘肽。发现禁食和佛尔酮处理的大鼠的肝细胞中MTX的初始流入速率要高于未治疗，喂食的对照大鼠的MTX流入速率。 GSH缺陷型肝细胞中氨甲蝶呤流入的Km值比正常细胞低3倍，而Vmax保持不变。这些结果揭示了MTX转运系统在细胞GSH水平降低的细胞中的效率提高。另一方面，用203Hg p-CMBS滴定外膜SH基团显示，饥饿和佛尔酮处理组大鼠细胞上的游离SH基团数量最多是进食大鼠肝细胞上的游离SH基团数量的三倍。因此，在GSH缺陷型细胞中MTX转运系统效率的提高可以解释为MTX转运载体的能力提高，已知游离膜SH基团对于MTX转运载体是必不可少的。尽管此处激活了MTX的初始转运，但后来MTX的净积累变得比具有正常GSH水平的细胞少。禁食或佛尔酮对大鼠肝细胞中MTX的流出没有影响，但是发现MTX的“不可交换”池减少了，这表明此处MTX聚谷氨酸盐的形成受到抑制。这种抑制作用很可能是导致最终在GSH缺陷型肝细胞中累积的MTX减少的原因。