• 【有意识地纠正进行选定的肩部康复练习的高架运动员的肩orientation骨方向:通过表面肌电图测量对斜方肌激活的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2519/jospt.2013.4283 复制DOI
    作者列表:De Mey K,Danneels LA,Cagnie B,Huyghe L,Seyns E,Cools AM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Controlled laboratory study. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of conscious correction of scapular orientation on the activation of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle during shoulder exercises in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. BACKGROUND:Previous research has led to the recommendation of 4 exercises for training of the trapezius muscle: prone extension, sidelying external rotation, sidelying forward flexion, and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. However, the extent to which conscious correction of scapular orientation impacts trapezius muscle activation levels during these exercises is unknown. METHODS:Absolute (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT]) and relative (UT/MT and UT/LT) muscle activation levels were determined with surface electromyography in 30 asymptomatic overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis, during 4 selected exercises performed with and without conscious correction of scapular orientation. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine if a voluntary scapular orientation correction strategy influenced the activation levels of the different sections of the trapezius during each exercise. RESULTS:With conscious correction of scapular orientation, activation levels of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle significantly increased during prone extension (mean ± SD difference: UT, 5.9% ± 8.6% maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; MT, 13.8% ± 11.0% MVIC; LT, 9.8% ± 10.8% MVIC; P<.05) and sidelying external rotation (UT, 2.2% ± 4.4% MVIC; MT, 6.7% ± 10.6% MVIC; LT, 13.3% ± 24.4% MVIC; P<.05). There was no difference between conditions for sidelying forward flexion and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. The UT/MT and UT/LT ratios were similar between conditions for all 4 exercises. CONCLUSION:Conscious correction of scapular orientation during the prone extension and sidelying external rotation exercises can be used to increase the activation level in the 3 sections of the trapezius in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Although lack of kinematic data limits the interpretation of the results, this study suggests that conscious correction of scapular orientation can be performed without altering the favorable UT/MT and UT/LT ratios that have been previously reported for these exercises.
    背景与目标: 研究设计:受控实验室研究。
    目的:评估肩overhead骨运动障碍的高架运动员在肩部锻炼过程中有意识地纠正肩cap骨定向对斜方肌3节激活的影响。
    背景:先前的研究已提出推荐4种锻炼斜方肌的运动的方法:俯卧伸展,侧向外旋,侧向前屈,侧向外展俯卧。但是,在这些锻炼中,肩cap骨方向的有意识矫正影响斜方肌激活水平的程度尚不清楚。
    方法:采用表面肌电图测定30名无肩overhead骨运动障碍的无症状头顶上运动员的绝对(上斜方肌(UT),中斜方肌(MT),下斜方肌(LT))和相对(UT / MT和UT / LT)肌肉激活水平,在选择和不进行肩cap骨定向矫正的情况下进行的4次选定锻炼中。使用方差的重复测量分析来确定自愿性肩cap骨方向矫正策略是否在每次锻炼中影响了斜方肌不同部位的激活水平。
    结果:随着肩cap骨方向的有意识的矫正,斜方肌的3个部分的激活水平在俯卧伸展过程中显着增加(平均值±SD差异:UT,最大自愿等距收缩[MVIC] 5.9%±8.6%; MT,13.8%± MVIC为11.0%; LT,MVIC为9.8%±10.8%; P <.05)和侧向外旋转(UT,MVIC为2.2%±4.4%; MT,6.7%±10.6%MVIC; LT,13.3%±24.4%MVIC; P <.05)。侧向向前屈曲的条件与外旋倾向的水平外展的条件之间没有差异。所有4个练习的条件之间的UT / MT和UT / LT比率均相似。
    结论:俯卧伸展和侧卧外旋运动过程中对肩cap骨方向的有意识矫正可用于增加斜肩肌运动障碍的高架运动员斜方肌3个部分的激活水平。尽管缺乏运动学数据限制了结果的解释,但这项研究表明,可以在不改变先前针对这些练习报道的有利的UT / MT和UT / LT比值的情况下,有意识地进行肩cap骨定向矫正。
  • 【脂质环境中胰脂肪酶的结构和方向:PM-IRRAS和布鲁斯特角显微镜研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1021/bi701831f 复制DOI
    作者列表:Allouche M,Castano S,Colin D,Desbat B,Kerfelec B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colipase is a key element in lipase-catalyzed dietary lipids hydrolysis. Although devoid of enzymatic activity, colipase promotes pancreatic lipase activity in the physiological intestinal conditions by anchoring the enzyme on the surface of lipid droplets. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy combined with Brewster angle microscopy studies was performed on colipase alone and in various lipid environments to obtain a global view of both conformation and orientation and to assess lipid perturbations. We clearly show that colipase fully inserts into a dilaurin monolayer and promotes the formation of lipid/protein domains, whereas in a phospholipid environment its insertion is only partial, limited to the polar head group. In a mixed 70% phosphatidylcholine/30% dilaurin environment, colipase adsorbs to but does not penetrate deeply into the film. It triggers the formation of diglyceride domains under which it would form a rather uniform layer. We also clearly demonstrate that colipase adopts a preferred orientation when dilaurin is present at the interface. In contrast, at a neutral phospholipid interface, the infrared spectra suggest an isotropic orientation of colipase which could explain its incapacity to reverse the inhibitory effects of these lipids on the lipase activity.
    背景与目标: :脂肪酶是脂肪酶催化的饮食脂质水解的关键元素。尽管缺乏酶促活性,但是在生理肠道条件下,固溶酶通过将酶锚定在脂质小滴的表面上来促进胰腺脂肪酶的活性。偏振调制红外反射吸收光谱法与布鲁斯特角显微镜研究相结合,仅在脂肪酶上和在各种脂质环境中进行,以获得构象和方向的整体视图并评估脂质的扰动。我们清楚地表明,固溶酶完全插入到二月桂酸酯单层中,并促进脂质/蛋白质结构域的形成,而在磷脂环境中,其插入仅是部分的,仅限于极性头基。在混合的70%磷脂酰胆碱/ 30%二月桂酸酯环境中,脂肪酶吸附但不会深深渗透到薄膜中。它触发了甘油二酯结构域的形成,在甘油二酯结构域下将形成相当均匀的层。我们还清楚地表明,当界面上存在双月桂酸酯时,椰油酶会采用一种优选的取向。相反,在中性磷脂界面处,红外光谱表明椰脂酶的各向同性取向,这可以解释其不能逆转这些脂质对脂酶活性的抑制作用。
  • 【罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会护士护士学者计划的概述。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.12.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Campbell J,Ladden MD,McBride AB,Cimino A,Kostas-Polston E,Deming K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars program was created to address the nursing faculty shortage and thereby decrease the nursing shortage. PURPOSE:The purpose of the study was to describe the program development, implementation, and ongoing outcome evaluation. METHODS:Data on scholarly productivity, impact of research, research funding, and leadership positions were compiled, including an h-index (impact of publications) comparison with a comparison group of other interdisciplinary faculty at the same institutions of the 90 current and alumni scholars. DISCUSSION:There is evidence of the achievements of the individual scholars; however, the effect of the synergy of the multiple components of the program is difficult to capture in traditional evaluation strategies. CONCLUSIONS:The sense of possibility and responsibility (to the profession, to improving the health of all Americans, and to one's school of nursing and university) was a significant outcome of the program. Lessons learned from the program are important for the leadership development and retention of nursing faculty.
    背景与目标: 背景:罗伯特伍德·约翰逊基金会护士护士学者计划的创建是为了解决护士短缺的问题,从而减少护士短缺。
    目的:本研究的目的是描述计划的制定,实施和持续的结果评估。
    方法:收集了有关学术生产率,研究影响,研究经费和领导职位的数据,包括与90名现任和校友学者相同机构中其他跨学科教授的比较组进行的h指数(出版物的影响)比较。
    讨论:有证据表明个别学者的成就。但是,在传统的评估策略中很难捕捉到该计划多个组成部分协同作用的效果。
    结论:这种可能性和责任感(对职业,对改善全体美国人的健康以及对自己的护理学校和大学的健康)是该计划的重要成果。从该计划中学到的经验对于领导力的发展和护士队伍的保留很重要。
  • 【在国家计划中选择新的精神科住院医师:对能力和属性的教师观点的定性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s40596-020-01282-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poremski D,Tan GM,Lau BJ,Lee YW,Sim K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Admission committees use multiple sources of information to select residents. However, the way in which faculty members use each data source remains unclear and highly context-specific. The present study seeks to understand how faculty members use various sources of information about candidates to make admission decisions to a National Psychiatry Residency Program. METHODS:The theory of core competencies was used as a foundation for this qualitative study. Framework analysis was used to structure the project and data presentation. Twenty key informants from the faculty were purposefully sampled in accordance with the initial theory. Open-ended semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain their views about the essential competencies of psychiatrists and the ways in which these competencies could be reliably gauged. RESULTS:Participants described numerous competencies that they believed were essential to becoming competent psychiatrists. These competencies fell within the six core competencies of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education framework. However, several non-competency attributes (such as perseverance, empathy, and compassion) were also relevant in the selection process. To reduce the impact of self-presentation bias, to which these attributes were vulnerable, the faculty relied heavily on sources of information obtained from third parties, such as feedback from co-workers with first-hand experience of the candidate during their clinical placements. CONCLUSION:Faculty members place importance on informal informant-derived information about a candidate's non-competency attributes in addition to core competencies when deciding whether or not to select a candidate for admission into a residency training program.
    背景与目标: 目的:入学委员会使用多种信息来源来选择居民。但是,教职员工使用每个数据源的方式仍然不清楚,并且具有高度的针对性。本研究旨在了解教职员工如何使用有关候选人的各种信息资源来决定是否入学《国家精神病学住院医师计划》。
    方法:核心能力理论被用作该定性研究的基础。框架分析用于构建项目和数据表示。根据最初的理论,有目的地抽取了来自该学院的20名关键线人。进行了不限成员名额的半结构化访谈,以获取他们对精神科医生基本能力的看法以及对这些能力的可靠衡量方式。
    结果:参与者描述了他们认为对成为合格的精神病医生必不可少的许多能力。这些能力属于研究生医学教育认可委员会框架的六项核心能力。但是,在选择过程中,一些不称职的属性(例如毅力,同情心和同情心)也很重要。为了减少这些因素易受其影响的自我表象偏见的影响,教师严重依赖于从第三方获得的信息来源,例如来自同事的反馈以及在临床实习期间候选人的第一手经验。
    结论:在决定是否选择候选人入学住院医师培训课程时,除核心能力外,教师还重视非正式的,基于信息提供者的非胜任属性的信息。
  • 【美国大学关于教师利益冲突的政策。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    影响因子 :
    发表时间:2000-11-01
    来源期刊:JAMA
    DOI:10.1001/jama.284.17.2203 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cho MK,Shohara R,Schissel A,Rennie D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Despite federal regulations on faculty conflicts of interest in federally funded research, academic-industry ties are common, and evidence exists that financial considerations bias the research record. Public scrutiny of these ties is increasing, especially in cases where researchers have financial interests in the corporate sponsors of their clinical research. OBJECTIVE:To review policies on conflict of interest at major biomedical research institutions in the United States. DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey and content analysis study conducted from August 1998 to February 2000. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:The 100 US institutions with the most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 1998 were initially sampled; policies from 89 institutions were available and included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Process for disclosure, review, and management of conflicts of interest and specified management strategies or limitations, according to the institutions' faculty/staff conflict of interest policies. RESULTS:Content of the conflict of interest policies varied widely across institutions. Fifty-five percent of policies (n = 49) required disclosures from all faculty while 45% (n = 40) required them only from principal investigators or those conducting research. Nineteen percent of policies (n = 17) specified limits on faculty financial interests in corporate sponsors of research, 12% (n = 11) specified limits on permissible delays in publication, and 4% (n = 4) prohibited student involvement in work sponsored by a company in which the faculty mentor had a financial interest. CONCLUSIONS:Most policies on conflict of interest in our sample of major research institutions in the United States lack specificity about the kinds of relationships with industry that are permitted or prohibited. Wide variation in management of conflicts of interest among institutions may cause unnecessary confusion among potential industrial partners or competition among universities for corporate sponsorship that could erode academic standards. It is in the long-term interest of institutions to develop widely agreed-on, clear, specific, and credible policies on conflicts of interest. JAMA. 2000;284:2203-2208.
    背景与目标: 背景:尽管联邦政府对联邦资助的研究中的教师利益冲突有规定,但学术界与学术界之间的联系很普遍,并且有证据表明,出于财务考虑,研究记录存在偏差。公众对这些联系的审查越来越多,特别是在研究人员对其临床研究的公司赞助商有经济利益的情况下。
    目的:审查美国主要生物医学研究机构的利益冲突政策。
    设计:1998年8月至2000年2月进行的横断面调查和内容分析研究。
    地点和参与者:1998年,美国国立卫生研究院资助最多的100家美国机构最初被抽样;已有来自89个机构的政策,该政策已包括在内。
    主要观察指标:根据研究机构的教职员工利益冲突政策,披露,审查和管理利益冲突以及指定的管理策略或限制的过程。
    结果:利益冲突政策的内容在各个机构之间差异很大。 55%的政策(n = 49)要求所有教职员工公开,而45%(n = 40)的政策仅要求主要研究人员或进行研究的人员公开。 19%的政策(n = 17)规定了公司研究赞助者对教师财务利益的限制,12%(n = 11)规定了允许出版延迟的限制,4%(n = 4)禁止学生参与赞助的工作由教师在其中有财务利益的公司提供。
    结论:在我们的美国主要研究机构样本中,大多数关于利益冲突的政策都缺乏关于允许或禁止的与产业的关系的具体性。机构间利益冲突的管理差异很大,可能会导致潜在的行业合作伙伴之间出现不必要的混乱,或者大学之间的企业赞助竞争可能会削弱学术水平。对于利益冲突,制定广泛商定,明确,具体和可信的政策符合机构的长远利益。贾玛2000; 284:2203-2208。
  • 【空间定位的台式X射线散射揭示了毛竹中组织特定的微纤维取向。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s13007-016-0155-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ahvenainen P,Dixon PG,Kallonen A,Suhonen H,Gibson LJ,Svedström K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Biological materials have a complex, hierarchical structure, with vital structural features present at all size scales, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. A method that can connect information at multiple length scales has great potential to reveal novel information. This article presents one such method with an application to the bamboo culm wall. Moso (Phyllostachys edulis) bamboo is a commercially important bamboo species. At the cellular level, bamboo culm wall consists of vascular bundles embedded in a parenchyma cell tissue matrix. The microfibril angle (MFA) in the bamboo cell wall is related to its macroscopic longitudinal stiffness and strength and can be determined at the nanoscale with wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Combining WAXS with X-ray microtomography (XMT) allows tissue-specific study of the bamboo culm without invasive chemical treatment. RESULTS:The scattering contribution of the fiber and parenchyma cells were separated with spatially-localized WAXS. The fiber component was dominated by a high degree of orientation corresponding to small MFAs (mean MFA 11°). The parenchyma component showed significantly lower degree of orientation with a maximum at larger angles (mean MFA 65°). The fiber ratio, the volume of cell wall in the fibers relative to the overall volume of cell wall, was determined by fitting the scattering intensities with these two components. The fiber ratio was also determined from the XMT data and similar fiber ratios were obtained from the two methods, one connected to the cellular level and one to the nanoscale. X-ray diffraction tomography was also done to study the differences in microfibril orientation between fibers and the parenchyma and further connect the microscale to the nanoscale. CONCLUSIONS:The spatially-localized WAXS yields biologically relevant, tissue-specific information. With the custom-made bench-top set-up presented, diffraction contrast information can be obtained from plant tissue (1) from regions-of-interest, (2) as a function of distance (line scan), or (3) with two-dimensional or three-dimensional tomography. This nanoscale information is connected to the cellular level features.
    背景与目标: 背景:生物材料具有复杂的层次结构,在从纳米到宏观的所有尺寸尺度上都具有重要的结构特征。一种可以在多个长度尺度上连接信息的方法具有揭示新颖信息的巨大潜力。本文介绍了一种这样的方法,并将其应用于竹茎壁。毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)竹是商业上重要的竹种。在细胞水平上,竹茎壁由嵌入实质细胞组织基质中的血管束组成。竹细胞壁中的微纤丝角(MFA)与它的宏观纵向刚度和强度有关,并且可以通过广角X射线散射(WAXS)在纳米尺度上确定。将WAXS与X射线显微断层扫描(XMT)结合使用,可以对竹茎进行组织特异性研究,而无需进行侵入性化学治疗。
    结果:通过空间定位的WAXS分离了纤维和实质细胞的散射贡献。纤维组分主要由较高的取向度决定,该取向度对应于较小的MFA(平均MFA 11°)。薄壁组织的方向性明显降低,在较大角度时最大(平均MFA 65°)。纤维比率,即纤维中细胞壁的体积相对于细胞壁的总体积,是通过使散射强度与这两种成分相匹配来确定的。还从XMT数据确定了纤维比例,并且从两种方法获得了相似的纤维比例,一种方法连接到细胞水平,另一种方法连接到纳米级。还进行了X射线衍射断层扫描,以研究纤维与薄壁组织之间微纤维取向的差异,并进一步将微尺度连接到纳米尺度。
    结论:空间定位的WAXS产生生物学相关的组织特异性信息。通过提供定制的台式设备,可以从植物组织(1)的感兴趣区域,(2)作为距离的函数(线扫描)或(3)从植物组织获得衍射对比度信息。二维或三维断层扫描。该纳米级信息连接到细胞水平的特征。
  • 【配体定向对作为脱唾液酸糖蛋白的模型配体的聚(N-对-乙烯基苄基-o-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖酰胺)肝细胞附着的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1163/156856296x00589 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cho CS,Goto M,Kobayashi A,Kobayashi K,Akaike T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The orientation effect of galactose ligand on hepatocyte attachment was investigated. Poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-o-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide )(PVLA), a beta-galactose-carrying styrene homopolymer, was used as a model ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes. PVLA was transferred onto the poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) or PBLG/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)PBLG Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films as the monolayer level. The dichroic fluorescence values of the confocal microscope indicated that the PVLA transferred onto the LB films was located with a preferential orientation of its molecular axes with regard to the direction of the alpha-helix of polypeptide. Hepatocyte recognized well-oriented galactose moieties of the surface of PVLA through asialoglycoprotein receptors.

    背景与目标: 研究了半乳糖配体对肝细胞附着的定向作用。聚(N-对乙烯基苄基-o-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖酰胺)(PVLA),一种携带β-半乳糖的苯乙烯均聚物,用作肝细胞上去唾液酸糖蛋白受体的模型配体。将PVLA转移到聚(γ-苄基L-谷氨酸)(PBLG)或PBLG /聚(乙二醇)(PEG)PBLG Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)薄膜上作为单层水平。共聚焦显微镜的二向色性荧光值表明,转移到LB膜上的PVLA的分子轴相对于多肽的α-螺旋方向优先取向。肝细胞通过去唾液酸糖蛋白受体识别出PVLA表面定向良好的半乳糖部分。

  • 【身体大小和方向对紫外线辐射的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0781.1996.tb00177.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Parisi AV,Kimlin MG,Wong JC,Fleming RA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: A method has been developed for determining the UV and erythemal exposures to the entire body. The difference between the ambient erythemal exposure and that to the body compared to the ambient exposure may be as high as 76%. The height, orientation, and overall height had a minimal effect on the exposure to the body with size, time of day and time of year having a significant effect. The diffuse component of UV to a side of the body ranged from 20% to 41% between different times of the year with different levels of cloud cover. The ratio of the body to the ambient erythemal exposures varied from 0.24 to 0.61, with the time of day and time of year with the smaller value for periods of high solar altitude.

    背景与目标: 已经开发出一种确定整个身体的紫外线和红斑暴露的方法。与环境暴露相比,环境红斑暴露与人体暴露之间的差异可能高达76%。身高,方向和整体身高对身体的暴露影响很小,而大小,一天中的时间和一年中的时间则有很大的影响。在一年中的不同时间,不同云量的覆盖下,紫外线扩散到身体一侧的比例在20%到41%之间。人体与周围红斑暴露的比例在0.24至0.61之间变化,在一天中的某个时间和一年中的某个时间,在太阳高度较高的时期该值较小。

  • 【研讨会,以提高教师的管理技能。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00001888-199705000-00107 复制DOI
    作者列表:Steinert Y,Nasmith L,Daigle N
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 【美国药学院和药学院的药学实践教师中,董事会认证的发生率和影响因素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/phar.1171 复制DOI
    作者列表:Toussaint KA,Watson K,Marrs JC,Sturpe DA,Anderson SL,Haines ST
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Board certification is a means of demonstrating expertise above the minimum licensing standards. For many health care professionals, this credential is a necessity. As pharmacists become involved in more advanced patient care services, board certification becomes an essential component to ensuring quality care. The prevalence of United States pharmacy practice faculty members who are board certified, however, is unknown. In addition, to our knowledge, factors that serve to motivate or discourage faculty from obtaining board certification have not been previously described; thus, 900 pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) online directory were invited to complete an online survey regarding motivators and barriers for board certification. In addition, a list of board-certified pharmacists, obtained from the Board of Pharmacy Specialties, was used to check the board certification status of all pharmacy practice faculty members listed in the AACP directory. In 2011, the prevalence of board certification among the 2867 pharmacy practice faculty members was 37% (1063 pharmacists), with the highest prevalence found among assistant professors (39.4%). A total of 322 faculty members (36% response rate) completed the survey; of these, 308 self-identified as pharmacy practice faculty, and their responses were included in the analysis. Current board certification in pharmacy specialties was reported by 163 respondents (52.9%); 14 (4.5%) were previously certified. Among the 308 respondents, the most common perceived reason why pharmacy practice faculty become board certified was the desire to be recognized as an expert in the field (71.5%). Those who were currently board certified indicated personal growth as the most important reason (60.1%). Those previously certified indicated no perceived benefit as the most common reason for not recertifying (71.4%). Among those never certified, no perceived need (52.0%) or benefit (44.8%) were the most common reasons for not becoming certified; however, a majority of those never certified (68%) stated that they would become board certified if there was no associated cost and they were confident they would pass. To increase the prevalence of board certification in pharmacy practice faculty at U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy, the benefits of this credential must be addressed at each institution. Steps should be taken to assist and encourage board certification.
    背景与目标: :董事会认证是一种展示最低许可标准之上的专业知识的方式。对于许多医疗保健专业人员而言,此证书是必不可少的。随着药剂师参与更高级的患者护理服务,董事会认证已成为确保高质量护理的重要组成部分。但是,尚不知道获得董事会认证的美国药学实践教职人员的患病率。此外,据我们所知,以前没有描述过用来激励或劝​​阻教师获得董事会认证的因素;因此,邀请了美国药学院联合会(AACP)在线目录中列出的900名药学实践教师完成了有关董事会认证激励因素和障碍的在线调查。此外,还使用了从药房专业委员会获得的经董事会认证的药剂师名单,以检查ACPCP目录中列出的所有药学执业教职人员的董事会认证状态。 2011年,在2867名药学实践教师中,董事会认证的患病率为37%(1063位药剂师),在助理教授中患病率最高(39.4%)。共有322名教职员工(36%的回应率)完成了调查;其中,有308位自称药学专业的教师,他们的回答也包括在分析中。 163名受访者报告了当前的药学专业委员会认证(52.9%); 14(4.5%)位先前得到认证。在308位受访者中,药房实践教师获得董事会认证的最常见原因是希望获得该领域专家的认可(71.5%)。目前获得董事会认证的人指出,个人成长是最重要的原因(60.1%)。那些先前获得认证的人表示,没有被认可的利益是不进行重新认证的最普遍原因(71.4%)。在那些从未获得认证的人中,没有被认可的需求(52.0%)或收益(44.8%)是未获得认证的最常见原因;但是,大多数从未认证的人(68%)表示,如果没有相关成本,他们将成为董事会认证的人,他们有信心会通过。为了提高美国药学院和药学院药房实践教师的董事会认证普及率,必须在每个机构中都使用此证书的好处。应该采取步骤来协助和鼓励董事会认证。
  • 【功能不均等的中心体在果蝇神经干细胞的不对称分裂中驱动纺锤体定向。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.01.021 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rebollo E,Sampaio P,Januschke J,Llamazares S,Varmark H,González C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stem cell asymmetric division requires tight control of spindle orientation. To study this key process, we have recorded Drosophila larval neural stem cells (NBs) engineered to express fluorescent reporters for microtubules, pericentriolar material (PCM), and centrioles. We have found that early in the cell cycle, the two centrosomes become unequal: one organizes an aster that stays near the apical cortex for most of the cell cycle, while the other loses PCM and microtubule-organizing activity, and moves extensively throughout the cell until shortly before mitosis when, located near the basal cortex, it recruits PCM and organizes the second mitotic aster. Upon division, the apical centrosome remains in the stem cell, while the other goes into the differentiating daughter. Apical aster maintenance requires the function of Pins. These results reveal that spindle orientation in Drosophila larval NBs is determined very early in the cell cycle, and is mediated by asymmetric centrosome function.
    背景与目标: :干细胞不对称分裂需要严格控制主轴方向。为了研究这一关键过程,我们记录了果蝇幼虫神经干细胞(NBs),其被设计用于表达微管,中心小周材料(PCM)和中心小体的荧光报告基因。我们发现,在细胞周期的早期,两个中心体变得不相等:一个中心体在整个细胞周期的大部分时间内都组织着一个位于根尖皮质附近的紫,而另一个中心体失去了PCM和微管组织活性,并在整个细胞内广泛移动。直到有丝分裂之前不久,当它位于基底皮层附近时,它会募集PCM并组织第二个有丝分裂紫aster。分裂后,顶端中心体保留在干细胞中,而另一个进入分化中的女儿体内。尖端的aster维护需要使用Pins功能。这些结果表明,果蝇幼虫NB中纺锤体的方向是在细胞周期的早期确定的,并由不对称中心体功能介导。
  • 【在美国,性取向与皮肤癌的终生患病率之间存在关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.4196 复制DOI
    作者列表:Singer S,Tkachenko E,Hartman RI,Mostaghimi A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Sexual minority men have reported higher rates of both indoor tanning and skin cancer than heterosexual men, and sexual minority women have reported lower or equal rates of both indoor tanning and skin cancer compared with heterosexual women. Bisexual men, in particular, have reported higher rates of indoor tanning bed use than heterosexual men; however, no study has investigated skin cancer prevalence among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals as separate groups. Objective:To evaluate the association between sexual orientation and lifetime prevalence of skin cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2014-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys of a noninstitutionalized population in the United States that included 877 650 adult participants who self-identified as being heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Main Outcomes and Measures:Self-reported lifetime history of skin cancer. Results:The study included 877 650 participants, including 364 833 heterosexual men (mean age, 47.7; 95% CI, 47.5-47.8), 7823 gay men (mean age, 42.7; 95% CI, 41.8-43.6), 5277 bisexual men (mean age, 39.4; 95% CI, 38.4-40.5), 484 341 heterosexual women (mean age, 49.7; 95% CI, 49.6-49.8), 5609 lesbian women (mean age, 41.8; 95% CI, 40.6-43.0), and 9767 bisexual women (mean age, 32.8; 95% CI, 32.3-33.3). The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of skin cancer prevalence were significantly higher among both gay (AOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03-1.50; P = .02) and bisexual men (AOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.01-2.10; P = .04) compared with heterosexual men. The AORs of skin cancer were statistically significantly lower among bisexual women (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.95; P = .02) but not among gay or lesbian women (AOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77-1.33; P = .95) compared with the AORs of skin cancer among heterosexual women. Conclusions and Relevance:In this study, gay and bisexual men had an increased self-reported lifetime prevalence of skin cancer compared with the prevalence among heterosexual men. Patient education and community outreach initiatives focused on reducing skin cancer risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men may help reduce the lifetime development of skin cancer in this population. Continued implementation of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's sexual orientation and gender identity module is imperative to improve understanding of the health and well-being of sexual minority populations.
    背景与目标: 重要性:与异性恋男人相比,性少数男人报告的室内日晒和皮肤癌发病率均高于异性恋男人,而性少数族裔女性则报告的室内日光浴和皮肤癌发病率低于异性恋女人。尤其是,双性恋者报告的室内日光浴床使用率高于异性恋者。但是,尚无研究对同性恋,女同性恋和双性恋者作为独立人群的皮肤癌患病率进行调查。
    目的:评估性取向与皮肤癌终生患病率之间的关系。
    设计,设置和参与者:这项横断面研究分析了2014-2018年行为风险因素监测系统(BRFSS)对美国非机构化人群进行的调查数据,其中包括877650名自称是异性恋的成年参与者,同性恋,女同性恋或双性恋。
    主要结果和措施:自我报告的皮肤癌一生史。
    结果:该研究包括877650名参与者,其中包括364833名异性恋男性(平均年龄47.7; 95%CI,47.5-47.8),7823名同性恋男性(平均年龄42.7; 95%CI,41.8-43.6),5277名双性恋男性(平均年龄,39.4; 95%CI,38.4-40.5),484341异性恋女性(平均年龄,49.7; 95%CI,49.6-49.8),5609女同性恋女性(平均年龄,41.8; 95%CI,40.6-43.0) )和9767名双性恋女性(平均年龄32.8; 95%CI 32.3-33.3)。男同性恋者(AOR,1.25; 95%CI,1.03-1.50; P = .02)和双性恋男性(AOR,1.46; 95%CI,1.01-2.10)中皮肤癌患病率的调整后优势比(AOR)均显着更高; P = .04)。在双性恋女性中,皮肤癌的AOR值在统计学上显着降低(AOR,0.75; 95%CI,0.60-0.95; P = 0.02),但在男女同性恋者中则没有(AOR,1.01; 95%CI,0.77-1.33; P = .95)与异性恋女性皮肤癌的AOR相比。
    结论与相关性:在这项研究中,男同性恋者和双性恋者的终生患病率比异性恋者的患病率高。旨在减少男同性恋和双性恋者中皮肤癌危险行为的患者教育和社区外联举措可能有助于减少该人群中皮肤癌的终生发展。继续实施行为危险因素监测系统的性取向和性别认同模块对于增进对少数民族人口的健康和福祉的了解是必不可少的。
  • 【学术健康中心正在走向成熟:帮助教师成为更好的教师和教育变革的推动者。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.ACM.0000242490.56586.64 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hatem CJ,Lown BA,Newman LR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a growing appreciation of the need for educational faculty development within medical education. The authors describe the establishment and subsequent expansion of one such fellowship in medical education that arose from the cooperative efforts of Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Mount Auburn Hospital. Three resultant fellowships are outlined that share the common goals of enhancing the skills of the faculty as educators, providing an opportunity to conduct scholarly educational research, supporting the fellows as change agents, and fostering the creation of a supportive community dedicated to enhancing the field of medical education. Curricular structure and content are outlined as well as current approaches to curricular and programmatic evaluation. The fellowships have been well received and are widely perceived as transformative for the faculty, many of whom have assumed increased roles of organizational and educational leadership. Lastly, future directions for these fellowships are presented.
    背景与目标: :医学教育中对教师队伍发展的需求日益增长。作者描述了在哈佛医学院,贝斯·以色列女执事医学中心和奥本山医院的共同努力下,建立和扩展的医学教育奖学金之一。概述了三项最终的研究金,这些研究金具有共同的目标,即提高教师作为教育者的技能,提供进行学术教育研究的机会,支持研究人员成为变革推动者以及促进建立一个致力于扩大教育领域的支持性社区。医学教育。概述了课程结构和内容,以及当前的课程和计划评估方法。奖学金获得了好评,并被广泛认为是对教师的变革,其中许多人承担了组织和教育领导作用。最后,介绍了这些研究金的未来方向。
  • 【链形成互换四价体的中期I方向:一个理论上的考虑。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Koduru PR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The orientation behavior of chain forming interchange quadrivalents at metaphase I was studied in three interchange heterozygotes of pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] which involve chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 7 in various combinations. Of these, two combinations predominantly produced rings and the third was a chain-forming type. The chain quadrivalents derived from the two ring-forming interchanges, as well as the chain quadrivalent generated by the third interchange, all showed one adjacent orientation at metaphase I (adjacent-1 or -2, depending upon the formation or failure of chiasmata and their positions in the different segments of the pachytene cross). Homologous centromere co-orientation leading to adjacent-1 and alternate-1 occurs following chiasma failure in the noncentric arms of the pachytene cross, and nonhomologous centromere co-orientation leading to adjacent-2 and alternate-2 occurs following chiasma failure in the centric arms of the pachytene cross. Thus, it has been proposed that, unlike in ring quadrivalents, a specific chain quadrivalent will have only homologous or nonhomologous centromere co-orientations at metaphase I.
    背景与目标: :在珍珠小米[Pennisetum americanum(L.)Leeke]的三个交换杂合子中研究了I期链形成交换四价体的取向行为,这些杂合子涉及染色体1、3、6和7的各种组合。其中,两种组合主要产生环,第三种是成链类型。衍生自两个成环互换的链四价链以及第三次交换产生的链四价链均在中期I(相邻-1或-2处显示一个相邻的方向,具体取决于Chiasmata的形成或失败及其在粗线交叉的不同部分中的位置)。粗线虫十字的非中心臂在chi裂失败后发生同源着丝粒共取向,导致相邻1和交替1,而中心线臂在chi裂失败后发生同源同源着丝粒共取向,导致相邻2和交替2发生。粗线十字架。因此,已经提出,不同于环四价,特定的链四价在中期I将仅具有同源或非同源着丝粒共取向。
  • 【通过X射线衍射计算机断层扫描获得的化石骨样品中的矿物成分和羟基磷灰石取向的3D图。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-28269-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mürer FK,Sanchez S,Álvarez-Murga M,Di Michiel M,Pfeiffer F,Bech M,Breiby DW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Whether hydroxyapatite (HA) orientation in fossilised bone samples can be non-destructively retrieved and used to determine the arrangement of the bone matrix and the location of muscle attachments (entheses), is a question of high relevance to palaeontology, as it facilitates a detailed understanding of the (micro-)anatomy of extinct species with no damage to the precious fossil specimens. Here, we report studies of two fossil bone samples, specifically the tibia of a 300-million-year-old tetrapod, Discosauriscus austriacus, and the humerus of a 370-million-year-old lobe-finned fish, Eusthenopteron foordi, using XRD-CT - a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and computed tomography (CT). Reconstructed 3D images showing the spatial mineral distributions and the local orientation of HA were obtained. For Discosauriscus austriacus, details of the muscle attachments could be discerned. For Eusthenopteron foordi, the gross details of the preferred orientation of HA were deduced using three tomographic datasets obtained with orthogonally oriented rotation axes. For both samples, the HA in the bone matrix exhibited preferred orientation, with the unit cell c-axis of the HA crystallites tending to be parallel with the bone surface. In summary, we have demonstrated that XRD-CT combined with an intuitive reconstruction procedure is becoming a powerful tool for studying palaeontological samples.
    背景与目标: :是否可以无损获取化石骨样品中的羟基磷灰石(HA)取向并用于确定骨基质的排列和肌肉附着(骨骼)的位置,这是与古生物学高度相关的问题,因为它有助于对灭绝物种的(微观)解剖学有详细的了解,而不会损坏珍贵的化石标本。在这里,我们报告了使用XRD研究的两种化石骨样本,特别是3亿年历史的四足动物的胫骨胫骨(Adiscouriscus austriacus)的胫骨和3.7亿年历史的有鳍鳍鱼Eusthenopteron foordi的肱骨-CT-X射线衍射(XRD)和计算机断层扫描(CT)的组合。获得了重建的3D图像,这些图像显示了HA的空间矿物分布和局部取向。对于奥地利盘孢菌,可以辨别出肌肉附着的细节。对于Eusthenopteron foordi,使用通过正交旋转轴获得的三个断层扫描数据集推导了HA首选取向的总体细节。对于这两个样品,骨基质中的HA表现出较好的取向,HA微晶的晶胞c轴趋于平行于骨表面。总而言之,我们已经证明XRD-CT与直观的重建程序相结合正成为研究古生物学样本的强大工具。

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