BACKGROUND & AIMS: The amino-terminal segment of the membrane-anchored subunit of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) plays a crucial role in membrane fusion and, hence, has been termed the fusion peptide. We have studied the secondary structure, orientation, and effects on the bilayer structure of synthetic peptides corresponding to the wild-type and several fusogenic and nonfusogenic mutants with altered N-termini of the influenza HA fusion peptide by fluorescence, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All peptides contained segments of alpha-helical and beta-strand conformation. In the wild-type fusion peptide, 40% of all residues were in alpha-secondary and 30% in beta-secondary structures. By comparison, the nonfusogenic peptides exhibited larger beta/alpha secondary structure ratios. The order parameters of the helices and the amide carbonyl groups of the beta-strands of the wild-type fusion peptide were measured separately, based on the infrared dichroism of the respective absorption bands. Order parameters in the range 0.1-0.7 were found for both segments of the wild-type peptide, which indicates that they are most likely aligned at oblique angles to the membrane normal. The nonfusogenic but not the fusogenic peptides induced splitting of the infrared absorption band at 1735 cm(-1), which is assigned to stretching vibrations of the lipid ester carbonyl bond. This splitting, which reports on an alteration of the hydrogen bonds formed between the lipid ester carbonyls and water and/or hydrogen-donating groups of the fusion peptides, correlated with the beta/alpha ratio of the peptides, suggesting that unpaired beta-strands may replace water molecules and hydrogen-bond to the lipid ester carbonyl groups. The profound structural changes induced by single amino acid replacements at the extreme N-terminus of the fusion peptide further suggest that tertiary or quaternary structural interactions may be important when fusion peptides bind to lipid bilayers.

背景与目标： 流感血凝素（HA）的膜锚定亚基的氨基末端片段在膜融合中起着至关重要的作用，因此被称为融合肽。我们已经通过荧光，圆二色性和傅里叶变换研究了对应于野生型和几个融合和非融合突变体的流感病毒HA融合肽的N末端改变的二级肽的二级结构，方向及其对双层肽结构的影响。红外光谱。所有肽都包含α-螺旋和β-链构象的区段。在野生型融合肽中，所有残基的40％在α-二级结构中，而30％在β-二级结构中。相比之下，非融合肽表现出较大的β/α二级结构比。基于各个吸收带的红外二色性，分别测量野生型融合肽的β链的螺旋和酰胺羰基的有序参数。对于野生型肽的两个片段，发现有序参数在0.1-0.7范围内，这表明它们最有可能以与膜法线倾斜的角度排列。非融合肽而非融合肽诱导了1735 cm（-1）处的红外吸收带的分裂，这被分配给了脂质酯羰基键的拉伸振动。该分裂报告了脂质酯羰基与融合肽的水和/或供氢基团之间形成的氢键的改变，与肽的β/α比率相关，表明未配对的β链可能取代水分子，并与脂质酯的羰基氢键合。融合肽极端N端由单个氨基酸置换引起的深刻结构变化进一步表明，当融合肽结合脂质双层时，三级或四级结构相互作用可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Granulocyte apheresis is a safe and effective method for granulocyte collection. We present a five year experience (2006-2010) of the Blood Center, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic. Donor granulocyte transfusion is one treatment option for haemato-oncology patients with severe neutropenia complicated by bacterial/fungal infections unresponsive to standard antibiotic/antifungal treatment. In this study, we describe the experiences of the Blood Centre at the Faculty Hospital in Ostrava of granulocyte apheresis. METHODS AND RESULTS:A total of 149 granulocyte units were collected for 33 patients from the Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Olomouc, over a 5-year period (2006-2010). Information on donor selection, laboratory screening, mobilization regimen and granulocyte yield was obtained and analyzed. All mandatory screening tests for infection markers, AB0 and Rh and abnormal erythrocyte antibodies were performed. The cytomegalovirus status of the donors was not investigated. Steroids were the only mobilization regimen used, and were generally well accepted. The mean granulocyte yield was 12.6×10(9)/per transfusion unit (range 5.4-30.3). All granulocyte concentrates were irradiated and transfused according to AB0 Rh compatibility within 24 h after collection. CONCLUSION:Based on our experience, granulocytapheresis is a safe and effective method for obtaining granulocytes but the yield can be significantly influenced by other variables. From the recipients' perspective, the use of donor granulocytes supports an effective therapeutic modality.

背景与目标： 背景：粒细胞单采是一种安全有效的收集粒细胞的方法。我们介绍了捷克共和国俄斯特拉发学院医院血液中心的五年经验（2006-2010）。供体粒细胞输注是严重中性粒细胞减少症并发细菌/真菌感染而对标准抗生素/抗真菌治疗无反应的血液肿瘤患者的一种治疗选择。在这项研究中，我们描述了粒细胞单采的俄斯特拉发大学医院血液中心的经验。
方法与结果：在5年期间（2006-2010年），从Olomouc大学医院血液肿瘤科收集了149粒粒细胞单位，用于33例患者。获得并分析了有关供体选择，实验室筛查，动员方案和粒细胞产量的信息。进行了所有感染标志物，AB0和Rh和异常红细胞抗体的强制性筛查测试。没有研究捐赠者的巨细胞病毒状况。类固醇是唯一使用的动员方案，并且普遍被接受。平均粒细胞产量为12.6×10（9）/每输血单位（范围5.4-30.3）。收集后24小时内，按照AB0 Rh相容性对所有粒细胞浓缩物进行辐照和输血。
结论：根据我们的经验，粒细胞穿刺术是一种安全有效的获取粒细胞的方法，但产量会受到其他变量的显着影响。从接受者的角度来看，使用供体粒细胞支持有效的治疗方式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This cross-sectional study surveyed a random sample of 129 nurse educators teaching in 61 U.S. schools of nursing. After the educators indicated their desire to participate, the survey instrument was e-mailed to them for completion; a 37.6% response rate was obtained. Demographically, the typical respondent was a healthy, 52-year-old, Caucasian female with a PhD in nursing. Outcomes reflected that respondents' mean anticipated age of retirement was 64.4; however, the optimal age of retirement desired by respondents was younger (62.4). The most influential factor affecting the timing of retirement was financial status. Workplace issues, personal and family health, and attitudes about retirement were other factors that affected participants' retirement decisions. The study findings indicate that nurse educators, as a group, do not plan to work beyond age 65.

背景与目标： ：这项横断面研究随机抽取了美国61所护理学校中129名教学教师的随机样本。在教育工作者表示希望参加之后，将调查工具通过电子邮件发送给他们，以供他们填写。获得了37.6％的响应率。人口统计学上，典型的受访者是健康的52岁白人女性，具有护理学博士学位。结果表明，受访者的平均预期退休年龄为64.4。然而，受访者期望的最佳退休年龄是年轻的（62.4）。影响退休时间的最有影响的因素是财务状况。工作场所问题，个人和家庭健康以及对退休的态度是影响参与者退休决定的其他因素。研究结果表明，护士教育者作为一个整体，不打算在65岁以上工作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Merotelic kinetochore orientation is a kinetochore-microtubule mis-attachment in which a single kinetochore binds microtubules to both spindle poles, rather than just one. Merotelic attachments occur frequently in early mitosis and can induce anaphase lagging chromosomes and aneuploidy if not corrected before anaphase onset. Merotelic kinetochore orientation does not interfere with chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and does not activate the mitotic spindle checkpoint. However, a correction mechanism for merotelic attachment reduces the number of merotelic kinetochores entering anaphase, thus preventing chromosome mis-segregation. Results from many different studies support the idea that Aurora B kinase plays a critical role in this merotelic correction mechanism by phosphorylating key substrates at the kinetochore and promoting turnover of kinetochore microtubules. In addition, recent studies are starting to identify the possible 'sensors' of the system that would be able to detect the mis-attachment and communicate this to Aurora B. Here, I review these studies and discuss a model for how merotelic kinetochore orientation could be detected and corrected before anaphase onset.

背景与目标： ：Merotelic线粒体取向是一种线粒体-微管错配，其中单个线粒体将微管绑定到两个纺锤极，而不仅仅是一个。在早期有丝分裂中，速生分子附着经常发生，如果在后期发生之前不加以纠正，则会导致后期染色体滞后和非整倍性。股线的线粒体方向不会干扰中期板的染色体排列，也不会激活有丝分裂纺锤体检查点。但是，用于介子质附着的校正机制减少了进入后期的介子质动植物的数量，从而防止了染色体的错误分离。来自许多不同研究的结果支持这样的观点，即Aurora B激酶通过使动粒体中的关键底物磷酸化并促进动粒体微管的更新，而在这种线粒体校正机制中发挥关键作用。此外，最近的研究开始确定系统中可能的“传感器”，这些传感器能够检测错误的附着并将其传达给AuroraB。在这里，我回顾这些研究，并讨论介孔线粒体定向如何进行的模型在后期发作之前被检测并纠正。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Nurse educators need an enhanced understanding of factors contributing to nursing student success to decrease attrition and increase retention. Improved understanding of factors related to successful nurse preparation could improve educational processes and facilitate student success, thereby addressing the worldwide nursing shortage as well as increasing the competence and expertise of new graduates. Student-faculty trust and related characteristics have been identified as factors associated with student success (Applebaum, 1995). Research investigating trust in communications and education has been conducted with students in other disciplines but not with nursing students. This research investigated the complex relationships between students' trust in faculty, the students' mood states, and students' educational performance and outcomes. METHOD:The study utilized a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. Student volunteers were recruited from a baccalaureate nursing education program located in the southwest United States. Participants completed three instruments: the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS). The resulting scores were compared and contrasted along with selected demographic variables. RESULTS:The study identified a significant relationship between total mood disturbance and interpersonal trust. The trends in the POMS subscales of Anger and Confusion are of particular interest, as the two factors strongly influenced shifts in Total Mood Disturbance. As students progressed through the nursing program, experiences of Anger and Confusion increased with each progressive semester and were accompanied by corresponding decreases in trust. CONCLUSIONS:The results complement established findings relating mood and cognitive function. Alterations in the student's level of trust potentially could share relationships with cognition and critical thinking, although perhaps not in a direct and linear fashion.

背景与目标： 目的：护士教育者需要加深对有助于护理学生成功的因素的了解，以减少损耗和增加保留率。更好地理解与成功的护士准备相关的因素，可以改善教育过程并促进学生的成功，从而解决全球范围内的护理短缺问题，并提高新毕业生的能力和专业知识。学生与教师之间的信任和相关特征已被确定为与学生成功相关的因素（Applebaum，1995）。已经与其他学科的学生进行了调查研究，以研究对交流和教育的信任，但没有与护理专业的学生进行。这项研究调查了学生对教师的信任，学生的情绪状态以及学生的教育表现和成果之间的复杂关系。
方法：本研究采用定量，横断面，描述性和相关性设计。学生志愿者是从位于美国西南部的学士学位护理教育计划招募的。参与者完成了三项工具：健康科学推理测验（HSRT），情绪状态简介（POMS）和人际信任量表（ITS）。将所得分数与选定的人口统计学变量进行比较和对比。
结果：该研究确定了总情绪障碍与人际信任之间的显着关系。愤怒和混乱的POMS子量表的趋势特别受关注，因为这两个因素强烈影响了总情绪干扰的变化。随着学生逐步完成护理计划，每学期的学期中，愤怒和困惑的经历就会增加，随之而来的是信任的减少。
结论：该结果补充了有关情绪和认知功能的既定发现。学生信任度的改变可能会与认知和批判性思维共享关系，尽管可能不是直接和线性的方式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: RATIONALE:Sarcomere length (SL) is a key indicator of cardiac mechanical function, but current imaging technologies are limited in their ability to unambiguously measure and characterize SL at the cell level in intact, living tissue. OBJECTIVE:We developed a method for measuring SL and regional cell orientation using remote focusing microscopy, an emerging imaging modality that can capture light from arbitrary oblique planes within a sample. METHODS AND RESULTS:We present a protocol that unambiguously and quickly determines cell orientation from user-selected areas in a field of view by imaging 2 oblique planes that share a common major axis with the cell. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in establishing single-cell SL in Langendorff-perfused hearts loaded with the membrane dye di-4-ANEPPS. CONCLUSIONS:Remote focusing microscopy can measure cell orientation in complex 2-photon data sets without capturing full z stacks. The technique allows rapid assessment of SL in healthy and diseased heart experimental preparations.

背景与目标： 理由：鞘管长度（SL）是心脏机械功能的关键指标，但是当前的成像技术在完整的活组织中无法在细胞水平上明确测量和表征SL的能力有限。
目的：我们开发了一种使用远程聚焦显微镜测量SL和区域细胞取向的方法，该方法是一种新兴的成像方式，可以捕获样品中任意倾斜平面的光。
方法和结果：我们提出了一种协议，该协议通过对2个与细胞共享主轴线的倾斜平面进行成像，从视野中的用户选择区域中明确，快速地确定细胞方向。我们证明了该技术在用膜染料di-4-ANEPPS加载的Langendorff灌注心脏中建立单细胞SL的有效性。
结论：远程聚焦显微镜可以测量复杂的2光子数据集中的细胞方向，而无需捕获完整的z堆栈。该技术可以快速评估健康和患病心脏实验制剂中的SL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Object recognition relies on a series of transformations among which only the first cortical stage is relatively well understood. Already at the second stage, the visual area V2, the complexity of the transformation precludes a clear understanding of what specifically this area computes. Previous work has found multiple types of V2 neurons, with neurons of each type selective for multi-edge features. Here we analyse responses of V2 neurons to natural stimuli and find three organizing principles. First, the relevant edges for V2 neurons can be grouped into quadrature pairs, indicating invariance to local translation. Second, the excitatory edges have nearby suppressive edges with orthogonal orientations. Third, the resulting multi-edge patterns are repeated in space to form textures or texture boundaries. The cross-orientation suppression increases the sparseness of responses to natural images based on these complex forms of feature selectivity while allowing for multiple scales of position invariance.

背景与目标： ：对象识别依赖于一系列转换，其中只有第一个皮质阶段才被相对较好地理解。在第二阶段，即可视区域V2中，转换的复杂性使得无法清楚地了解此区域的具体计算方式。先前的工作发现了多种类型的V2神经元，每种类型的神经元对多边缘特征具有选择性。在这里，我们分析了V2神经元对自然刺激的反应，并发现了三个组织原则。首先，可以将V2神经元的相关边缘分组为正交对，表明本地翻译的不变性。其次，兴奋性边缘具有附近的正交方向的抑制性边缘。第三，所得的多边缘图案在空间中重复以形成纹理或纹理边界。基于这些复杂形式的特征选择性，交叉方向抑制会增加对自然图像的响应的稀疏性，同时允许多个尺度的位置不变性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although object orientation in the human brain has been discussed extensively in the literature, the nature of the underlying cognitive representation(s) remains uncertain. We investigated orientation perception in BC, a patient with bilateral occipital and parietal damage from a herpes encephalitis infection. Our results show that in addition to general inaccuracy in discriminating and reproducing line orientations, her errors take the form of left-right mirror reflections across a vertical coordinate axis. We propose that in BC, the cognitive impairment is in failing to represent the direction of tilt for line orientations. Our results suggest that there exists a level of representation in the human brain at which line orientations are represented compositionally, such that the direction of a line orientation's tilt from a vertical mental reference meridian is coded independently of the magnitude of its angular displacement. Reflection errors across a vertical axis were observed both in visual and tactile line orientation tasks, demonstrating that these errors arise at a supra-modal level of representation not restricted to vision, or, alternatively, that visual-like representations are being constructed from the tactile input.

背景与目标： ：尽管在文献中已经广泛讨论了人脑中的面向对象，但是潜在的认知表示的性质仍然不确定。我们调查了卑诗省的方向性知觉，这是一例因疱疹性脑炎感染而导致双侧枕叶和顶突受损的患者。我们的结果表明，除了在识别和再现线条方向方面普遍存在误差外，她的错误还采用了沿垂直坐标轴的左右镜面反射的形式。我们认为，在卑诗省，认知障碍是无法代表直线方向的倾斜方向。我们的结果表明，在人脑中存在一种层次的表示形式，在该层次上线的方向被组成，这样，线的方向相对于垂直心理参考子午线的倾斜方向就被编码了，而与它的角位移的大小无关。在视觉和触觉线定向任务中都观察到了垂直轴上的反射误差，表明这些误差出现在超模态的表达水平上，而不仅限于视觉，或者从触觉构建了类似视觉的表达输入。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:New faculty are often not prepared for a career in academia, and the transition can be challenging. They often come from practice environments where work expectations are clearly delineated. PROBLEM:Traditional mentoring programs typically pair new with experienced faculty members who are expected to provide guidance and advice. Results of the hierarchical dyad method have been mixed. APPROACH:Three generations of faculty formed a team composed of a tenured, a midcareer, and a new faculty member. The midcareer educator was better suited to help the novice prepare to teach, as they had recently been through the process, whereas the tenured faculty member was able to provide scholarship support to both. CONCLUSIONS:Providing new faculty with 2 mentors in a constellation format, along with the opportunity to network during structured mentoring meetings, contributed to a smooth onboarding of new faculty and provided scholarship support for the midcareer faculty member.

背景与目标： 背景：新教师通常不为学术界的职业做好准备，而过渡可能会充满挑战。他们通常来自明确描述工作期望的实践环境。
问题：传统的指导课程通常与新的经验丰富的教职员工配对，他们将提供指导和建议。分层二分法的结果好坏参半。
方法：三代教师组成了一个由终身职位，中期职业和新员工组成的团队。中期职业教育家更适合于帮助新手准备教书，就像他们最近经历的那样，而终身任职的教师能够为这两个人提供奖学金支持。
结论：以星座形式为新教师提供2名导师，并在结构化导师会议期间提供网络交流的机会，为新教师的顺利入职做出了贡献，并为职业中期教师提供了奖学金支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Controlled laboratory study. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of conscious correction of scapular orientation on the activation of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle during shoulder exercises in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. BACKGROUND:Previous research has led to the recommendation of 4 exercises for training of the trapezius muscle: prone extension, sidelying external rotation, sidelying forward flexion, and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. However, the extent to which conscious correction of scapular orientation impacts trapezius muscle activation levels during these exercises is unknown. METHODS:Absolute (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT]) and relative (UT/MT and UT/LT) muscle activation levels were determined with surface electromyography in 30 asymptomatic overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis, during 4 selected exercises performed with and without conscious correction of scapular orientation. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine if a voluntary scapular orientation correction strategy influenced the activation levels of the different sections of the trapezius during each exercise. RESULTS:With conscious correction of scapular orientation, activation levels of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle significantly increased during prone extension (mean ± SD difference: UT, 5.9% ± 8.6% maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; MT, 13.8% ± 11.0% MVIC; LT, 9.8% ± 10.8% MVIC; P<.05) and sidelying external rotation (UT, 2.2% ± 4.4% MVIC; MT, 6.7% ± 10.6% MVIC; LT, 13.3% ± 24.4% MVIC; P<.05). There was no difference between conditions for sidelying forward flexion and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. The UT/MT and UT/LT ratios were similar between conditions for all 4 exercises. CONCLUSION:Conscious correction of scapular orientation during the prone extension and sidelying external rotation exercises can be used to increase the activation level in the 3 sections of the trapezius in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Although lack of kinematic data limits the interpretation of the results, this study suggests that conscious correction of scapular orientation can be performed without altering the favorable UT/MT and UT/LT ratios that have been previously reported for these exercises.

背景与目标： 研究设计：受控实验室研究。
目的：评估肩overhead骨运动障碍的高架运动员在肩部锻炼过程中有意识地纠正肩cap骨定向对斜方肌3节激活的影响。
背景：先前的研究已提出推荐4种锻炼斜方肌的运动的方法：俯卧伸展，侧向外旋，侧向前屈，侧向外展俯卧。但是，在这些锻炼中，肩cap骨方向的有意识矫正影响斜方肌激活水平的程度尚不清楚。
方法：采用表面肌电图测定30名无肩overhead骨运动障碍的无症状头顶上运动员的绝对（上斜方肌（UT），中斜方肌（MT），下斜方肌（LT））和相对（UT / MT和UT / LT）肌肉激活水平，在选择和不进行肩cap骨定向矫正的情况下进行的4次选定锻炼中。使用方差的重复测量分析来确定自愿性肩cap骨方向矫正策略是否在每次锻炼中影响了斜方肌不同部位的激活水平。
结果：随着肩cap骨方向的有意识的矫正，斜方肌的3个部分的激活水平在俯卧伸展过程中显着增加（平均值±SD差异：UT，最大自愿等距收缩[MVIC] 5.9％±8.6％； MT，13.8％± MVIC为11.0％; LT，MVIC为9.8％±10.8％; P <.05）和侧向外旋转（UT，MVIC为2.2％±4.4％; MT，6.7％±10.6％MVIC; LT，13.3％±24.4％MVIC; P ＜.05）。侧向向前屈曲的条件与外旋倾向的水平外展的条件之间没有差异。所有4个练习的条件之间的UT / MT和UT / LT比率均相似。
结论：俯卧伸展和侧卧外旋运动过程中对肩cap骨方向的有意识矫正可用于增加斜肩肌运动障碍的高架运动员斜方肌3个部分的激活水平。尽管缺乏运动学数据限制了结果的解释，但这项研究表明，可以在不改变先前针对这些练习报道的有利的UT / MT和UT / LT比值的情况下，有意识地进行肩cap骨定向矫正。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colipase is a key element in lipase-catalyzed dietary lipids hydrolysis. Although devoid of enzymatic activity, colipase promotes pancreatic lipase activity in the physiological intestinal conditions by anchoring the enzyme on the surface of lipid droplets. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy combined with Brewster angle microscopy studies was performed on colipase alone and in various lipid environments to obtain a global view of both conformation and orientation and to assess lipid perturbations. We clearly show that colipase fully inserts into a dilaurin monolayer and promotes the formation of lipid/protein domains, whereas in a phospholipid environment its insertion is only partial, limited to the polar head group. In a mixed 70% phosphatidylcholine/30% dilaurin environment, colipase adsorbs to but does not penetrate deeply into the film. It triggers the formation of diglyceride domains under which it would form a rather uniform layer. We also clearly demonstrate that colipase adopts a preferred orientation when dilaurin is present at the interface. In contrast, at a neutral phospholipid interface, the infrared spectra suggest an isotropic orientation of colipase which could explain its incapacity to reverse the inhibitory effects of these lipids on the lipase activity.

背景与目标： ：脂肪酶是脂肪酶催化的饮食脂质水解的关键元素。尽管缺乏酶促活性，但是在生理肠道条件下，固溶酶通过将酶锚定在脂质小滴的表面上来促进胰腺脂肪酶的活性。偏振调制红外反射吸收光谱法与布鲁斯特角显微镜研究相结合，仅在脂肪酶上和在各种脂质环境中进行，以获得构象和方向的整体视图并评估脂质的扰动。我们清楚地表明，固溶酶完全插入到二月桂酸酯单层中，并促进脂质/蛋白质结构域的形成，而在磷脂环境中，其插入仅是部分的，仅限于极性头基。在混合的70％磷脂酰胆碱/ 30％二月桂酸酯环境中，脂肪酶吸附但不会深深渗透到薄膜中。它触发了甘油二酯结构域的形成，在甘油二酯结构域下将形成相当均匀的层。我们还清楚地表明，当界面上存在双月桂酸酯时，椰油酶会采用一种优选的取向。相反，在中性磷脂界面处，红外光谱表明椰脂酶的各向同性取向，这可以解释其不能逆转这些脂质对脂酶活性的抑制作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars program was created to address the nursing faculty shortage and thereby decrease the nursing shortage. PURPOSE:The purpose of the study was to describe the program development, implementation, and ongoing outcome evaluation. METHODS:Data on scholarly productivity, impact of research, research funding, and leadership positions were compiled, including an h-index (impact of publications) comparison with a comparison group of other interdisciplinary faculty at the same institutions of the 90 current and alumni scholars. DISCUSSION:There is evidence of the achievements of the individual scholars; however, the effect of the synergy of the multiple components of the program is difficult to capture in traditional evaluation strategies. CONCLUSIONS:The sense of possibility and responsibility (to the profession, to improving the health of all Americans, and to one's school of nursing and university) was a significant outcome of the program. Lessons learned from the program are important for the leadership development and retention of nursing faculty.

背景与目标： 背景：罗伯特伍德·约翰逊基金会护士护士学者计划的创建是为了解决护士短缺的问题，从而减少护士短缺。
目的：本研究的目的是描述计划的制定，实施和持续的结果评估。
方法：收集了有关学术生产率，研究影响，研究经费和领导职位的数据，包括与90名现任和校友学者相同机构中其他跨学科教授的比较组进行的h指数（出版物的影响）比较。
讨论：有证据表明个别学者的成就。但是，在传统的评估策略中很难捕捉到该计划多个组成部分协同作用的效果。
结论：这种可能性和责任感（对职业，对改善全体美国人的健康以及对自己的护理学校和大学的健康）是该计划的重要成果。从该计划中学到的经验对于领导力的发展和护士队伍的保留很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Admission committees use multiple sources of information to select residents. However, the way in which faculty members use each data source remains unclear and highly context-specific. The present study seeks to understand how faculty members use various sources of information about candidates to make admission decisions to a National Psychiatry Residency Program. METHODS:The theory of core competencies was used as a foundation for this qualitative study. Framework analysis was used to structure the project and data presentation. Twenty key informants from the faculty were purposefully sampled in accordance with the initial theory. Open-ended semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain their views about the essential competencies of psychiatrists and the ways in which these competencies could be reliably gauged. RESULTS:Participants described numerous competencies that they believed were essential to becoming competent psychiatrists. These competencies fell within the six core competencies of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education framework. However, several non-competency attributes (such as perseverance, empathy, and compassion) were also relevant in the selection process. To reduce the impact of self-presentation bias, to which these attributes were vulnerable, the faculty relied heavily on sources of information obtained from third parties, such as feedback from co-workers with first-hand experience of the candidate during their clinical placements. CONCLUSION:Faculty members place importance on informal informant-derived information about a candidate's non-competency attributes in addition to core competencies when deciding whether or not to select a candidate for admission into a residency training program.

背景与目标： 目的：入学委员会使用多种信息来源来选择居民。但是，教职员工使用每个数据源的方式仍然不清楚，并且具有高度的针对性。本研究旨在了解教职员工如何使用有关候选人的各种信息资源来决定是否入学《国家精神病学住院医师计划》。
方法：核心能力理论被用作该定性研究的基础。框架分析用于构建项目和数据表示。根据最初的理论，有目的地抽取了来自该学院的20名关键线人。进行了不限成员名额的半结构化访谈，以获取他们对精神科医生基本能力的看法以及对这些能力的可靠衡量方式。
结果：参与者描述了他们认为对成为合格的精神病医生必不可少的许多能力。这些能力属于研究生医学教育认可委员会框架的六项核心能力。但是，在选择过程中，一些不称职的属性（例如毅力，同情心和同情心）也很重要。为了减少这些因素易受其影响的自我表象偏见的影响，教师严重依赖于从第三方获得的信息来源，例如来自同事的反馈以及在临床实习期间候选人的第一手经验。
结论：在决定是否选择候选人入学住院医师培训课程时，除核心能力外，教师还重视非正式的，基于信息提供者的非胜任属性的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Despite federal regulations on faculty conflicts of interest in federally funded research, academic-industry ties are common, and evidence exists that financial considerations bias the research record. Public scrutiny of these ties is increasing, especially in cases where researchers have financial interests in the corporate sponsors of their clinical research. OBJECTIVE:To review policies on conflict of interest at major biomedical research institutions in the United States. DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey and content analysis study conducted from August 1998 to February 2000. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:The 100 US institutions with the most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 1998 were initially sampled; policies from 89 institutions were available and included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Process for disclosure, review, and management of conflicts of interest and specified management strategies or limitations, according to the institutions' faculty/staff conflict of interest policies. RESULTS:Content of the conflict of interest policies varied widely across institutions. Fifty-five percent of policies (n = 49) required disclosures from all faculty while 45% (n = 40) required them only from principal investigators or those conducting research. Nineteen percent of policies (n = 17) specified limits on faculty financial interests in corporate sponsors of research, 12% (n = 11) specified limits on permissible delays in publication, and 4% (n = 4) prohibited student involvement in work sponsored by a company in which the faculty mentor had a financial interest. CONCLUSIONS:Most policies on conflict of interest in our sample of major research institutions in the United States lack specificity about the kinds of relationships with industry that are permitted or prohibited. Wide variation in management of conflicts of interest among institutions may cause unnecessary confusion among potential industrial partners or competition among universities for corporate sponsorship that could erode academic standards. It is in the long-term interest of institutions to develop widely agreed-on, clear, specific, and credible policies on conflicts of interest. JAMA. 2000;284:2203-2208.

背景与目标： 背景：尽管联邦政府对联邦资助的研究中的教师利益冲突有规定，但学术界与学术界之间的联系很普遍，并且有证据表明，出于财务考虑，研究记录存在偏差。公众对这些联系的审查越来越多，特别是在研究人员对其临床研究的公司赞助商有经济利益的情况下。
目的：审查美国主要生物医学研究机构的利益冲突政策。
设计：1998年8月至2000年2月进行的横断面调查和内容分析研究。
地点和参与者：1998年，美国国立卫生研究院资助最多的100家美国机构最初被抽样;已有来自89个机构的政策，该政策已包括在内。
主要观察指标：根据研究机构的教职员工利益冲突政策，披露，审查和管理利益冲突以及指定的管理策略或限制的过程。
结果：利益冲突政策的内容在各个机构之间差异很大。 55％的政策（n = 49）要求所有教职员工公开，而45％（n = 40）的政策仅要求主要研究人员或进行研究的人员公开。 19％的政策（n = 17）规定了公司研究赞助者对教师财务利益的限制，12％（n = 11）规定了允许出版延迟的限制，4％（n = 4）禁止学生参与赞助的工作由教师在其中有财务利益的公司提供。
结论：在我们的美国主要研究机构样本中，大多数关于利益冲突的政策都缺乏关于允许或禁止的与产业的关系的具体性。机构间利益冲突的管理差异很大，可能会导致潜在的行业合作伙伴之间出现不必要的混乱，或者大学之间的企业赞助竞争可能会削弱学术水平。对于利益冲突，制定广泛商定，明确，具体和可信的政策符合机构的长远利益。贾玛2000; 284：2203-2208。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Biological materials have a complex, hierarchical structure, with vital structural features present at all size scales, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. A method that can connect information at multiple length scales has great potential to reveal novel information. This article presents one such method with an application to the bamboo culm wall. Moso (Phyllostachys edulis) bamboo is a commercially important bamboo species. At the cellular level, bamboo culm wall consists of vascular bundles embedded in a parenchyma cell tissue matrix. The microfibril angle (MFA) in the bamboo cell wall is related to its macroscopic longitudinal stiffness and strength and can be determined at the nanoscale with wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Combining WAXS with X-ray microtomography (XMT) allows tissue-specific study of the bamboo culm without invasive chemical treatment. RESULTS:The scattering contribution of the fiber and parenchyma cells were separated with spatially-localized WAXS. The fiber component was dominated by a high degree of orientation corresponding to small MFAs (mean MFA 11°). The parenchyma component showed significantly lower degree of orientation with a maximum at larger angles (mean MFA 65°). The fiber ratio, the volume of cell wall in the fibers relative to the overall volume of cell wall, was determined by fitting the scattering intensities with these two components. The fiber ratio was also determined from the XMT data and similar fiber ratios were obtained from the two methods, one connected to the cellular level and one to the nanoscale. X-ray diffraction tomography was also done to study the differences in microfibril orientation between fibers and the parenchyma and further connect the microscale to the nanoscale. CONCLUSIONS:The spatially-localized WAXS yields biologically relevant, tissue-specific information. With the custom-made bench-top set-up presented, diffraction contrast information can be obtained from plant tissue (1) from regions-of-interest, (2) as a function of distance (line scan), or (3) with two-dimensional or three-dimensional tomography. This nanoscale information is connected to the cellular level features.

背景与目标： 背景：生物材料具有复杂的层次结构，在从纳米到宏观的所有尺寸尺度上都具有重要的结构特征。一种可以在多个长度尺度上连接信息的方法具有揭示新颖信息的巨大潜力。本文介绍了一种这样的方法，并将其应用于竹茎壁。毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）竹是商业上重要的竹种。在细胞水平上，竹茎壁由嵌入实质细胞组织基质中的血管束组成。竹细胞壁中的微纤丝角（MFA）与它的宏观纵向刚度和强度有关，并且可以通过广角X射线散射（WAXS）在纳米尺度上确定。将WAXS与X射线显微断层扫描（XMT）结合使用，可以对竹茎进行组织特异性研究，而无需进行侵入性化学治疗。
结果：通过空间定位的WAXS分离了纤维和实质细胞的散射贡献。纤维组分主要由较高的取向度决定，该取向度对应于较小的MFA（平均MFA 11°）。薄壁组织的方向性明显降低，在较大角度时最大（平均MFA 65°）。纤维比率，即纤维中细胞壁的体积相对于细胞壁的总体积，是通过使散射强度与这两种成分相匹配来确定的。还从XMT数据确定了纤维比例，并且从两种方法获得了相似的纤维比例，一种方法连接到细胞水平，另一种方法连接到纳米级。还进行了X射线衍射断层扫描，以研究纤维与薄壁组织之间微纤维取向的差异，并进一步将微尺度连接到纳米尺度。
结论：空间定位的WAXS产生生物学相关的组织特异性信息。通过提供定制的台式设备，可以从植物组织（1）的感兴趣区域，（2）作为距离的函数（线扫描）或（3）从植物组织获得衍射对比度信息。二维或三维断层扫描。该纳米级信息连接到细胞水平的特征。