BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study endeavored to investigate the diversity of microbes present during the shaping, ripening and drying of Daqu, a fermentation starter culture and substrata complex of Maotai alcoholic spirit. A nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique was utilized with different combinations of primers. The results showed the presence of bacteria, yeasts and molds. The microflora, which originate from wheat, were readily detectable during every stage of the fermentation process. However, the microbial structure had clear differences in the shaping, ripening and drying processes. In the shaping stage, there was a high level of diversity of the LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and fungi in the shaped samples. In the ripening stage, however, a reduction of diversity of fungi with a high level of diversity of the Bacilli was observed in the ripened samples. In the drying stage, the diversity of Bacilli and fungi, especially acid-producing bacteria, reduced dramatically. Interestingly, uncultured Lactococcus sp., Microbacterium testaceum, Cochliobolus sp., and Thermoascus crustaceus were the first to be detected in the fermentation starters used in liquor production. This study revealed the microbial diversity and distributions during the shaping, ripening and drying of Daqu-making, facilitating evaluation of the hygienic conditions and aiding in the design of specific starter and/or adjunct cultures.

背景与目标： : 本研究致力于研究茅台酒精发酵发酵剂和基质复合物大曲的成型，成熟和干燥过程中存在的微生物多样性。将巢式PCR变性梯度凝胶电泳技术与不同的引物组合一起使用。结果表明存在细菌，酵母和霉菌。在发酵过程的每个阶段都很容易检测到源自小麦的微生物区系。然而，微生物结构在成型，成熟和干燥过程中存在明显差异。在成型阶段，成型样品中实验室 (乳酸菌) 和真菌的多样性很高。然而，在成熟阶段，在成熟的样品中观察到真菌多样性的减少以及细菌的高水平多样性。在干燥阶段，细菌和真菌，尤其是产酸细菌的多样性急剧减少。有趣的是，未培养的乳球菌属，微细菌testaceum，Cochliobolus sp。和甲壳纲Thermoascus是在白酒生产中使用的发酵发酵剂中首次检测到的。这项研究揭示了大曲成型，成熟和干燥过程中的微生物多样性和分布，有助于评估卫生条件，并有助于设计特定的发酵剂和/或辅助培养物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium in Tryptic Soy Broth was examined at different pH (4.50-5.50), water activity a(w) (0.970-0.992) and gelatin concentration (0%, 1% and 5% ) at 20 degrees C. Experiments in TSB with 0% gelatin were carried out in shaken erlenmeyers, in the weak 1% gelatin media in petri plates and in the firm 5% gelatin media in gel cassettes. A quantification of gel strength was performed by rheological measurements and the influence of oxygen supply on the growth of S. Typhimurium was investigated. pH, as well as a(w) as well as gelatin concentration had an influence on the growth rate. Both in broth and in gelatinized media, lowering pH or water activity caused a decrease of growth rate. In media with 1% gelatin a reduction of growth rate and maximal cell density was observed compared to broth at all conditions. However, the effects of decreasing pH and a(w) were less pronounced. A further increase in gelatin concentration to 5% gelatin caused a small or no additional drop of growth rate. The final oxygen concentration dropped from 5.5 ppm in stirred broth to anoxic values in petri plates, also when 0% and 5% gelatin media were tested in this recipient. Probably, not stirring the medium, which leads to anoxic conditions, has a more pronounced effect on the growth rate of S. Typhimurium then medium solidness. Finally, growth data were fitted with the primary model of Baranyi and Roberts [Baranyi, J. and Roberts, T. A., 1994. A dynamic approach to predicting bacterial growth in food. International Journal of Food Microbiology 23, 277-294]. An additional factor was introduced into the secondary model of Ross et al. [Ross, T. and Ratkowsky, D. A. and Mellefont, L. A. and McMeekin, T. A., 2003. Modelling the effects of temperature, water activity, pH and lactic acid concentration on the growth rate of Escherichia coli. International Journal of Food Microbiology 82, 33-43.] to incorporate the effect of gelatin concentration, next to the effect of pH and a(w). A two step and a global regression procedure were applied. Both procedures were able to fit the data well, but the global regression procedure led to smaller standard errors on the parameters.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，在20 ℃ 下，在不同的pH (4.50-5.50)，水分活度a(w) (0.970-0.992) 和明胶浓度 (0%，1% 和5%) 下检查了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤中的生长。用0% 明胶在TSB中进行的实验是在摇动的erlenmeyers中，在petri板中的弱1% 明胶介质中以及在凝胶盒中的牢固5% 明胶介质中进行的。通过流变测量和氧气供应对S生长的影响进行凝胶强度的定量。对鼠伤寒进行了调查。pH，a(w) 以及明胶浓度对生长速率有影响。在肉汤和糊化培养基中，降低ph值或水分活度均导致生长速率降低。在具有1% 明胶的培养基中，与所有条件下的肉汤相比，观察到生长速率和最大细胞密度的降低。然而，降低pH和a(w) 的影响不太明显。5% 明胶的明胶浓度的进一步增加导致生长速率的小的下降或没有额外的下降。当在该受体中测试0% 和5% 明胶培养基时，最终氧浓度也从搅拌的肉汤中的5.5 ppm下降到petri板中的缺氧值。可能，不搅拌导致缺氧条件的培养基对S的生长速率有更明显的影响。鼠伤寒然后中等固结。最后，生长数据用Baranyi和Roberts的初级模型拟合 [Baranyi，J.和Roberts，T. A.，1994。预测食物中细菌生长的动态方法。国际食品微生物学杂志23,277-294]。另一个因素被引入到Ross等人的二级模型中。[Ross，T.和Ratkowsky，D. A.和Mellefont，L. A.和McMeekin，T. A.，2003。模拟温度，水活动，pH和乳酸浓度对大肠杆菌生长速率的影响。国际食品微生物学杂志82,33-43。] 结合明胶浓度的影响，紧随pH和a(w) 的影响。应用了两步和一个全局回归程序。这两个过程都能够很好地拟合数据，但是全局回归过程导致参数上的标准误差较小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Wound healing is a dynamic process, involving the recruitment of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and cellular populations. Recently, the Cord Blood Platelet Gel (CBPG) has been applied successfully in wound closure and tissue regeneration. Moreover, its proper combination with stem cell populations such as Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) may positively improve the wound healing process. Based on the above data, this study aimed to the evaluation of wound healing capacity of MSCs combined with CBPG under in vitro conditions. METHODS:Initially, CBPG was developed from Cord Blood Units (CBUs). The determination of wound healing ability of MSCs was performed using the scratch wound assay. In addition, the morphological features, immunophenotypical characteristics and differentiation capacity of MSCs were evaluated. RESULTS:Scratch wound assay results showed, that CBPG could positively stimulate the MSCs migration. Moreover, MSCs cultured in presence of CBPG were characterized by elongated shape and improved stemness properties as it was indicated by flow cytometric analysis and differentiation process. CONCLUSION:These results clearly showed the beneficial effect of CBPG in combination with MSCs in wound healing. The proper combination of CBPG with stem cells strategy may enhance the healing process in patients with skin erosions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have reported recently that Interleukin-12 (IL-12) released from poly-N-acetyl glucosamine gel matrix (F2 gel/IL-12) is more effective than free IL-12 to enhance vaccination of mice with Schistosoma soluble worm antigen preparation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of F2 gel/IL-12 on the inflammatory responses in mice undergoing schistosomiasis infection in absence of vaccination. To achieve this, mice undergoing Schistosoma mansoni infection or cured from this infection, after treatment with praziquantil (PZQ), were treated with subcutaneous injection of IL-12 for 3 consecutive days or once with F2 gel loaded with IL-12 (F2 gel/IL-12). The treatment was started on day 35 days after infection. For infection, mice were infected with 100 cercariae of S. mansoni using tail immersion method. We found that treatment with F2 gel/IL-12 induced significant decreases in the egg burden with a moderate reduction in the size of granuloma and decrease in the cellular granulomatous reaction in the lung as compared to infected mice treated with IL-12. These effects of F2 gel/IL-12 were more pronounced in infected mice previously treated with the anti-schistosomal drug PZQ. The total numbers of white blood cells in all treated mice showed similar profile. Treatment with IL-12 or F2 gel/IL-12, however, showed significant reduction in the number of mononuclear cells when compared with non-treated infected mice. In conclusion, this study showed the ability of IL-12 released from F2 gel to lower the inflammatory response to Schistosoma infection even in absence of vaccination.

背景与目标： : 我们最近报道了从聚-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖凝胶基质 (F2凝胶/IL-12) 释放的Interleukin-12 (IL-12) 比游离IL-12更有效地增强用血吸虫可溶性蠕虫抗原制剂接种小鼠的疫苗。这项研究的目的是评估F2凝胶/IL-12对在没有疫苗接种的情况下接受血吸虫病感染的小鼠炎症反应的影响。为了实现这一点，接受曼氏血吸虫感染或从这种感染中治愈的小鼠，在用吡喹酮 (PZQ) 治疗后，连续3天皮下注射IL-12，或用装有IL-12的F2凝胶 (F2凝胶/IL-12) 治疗一次。在感染后第35天开始治疗。对于感染，使用尾浸法用曼氏杆菌的100尾c感染小鼠。我们发现，与用IL-12治疗的感染小鼠相比，用F2凝胶/IL-12治疗可导致卵负荷显着降低，肉芽肿大小适度减少，肺中细胞肉芽肿反应减少。F2凝胶/IL-12的这些作用在先前用抗血吸虫药物PZQ治疗的感染小鼠中更为明显。在所有处理过的小鼠中，白细胞总数显示出相似的特征。然而，与未处理的感染小鼠相比，用IL-12或F2凝胶/IL-12处理显示单核细胞数量显著减少。总之，这项研究表明，即使在没有接种疫苗的情况下，从F2凝胶中释放的IL-12也能够降低对血吸虫感染的炎症反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) as a plasticizer on sol-gel phase transition, rheological, and physical properties of high amylose rice starch was studied. The inter-relationships of parameters were determined using principal component analysis. The sol-gel phase transition temperature and storage modulus of starch was varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the presence of BMIMCl. The sol-gel phase transition temperature of native starch was varied between 53.99 and 39.7 °C, whereas, for starch with ionic liquid varied between 49.50 and 40.6 °C. The changes in storage modulus (G') during the sol-gel phase transition were suitable with first order kinetics. The temperature dependent rheology of starch during the sol-gel phase transition was efficiently (0.93 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.98) explained using the Arrhenius model. The thermal stability of the gel was improved in the presence of BMIMCl. The textural and electrical properties of the gel were significantly affected by the presence of BMIMCl. The inter-relationships between the parameters were developed and the initial temperature, resistance, and storage modulus showed a strong interrelation.

背景与目标： : 研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物 (BMIMCl) 作为增塑剂对高直链淀粉的溶胶-凝胶相变，流变和物理性能的影响。使用主成分分析确定参数的相互关系。在BMIMCl存在下，淀粉的溶胶-凝胶相变温度和储能模量显著变化 (p ≤ 0.05)。天然淀粉的溶胶-凝胶相变温度在53.99至39.7 °C之间变化，而具有离子液体的淀粉在49.50至40.6 °C之间变化。溶胶-凝胶相变过程中储能模量 (G') 的变化适用于一级动力学。使用Arrhenius模型有效地解释了溶胶-凝胶相变过程中淀粉的温度依赖性流变学 (0.93 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.98)。在BMIMCl存在下，凝胶的热稳定性得到改善。BMIMCl的存在显着影响凝胶的质地和电性能。建立了参数之间的相互关系，并且初始温度，电阻和储能模量显示出很强的相互关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The development of methodology to differentiate mixed populations of Escherichia coli in the secondary habitat might improve monitoring of fecal pollution indicators and facilitate the development of strategies to mitigate bacterial pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to differentiate mixed assemblages of E. coli in the natural environment. After confirming the identity of 184 environmental bacterial isolates as E. coli, each was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA) followed by DGGE fingerprinting. The ability of DGGE to discriminate individual isolates at the strain level was determined by comparing fingerprints to those resulting from a standard, library-dependent fingerprinting method, BOX-PCR. Computerized analysis of fingerprints indicated that DGGE and BOX-PCR identified 15 and 21 unique phylotypes respectively. Rank-abundance plots comparing the numerical distribution of unique E. coli phylotypes detected by both methods revealed no difference in resolution at the population level. In water and sediment samples from two beaches, DGGE effectively distinguished indigenous E. coli populations with an average rate of correct classification (site-based) of 83%. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of uidA genes isolated and PCR-amplified from environmental samples appears to be an effective tool to differentiate unique E. coli populations and should be useful to characterize E. coli dynamics in the secondary environment.

背景与目标： : 开发区分次级生境中大肠杆菌混合种群的方法可能会改善对粪便污染指标的监测，并促进减轻细菌污染的策略的制定。这项研究的目的是确定变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE) 在自然环境中区分大肠杆菌混合组合的能力。在确认184环境细菌分离株作为大肠杆菌的身份之后，对每个细菌进行 β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶基因 (uidA) 的聚合酶链反应 (PCR)，然后进行DGGE指纹图谱。通过将指纹与标准的，依赖文库的指纹图谱方法BOX-PCR产生的指纹进行比较，确定了DGGE在菌株水平上区分单个分离株的能力。指纹的计算机分析表明，DGGE和BOX-PCR分别鉴定出15和21种独特的系统类型。比较通过两种方法检测到的独特大肠杆菌系统型的数值分布的等级丰度图显示，在种群水平上的分辨率没有差异。在来自两个海滩的水和沉积物样本中，DGGE有效地区分了本地大肠杆菌种群，其平均正确分类率 (基于站点) 为83%。从环境样品中分离和PCR扩增的uidA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳似乎是区分独特的大肠杆菌种群的有效工具，并且对于表征次级环境中的大肠杆菌动力学应该有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are abundant proteins in the bone matrix. However, their interaction in controlling osteoblast differentiation is not clearly understood. In this study, HBMSCs were cultured in collagen gel matrix with different condition of exogenous rhBMP-2 and TGF-beta1 in order to determine the interaction of BMP-2 and TGF-beta1 on human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs) differentiation. The cultured cells were analyzed for cell proliferation, alkaline phophatase (ALP) activity and mineralization staining with Von-Kossa. The cells treated with TGF-beta1 exhibited a higher rate of cell growth than those without. However, the cells cultured in collagen gel matrix showed a lower rate of cell growth than the cells cultured in a monolayer. To investigate the effects of both cytokines on osteoblast differentiation, the cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 for 2 days. This was followed by culturing with 0, 1, 5, and 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 and 100 ng/ml of rhBMP-2 together for 3 days with the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measured. The cells treated with 1 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 responded efficiently to rhBMP-2 and expressed ALP activity with a level equivalent to that exhibited by cells that were not treated with TGF-beta1. The cells treated with 5 and 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 showed a dramatic decrease in ALP activity. The cells treated with 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 followed by rhBMP-2 alone exhibited an intermediate ALP activity. The cells treated with 100 ng/ml of rhBMP-2 demonstrated Von-Kossa positive solid deposits after 3 weeks, while there were few Von-Kossa positive solid deposits when the cells treated with 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta1. These results show that TGF-beta1 inhibits the effects of rhBMP-2 on the osteoblast differentiation of HBMSCs in a dose dependant manner. Furthermore, the effects of TGF-beta1 on HBMSCs are reversible. This suggest that TGF-beta1 and rhBMP-2 are coordinately controlled during the osteoblast differentiation of HMBSCs.

背景与目标： 转化生长factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) 和骨形态发生蛋白-2 (BMP-2) 是骨基质中丰富的蛋白质。然而，它们在控制成骨细胞分化中的相互作用尚不清楚。本研究在不同外源rhBMP-2和TGF-beta1条件下的胶原凝胶基质中培养HBMSCs，以确定BMP-2和TGF-beta1对人骨髓基质细胞 (HBMSCs) 分化的相互作用。用Von-Kossa分析培养的细胞增殖，碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 活性和矿化染色。用TGF-beta1处理的细胞比不处理的细胞表现出更高的细胞生长速率。然而，在胶原蛋白凝胶基质中培养的细胞显示出比在单层中培养的细胞低的细胞生长速率。为了研究两种细胞因子对成骨细胞分化的影响，将细胞用0、1、5、10 ng/ml的TGF-beta1处理2天。随后用0、1、5和10 ng/ml的TGF-beta1和100 ng/ml的rhBMP-2一起培养3天，并测量碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 活性。用1 ng/ml TGF-beta1处理的细胞有效地响应rhBMP-2，并以与未用TGF-beta1处理的细胞所表现出的水平相当的水平表达ALP活性。用5和10 ng/ml TGF-beta1处理的细胞显示ALP活性急剧下降。用10 ng/ml TGF-beta1随后单独rhBMP-2处理的细胞表现出中间的ALP活性。用100 ng/ml rhBMP-2处理的细胞在3周后表现出Von-Kossa阳性固体沉积物，而当用10 ng/ml TGF-beta1处理的细胞时，很少有Von-Kossa阳性固体沉积物。这些结果表明，TGF-beta1以剂量依赖的方式抑制rhBMP-2对HBMSCs成骨细胞分化的影响。此外，TGF-beta1对HBMSCs的影响是可逆的。这表明在HMBSCs的成骨细胞分化过程中，TGF-beta1和rhBMP-2受到协调控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to determine school nurses' knowledge of state and school district policies, their experience regarding the administration of rectal diazepam gel in the school, and the perceived benefits and barriers of providing this treatment. Four hundred nineteen nurses responded to a survey conducted during the National Association of School Nurses Annual Meeting. Seventy-one (18%) nurses surveyed had administered rectal diazepam gel in a school setting, while 54 (13%) nurses reported that either their state practice act or school district prohibited them from giving rectal medications in the school. Medication administration benefits, such as early intervention for treatment of acute seizure emergencies, were noted. Barriers were also identified, with lack of privacy as the most frequently listed. Scope of practice as it pertains to administering medication in the school and the extent to which delegation of duties can be used in the situation of administering rectal medication in a seizure emergency remain issues for school nurses.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是确定学校护士对州和学区政策的了解，他们在学校中使用直肠地西epa凝胶的经验以及提供这种治疗的益处和障碍。四百一十九名护士对全国学校护士协会年会期间进行的一项调查做出了回应。接受调查的71名 (18% 名) 护士在学校环境中使用了直肠地西epa凝胶，而54名 (13% 名) 护士报告说，他们的《国家执业法》或学区禁止他们在学校中使用直肠药物。注意到药物管理的益处，例如早期干预治疗急性癫痫发作紧急情况。还发现了障碍，最常列出的是缺乏隐私。与在学校中管理药物有关的实践范围以及在癫痫发作紧急情况下管理直肠药物的情况下可以使用的职责授权的程度仍然是学校护士的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study was aimed to investigate the dermal irritant test and the central analgesic effects of topical application of seven different formulations (A-G) of analgesic gel prepared from locally available raw material in animal model. The results of dermal irritant test revealed that no animal showed any kind of toxic effect i.e. redness, irritation, itching, inflammation, skin infection or any other injurious effects. All animals remained healthy, active, alert showing normal behavior and no mortality was observed during the claimed period. The analgesic activity was performed by tail flick test. The analgesic activity against tail flick test revealed that all samples of test gel had analgesic effect at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after sample application but sample D had highest analgesic effects (193%) followed by sample E (155%), sample C (122%), sample G (85%), sample B (84%),sample F (81%) while sample A exhibited (73%) analgesic activity. Wintogeno was run as standard drug and it showed 168% analgesic activity.

背景与目标： : 本研究旨在研究动物模型中由局部可用原料制备的七种不同配方 (A-G) 的镇痛凝胶的皮肤刺激性试验和局部应用的中枢镇痛作用。皮肤刺激性测试的结果表明，没有动物表现出任何毒性作用，即发红，刺激，瘙痒，炎症，皮肤感染或任何其他有害作用。所有动物都保持健康，活跃，警觉，表现出正常行为，在要求保护的期间内未观察到死亡率。镇痛活性通过甩尾试验进行。对甩尾试验的镇痛活性表明，试验凝胶的所有样品在样品施用后15、30和60分钟均具有镇痛作用，但样品D具有最高的镇痛作用 (193%)，其次是样品E (155%)，样品C (122%)，样品G (85%)，样品B (84%)，样品F (81%)，而样品A表现出 (73%) 镇痛活性。Wintogeno作为标准药物运行，它显示出168% 的镇痛活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colloidal clay in water suspensions are known to exhibit a multitude of bulk phases depending on initial colloidal concentration and ionic strength, and examples of this include repulsive Wigner colloidal glasses at low ionic strength and attractive gels at higher ionic strength due to screened electrostatic forces by the electrolyte. From confocal Raman microscopy combined with elasticity measurements, we infer that clay trapped at quasi two-dimensional interfaces between oil and water also exhibit confined glass-like or gel-like states. The results can be important for the preparation of particles stabilized colloidal emulsions or colloidal capsules, and a better understanding of this phenomenon may lead to new emulsion or encapsulation technologies.

背景与目标： 已知水悬浮液中的胶体粘土根据初始胶体浓度和离子强度表现出多个本体相，并且其实例包括在低离子强度下的排斥的Wigner胶体玻璃和在较高离子强度下的有吸引力的凝胶，这是由于电解质屏蔽的静电力。通过共聚焦拉曼显微镜结合弹性测量，我们推断，被困在油和水之间的准二维界面上的粘土也表现出受限的玻璃状或凝胶状状态。该结果对于制备颗粒稳定的胶体乳液或胶体胶囊可能很重要，并且对这种现象的更好理解可能会导致新的乳液或包封技术。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Over the counter cosmetics sold for local treatment of slight to moderate rosacea often state the claim of actively modulating rosacea pathogenesis. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of this common yet complex skin disorder include kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5), LL-37, as well as protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). OBJECTIVE:The objective was to prove the modulating effect of the cosmetic skin care agent Dermasence Refining Gel (DRG) on factors involved in rosacea pathogenesis. METHODS:We analyzed the effect of DRG on the expression of KLK5, LL-37, PAR2, and VEGF in an in vitro skin model of human reconstituted epidermis. RESULTS:The expression of CAMP (LL-37 gene, fold change -4.19 [±0.11]), VEGFA (fold change -2.55 [±0.12]) and PAR2 (-1.33 [±0.12]) was reduced, KLK5 expression increased (fold change 2.06 (±0.08)) after 18 h of treatment with DRG in comparison to treatment with the matrix gel only. The reduction in CAMP expression was significant (P<.01). The protein expression of all four inflammatory markers was markedly reduced after 18 hours of DRG treatment in comparison to baseline (0 hour), by measure of fluorescence intensity. CONCLUSION:We show evidence explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of Dermasence Refining Gel in rosacea pathogenesis in vitro. The adjunctive use of DRG in mild to moderate rosacea as a topical cosmetic seems medically reasonable.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 5% (BenzaClin) is a combination gel indicated for use twice daily, or as directed by a physician, for the topical treatment of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions of acne vulgaris. In well designed clinical trials in patients with mild to moderately severe acne, the efficacy of once- or twice-daily clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide in the reduction of inflammatory lesion counts was greater than that of benzoyl peroxide alone, clindamycin alone, or tretinoin plus clindamycin, and not significantly different from that of erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide. In the reduction of noninflammatory lesion counts, the efficacy of once- or twice-daily clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide was greater than that of clindamycin alone, but not significantly different to that observed with benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin plus clindamycin, or erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide. Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide has a fairly rapid onset of action, with acne improvement usually recorded within 2-4 weeks. Despite widespread use, bacterial resistance is not associated with clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide. The product is generally well tolerated, and the main treatment-related adverse events in clinical trials were application-site dryness, irritation, peeling, and erythema. Thus, clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide is an effective and well tolerated option for the management of mild to moderately severe acne.

背景与目标： : 克林霉素1%/过氧化苯甲酰5% (苯扎克林) 是一种组合凝胶，适用于每日两次，或由医生指导，用于局部治疗寻常痤疮的炎性和非炎性病变。在轻度至中度重度痤疮患者的精心设计的临床试验中，每天一次或两次的克林霉素/过氧化苯甲酰减少炎性病变计数的疗效大于单独使用过氧化苯甲酰，单独使用克林霉素或维甲酸加克林霉素，与红霉素/过氧化苯甲酰无明显差异。在减少非炎症性病变计数方面，每天一次或两次的克林霉素/过氧化苯甲酰的疗效高于单独的克林霉素，但与过氧化苯甲酰，维甲酸加克林霉素或红霉素/过氧化苯甲酰观察到的疗效无显着差异。克林霉素/过氧化苯甲酰起效相当快，痤疮改善通常在2-4周内记录。尽管广泛使用，但细菌耐药性与克林霉素/过氧化苯甲酰无关。该产品通常具有良好的耐受性，临床试验中与治疗相关的主要不良事件是应用部位干燥，刺激，脱皮和红斑。因此，克林霉素/过氧化苯甲酰是治疗轻度至中度严重痤疮的有效且耐受性良好的选择。