BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Peptide growth factors are known accelerators of corneal wound healing, probably mediated through increased proliferation of the cells; however, information about their effect on keratocyte motility is lacking. The influence of peptide growth factors on keratocyte migratory activity was investigated, using the following growth factors: platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), epidermal growth factor (EGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta 1).

METHODS:Keratocytes were seeded on gels of type 1 collagen, growth factor added, and the cells left to migrate for 72 hours. Subsequently, the number of keratocytes at the different levels in the collagen gel was evaluated by optically sectioning the gel at 20 microns, intervals, with an inverted phase contrast microscope.

RESULTS:PDGF, EGF and bFGF at 10 ng/ml, all increased the number of keratocytes at the different levels of the gel as compared to a non-stimulated control (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01, students t-test). TGF-beta proved to be a strong inhibitor of keratocyte migration, decreasing the number of keratocytes observed at every level in the gel (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, students t-test), whereas no effect of IGF-I and aFGF was found. During the 72 hours of migration, no contraction of the collagen gels was observed. Autoradiography of histological sections of the gels showed that during the 72-hour period only TGF-beta and 10% fetal bovine serum induced an increase in keratocyte proliferation.

CONCLUSION:PDGF, EGF and bFGF increase keratocyte migration, independent of proliferation in a collagen gel invasion assay and might promote corneal wound healing, not only by increasing cell proliferation, but also through increased motility.

背景与目标： 目的 : 肽生长因子是已知的角膜伤口愈合的促进剂，可能是通过细胞增殖增加介导的; 但是，缺乏有关它们对角质细胞运动的影响的信息。用以下生长因子: 血小板衍生生长因子 (pdgf-bb)，表皮生长因子 (EGF)，酸性成纤维细胞生长因子 (aFGF)，碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (bFGF)，胰岛素样生长因子-I (igf-i) 和转化生长因子-β1 (tgf-β1)。
方法 : 将角质细胞接种在1型胶原蛋白的凝胶上，添加生长因子，细胞迁移72小时。随后，通过用倒置相差显微镜以20微米的间隔光学切片来评估胶原蛋白凝胶中不同水平的角质形成细胞的数量。
结果 :PDGF，EGF和bFGF为10 ng/ml，与未刺激的对照相比，在凝胶的不同水平下，所有这些都增加了角质细胞的数量 (p <0.05或p <0.01，学生t检验)。TGF-β 被证明是角质细胞迁移的强抑制剂，减少了在凝胶中每个水平观察到的角质细胞的数量 (p <0.05和p <0.01，学生t检验)，而没有发现igf-i和aFGF的作用。在迁移的72小时内，未观察到胶原蛋白凝胶的收缩。凝胶组织学切片的放射自显影显示，在72小时内，只有TGF-β 和10% 胎牛血清诱导角质细胞增殖增加。
结论 :PDGF，EGF和bFGF增加角质细胞迁移，在胶原蛋白凝胶侵袭试验中独立于增殖，并且可能不仅通过增加细胞增殖，而且通过增加运动性来促进角膜伤口愈合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spherical pellets containing theophylline, calcium acetate and microcrystalline cellulose were extruded and spheronized, before being coated with six different pectins or alginates by interfacial complexation. The aim of this study was to discover the effect of the coatings on physico-mechanical properties that will be crucial in determining the pellets' utility as sustained release systems. An insoluble, smooth and uniformly thick coat of calcium polysaccharide was formed around the core pellets. A factorial experiment was designed to investigate the effect of pellet size and polysaccharide type and concentration on the entrapment efficiency, mechanical properties and other physical characteristics. Coated pellets were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, depending on the particular polysaccharide used, the dry coats were found to be 30-80 microm thick. The size of pellet, the type and concentration of polysaccharide influenced the yield of theophylline in the coated pellets. Although the mechanical properties of the pellets were improved by applying any of the gel coats, use of an alginate with a high content of guluronic acid or an amidated pectin coating gave the best results. This is probably because both of these have significant potential to form very stable cross-links within the gel coats.

背景与目标： : 将含有茶碱，醋酸钙和微晶纤维素的球形颗粒挤出并球形化，然后通过界面络合用六种不同的果胶或藻酸盐包被。这项研究的目的是发现涂层对物理机械性能的影响，这对于确定颗粒作为持续释放系统的效用至关重要。在核心颗粒周围形成不溶性，光滑且均匀厚的钙多糖涂层。设计了析因实验，以研究颗粒大小，多糖类型和浓度对包封效率，机械性能和其他物理特性的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜观察到包被的颗粒，根据所用的特定多糖，发现干涂层的厚度为30-80微米。颗粒的大小，多糖的类型和浓度影响包衣颗粒中茶碱的产量。尽管通过施加任何凝胶涂层可以改善颗粒的机械性能，但使用具有高含量古罗糖醛酸的藻酸盐或酰胺化的果胶涂层可提供最佳结果。这可能是因为这两者都具有在凝胶涂层内形成非常稳定的交联的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Collagen contraction mediated by corneal fibroblasts (CFs) is implicated in the maintenance of corneal shape. Given that fibronectin is expressed at sites of corneal stromal wounding, we investigated the effect of fibronectin on CF-mediated collagen gel contraction. Human CFs were cultured in a three-dimensional gel of type I collagen in the absence or presence of various extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The contraction of collagen gels mediated by CFs was evaluated by measurement of changes in gel diameter. The formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions in CFs was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The abundance of paxillin, phosphorylated paxillin, integrins alpha5, beta1, and alpha2, and alpha-smooth muscle actin in CFs was examined by immunoblot analysis. Fibronectin promoted CF-mediated collagen gel contraction in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Other ECM proteins or glycosaminoglycans did not exhibit such an effect. Fibronectin also induced cell spreading, the formation of stress fibers, and the establishment of focal adhesions containing paxillin in CFs cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels. In addition, it increased the amounts of paxillin, phosphorylated paxillin, and integrins alpha5 and beta1 in these cells. The expression of integrin alpha2 and alpha-smooth muscle actin was not affected by fibronectin, however. Furthermore, the peptide GRGDSP (an antagonist of fibronectin receptors) blocked the stimulatory effect of fibronectin on CF-mediated collagen gel contraction. These results suggest that fibronectin promoted CF-mediated collagen gel contraction in a manner dependent on the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, the activation of paxillin, and the up-regulation of integrin alpha5beta1. Fibronectin may therefore contribute to the maintenance of corneal shape by CFs during the healing of stromal wounds.

背景与目标： 角膜成纤维细胞 (CFs) 介导的胶原收缩与角膜形状的维持有关。鉴于纤连蛋白在角膜基质损伤部位表达，我们研究了纤连蛋白对CF介导的胶原凝胶收缩的影响。在不存在或存在各种细胞外基质 (ECM) 成分的情况下，在I型胶原蛋白的三维凝胶中培养人CFs。通过测量凝胶直径的变化来评估CFs介导的胶原蛋白凝胶的收缩。通过荧光显微镜检查CFs中应力纤维和粘着斑的形成。通过免疫印迹分析检查CFs中桩蛋白，磷酸化桩蛋白，整联蛋白 α5，β1和 α2以及 α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的丰度。纤连蛋白以浓度和时间依赖性方式促进CF介导的胶原蛋白凝胶收缩。其他ECM蛋白或糖胺聚糖没有表现出这种作用。纤连蛋白还诱导细胞扩散，应力纤维的形成以及在三维胶原蛋白凝胶中培养的CFs中建立含有桩蛋白的粘着斑。此外，它增加了这些细胞中的桩蛋白，磷酸化的桩蛋白以及整合素 α5和 β1的量。然而，整合素 α2和 α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达不受纤连蛋白的影响。此外，肽GRGDSP (纤连蛋白受体的拮抗剂) 阻断了纤连蛋白对CF介导的胶原蛋白凝胶收缩的刺激作用。这些结果表明，纤连蛋白以取决于应力纤维和粘着斑的形成，桩蛋白的活化以及整联蛋白alpha5beta1的上调的方式促进CF介导的胶原蛋白凝胶收缩。因此，纤连蛋白可能有助于CFs在基质伤口愈合过程中维持角膜形状。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock animals are prevalent and costly problems worldwide. Currently, infections are controlled by anthelmintic chemicals but increasing drug resistance has prompted research interest to shift towards alternative methods of control such as vaccine development and selection of worm-resistant animals. The present study analyses proteins from Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective L3s that are recognised by IgG of immune sheep. Following protein separation via two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot probing with plasma from sheep resistant to T. colubriformis, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses were used to identify immuno-reactive protein spots. We were able to identify 28 immune targets, including aspartyl protease inhibitor, enolase, chaperone proteins, galectin, glycolytic enzymes, kinase, phosphatase and structural muscle proteins such as myosin, paramyosin, calponin and DIM-1. The data suggest that immune responses to T. colubriformis are dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens, including several cytoplasmically expressed proteins. The results have new implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin host-parasite interaction during gastrointestinal nematode infections.

背景与目标： : 家畜的胃肠道线虫感染是世界范围内普遍存在且代价高昂的问题。目前，感染是由驱虫化学物质控制的，但耐药性的增加促使研究兴趣转向替代控制方法，例如疫苗开发和蠕虫抗性动物的选择。本研究分析了由免疫绵羊的IgG识别的来自链霉菌线虫感染L3s的蛋白质。在通过二维电泳进行蛋白质分离和蛋白质印迹检测后，使用对大肠杆菌有抗性的绵羊的血浆进行蛋白质组学分析，基于质谱的蛋白质组学分析用于鉴定免疫反应蛋白斑点。我们能够鉴定出28个免疫靶标，包括天冬氨酰蛋白酶抑制剂，烯醇化酶，伴侣蛋白，半乳糖凝集素，糖酵解酶，激酶，磷酸酶和结构肌肉蛋白，例如肌球蛋白，副肌球蛋白，钙蛋白和DIM-1。数据表明，对T.Colubriforms的免疫反应分散在相对大量的寄生虫抗原上，包括几种细胞质表达的蛋白质。该结果对理解胃肠道线虫感染期间宿主-寄生虫相互作用的分子机制具有新的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The laryngeal mask airway Supreme (Supreme) is a new single-use supraglottic device with gastric access capability now available in all sizes for children. OBJECTIVES:To compare the i-gel with the Supreme in children for routine airway maintenance. MATERIALS/METHODS:One hundred and seventy children, aged 3 months to 11 years, 5-50 kg in weight, were randomly assigned to receive either the i-gel or the Supreme. The primary outcome measured was airway leak pressure. Secondary outcomes included the following: ease and time for insertion, insertion success rate, fiberoptic grade of view, ease of gastric tube placement, number of airway manipulations, quality of airway during anesthetic maintenance, and complications. RESULTS:A total of 168 patients were assessed for the outcomes. The median (IQR [range]) airway leak pressure for the i-gel was higher than with the Supreme, 20 (18-25 [9-40]) cm H(2)O vs 17 (14-22 [10-40]) cm H(2)O, respectively (P = 0.001). There were no differences in the time for device insertion, fiberoptic grade of view, quality of airway, and complications. Median (IQR[range]) time of successful insertion of a gastric tube was faster with the Supreme, 12 (9.2-14.3 [5.2-44.2]) s than with the i-gel, 14 (11.9-19 [6.9-75]) s; P = 0.01. The number of airway manipulations during placement was higher with the i-gel than with the laryngeal mask airway Supreme (12 vs 13 patients), P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS:In infants and children, when a single-use supraglottic device with gastric access capabilities is required, the i-gel demonstrated higher airway leak pressures and can be a useful alternative to the Supreme.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The concentrations of Legionella pneumophila in cooling towers may vary considerably over short periods of time, producing significant fluctuations throughout the year. Despite genetic variability, in small geographical areas the same indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns may be shared among different cooling towers and persist over time.

背景与目标： : 冷却塔中嗜肺军团菌的浓度在短时间内可能会有很大差异，全年都会产生明显的波动。尽管遗传变异，但在较小的地理区域中，不同冷却塔之间可能共享相同的不可区分的脉冲场凝胶电泳模式，并随着时间的推移而持续存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biodegradable scaffolds composed of beta-tricalcium phosphate, and a natural hydrogel, agarose, were prepared by a shaping method based on the thermal gelation of the polymeric component. This technique was modified to facilitate the inclusion, during the scaffold preparation stage, of therapeutic agents that could improve the graft performance. Vancomycin was included in materials containing different amounts of agarose and ceramic without affecting the scaffold consolidation process. These materials, easily injectable, behave like a reinforced hydrogel whose swelling behavior and drug release rate depend on their composition.

背景与目标： : 通过基于聚合物组分的热凝胶化的成型方法，制备了由 β-磷酸三钙和天然水凝胶琼脂糖组成的可生物降解支架。对该技术进行了修改，以促进在支架制备阶段纳入可改善移植物性能的治疗剂。万古霉素被包含在含有不同量的琼脂糖和陶瓷的材料中，而不会影响支架的固结过程。这些易于注射的材料表现为增强的水凝胶，其溶胀行为和药物释放速率取决于其组成。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The investigation of inertial cavitation in micro-tunnels has significant implications for the development of therapeutic applications of ultrasound such as ultrasound-mediated drug and gene delivery. The threshold for inertial cavitation was investigated using a passive cavitation detector with a center frequency of 1 MHz. Micro-tunnels of various diameters (90 to 800 microm) embedded in gel were fabricated and injected with a solution of Optison(trade mark) contrast agent of concentrations 1.2% and 0.2% diluted in water. An ultrasound pulse of duration 500 ms and center frequency 1.736 MHz was used to insonate the microbubbles. The acoustic pressure was increased at 1-s intervals until broadband noise emission was detected. The pressure threshold at which broadband noise emission was observed was found to be dependent on the diameter of the micro-tunnels, with an average increase of 1.2 to 1.5 between the smallest and the largest tunnels, depending on the microbubble concentration. The evaluation of inertial cavitation in gel tunnels rather than tubes provides a novel opportunity to investigate microbubble collapse in a situation that simulates in vivo blood vessels better than tubes with solid walls do.

背景与目标： : 研究微通道中的惯性空化对超声治疗应用的发展具有重要意义，例如超声介导的药物和基因传递。使用中心频率为1 MHz的无源空化检测器研究了惯性空化的阈值。制造嵌入凝胶中的各种直径 (90至800微米) 的微通道，并将其注入浓度为1.2% 和0.2% 的在水中稀释的Optison (商标) 造影剂溶液。使用持续时间为500 ms且中心频率为1.736 MHz的超声脉冲来使微气泡溶出。声压以1-s的间隔增加，直到检测到宽带噪声发射为止。发现观察到宽带噪声发射的压力阈值取决于微通道的直径，最小和最大通道之间的平均增加1.2至1.5，这取决于微气泡浓度。对凝胶隧道而不是管中的惯性空化的评估提供了一个新的机会，可以在比具有实心壁的管更好地模拟体内血管的情况下研究微气泡塌陷。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The protein extracts from male (MS) and female (FS) adults and advanced third-stage larvae (LS) of Gnathostoma spinigerum were separated by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The polypeptide spots, as detected by silver staining, were subsequently identified. The spot patterns of LS, MS and FS were highly complex and consisted of more than 75, 44, 52 prominent spots, respectively. In addition, the stage-specific protein patterns were identified. This 2-DE database should provide an important reference for future biological and biochemical studies of G. spinigerum.

背景与目标： : 通过高分辨率二维凝胶电泳 (2-DE) 分离了棘突的雄性 (MS) 和雌性 (FS) 成虫以及晚期第三阶段幼虫 (LS) 的蛋白质提取物。随后鉴定了通过银染检测到的多肽斑点。LS，MS和FS的斑点模式非常复杂，分别由75、44、52个以上的突出斑点组成。此外，还确定了阶段特异性蛋白质模式。该2-DE数据库应为未来的棘球菌的生物学和生化研究提供重要参考。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study endeavored to investigate the diversity of microbes present during the shaping, ripening and drying of Daqu, a fermentation starter culture and substrata complex of Maotai alcoholic spirit. A nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique was utilized with different combinations of primers. The results showed the presence of bacteria, yeasts and molds. The microflora, which originate from wheat, were readily detectable during every stage of the fermentation process. However, the microbial structure had clear differences in the shaping, ripening and drying processes. In the shaping stage, there was a high level of diversity of the LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and fungi in the shaped samples. In the ripening stage, however, a reduction of diversity of fungi with a high level of diversity of the Bacilli was observed in the ripened samples. In the drying stage, the diversity of Bacilli and fungi, especially acid-producing bacteria, reduced dramatically. Interestingly, uncultured Lactococcus sp., Microbacterium testaceum, Cochliobolus sp., and Thermoascus crustaceus were the first to be detected in the fermentation starters used in liquor production. This study revealed the microbial diversity and distributions during the shaping, ripening and drying of Daqu-making, facilitating evaluation of the hygienic conditions and aiding in the design of specific starter and/or adjunct cultures.

背景与目标： : 本研究致力于研究茅台酒精发酵发酵剂和基质复合物大曲的成型，成熟和干燥过程中存在的微生物多样性。将巢式PCR变性梯度凝胶电泳技术与不同的引物组合一起使用。结果表明存在细菌，酵母和霉菌。在发酵过程的每个阶段都很容易检测到源自小麦的微生物区系。然而，微生物结构在成型，成熟和干燥过程中存在明显差异。在成型阶段，成型样品中实验室 (乳酸菌) 和真菌的多样性很高。然而，在成熟阶段，在成熟的样品中观察到真菌多样性的减少以及细菌的高水平多样性。在干燥阶段，细菌和真菌，尤其是产酸细菌的多样性急剧减少。有趣的是，未培养的乳球菌属，微细菌testaceum，Cochliobolus sp。和甲壳纲Thermoascus是在白酒生产中使用的发酵发酵剂中首次检测到的。这项研究揭示了大曲成型，成熟和干燥过程中的微生物多样性和分布，有助于评估卫生条件，并有助于设计特定的发酵剂和/或辅助培养物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium in Tryptic Soy Broth was examined at different pH (4.50-5.50), water activity a(w) (0.970-0.992) and gelatin concentration (0%, 1% and 5% ) at 20 degrees C. Experiments in TSB with 0% gelatin were carried out in shaken erlenmeyers, in the weak 1% gelatin media in petri plates and in the firm 5% gelatin media in gel cassettes. A quantification of gel strength was performed by rheological measurements and the influence of oxygen supply on the growth of S. Typhimurium was investigated. pH, as well as a(w) as well as gelatin concentration had an influence on the growth rate. Both in broth and in gelatinized media, lowering pH or water activity caused a decrease of growth rate. In media with 1% gelatin a reduction of growth rate and maximal cell density was observed compared to broth at all conditions. However, the effects of decreasing pH and a(w) were less pronounced. A further increase in gelatin concentration to 5% gelatin caused a small or no additional drop of growth rate. The final oxygen concentration dropped from 5.5 ppm in stirred broth to anoxic values in petri plates, also when 0% and 5% gelatin media were tested in this recipient. Probably, not stirring the medium, which leads to anoxic conditions, has a more pronounced effect on the growth rate of S. Typhimurium then medium solidness. Finally, growth data were fitted with the primary model of Baranyi and Roberts [Baranyi, J. and Roberts, T. A., 1994. A dynamic approach to predicting bacterial growth in food. International Journal of Food Microbiology 23, 277-294]. An additional factor was introduced into the secondary model of Ross et al. [Ross, T. and Ratkowsky, D. A. and Mellefont, L. A. and McMeekin, T. A., 2003. Modelling the effects of temperature, water activity, pH and lactic acid concentration on the growth rate of Escherichia coli. International Journal of Food Microbiology 82, 33-43.] to incorporate the effect of gelatin concentration, next to the effect of pH and a(w). A two step and a global regression procedure were applied. Both procedures were able to fit the data well, but the global regression procedure led to smaller standard errors on the parameters.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，在20 ℃ 下，在不同的pH (4.50-5.50)，水分活度a(w) (0.970-0.992) 和明胶浓度 (0%，1% 和5%) 下检查了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤中的生长。用0% 明胶在TSB中进行的实验是在摇动的erlenmeyers中，在petri板中的弱1% 明胶介质中以及在凝胶盒中的牢固5% 明胶介质中进行的。通过流变测量和氧气供应对S生长的影响进行凝胶强度的定量。对鼠伤寒进行了调查。pH，a(w) 以及明胶浓度对生长速率有影响。在肉汤和糊化培养基中，降低ph值或水分活度均导致生长速率降低。在具有1% 明胶的培养基中，与所有条件下的肉汤相比，观察到生长速率和最大细胞密度的降低。然而，降低pH和a(w) 的影响不太明显。5% 明胶的明胶浓度的进一步增加导致生长速率的小的下降或没有额外的下降。当在该受体中测试0% 和5% 明胶培养基时，最终氧浓度也从搅拌的肉汤中的5.5 ppm下降到petri板中的缺氧值。可能，不搅拌导致缺氧条件的培养基对S的生长速率有更明显的影响。鼠伤寒然后中等固结。最后，生长数据用Baranyi和Roberts的初级模型拟合 [Baranyi，J.和Roberts，T. A.，1994。预测食物中细菌生长的动态方法。国际食品微生物学杂志23,277-294]。另一个因素被引入到Ross等人的二级模型中。[Ross，T.和Ratkowsky，D. A.和Mellefont，L. A.和McMeekin，T. A.，2003。模拟温度，水活动，pH和乳酸浓度对大肠杆菌生长速率的影响。国际食品微生物学杂志82,33-43。] 结合明胶浓度的影响，紧随pH和a(w) 的影响。应用了两步和一个全局回归程序。这两个过程都能够很好地拟合数据，但是全局回归过程导致参数上的标准误差较小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Wound healing is a dynamic process, involving the recruitment of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and cellular populations. Recently, the Cord Blood Platelet Gel (CBPG) has been applied successfully in wound closure and tissue regeneration. Moreover, its proper combination with stem cell populations such as Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) may positively improve the wound healing process. Based on the above data, this study aimed to the evaluation of wound healing capacity of MSCs combined with CBPG under in vitro conditions. METHODS:Initially, CBPG was developed from Cord Blood Units (CBUs). The determination of wound healing ability of MSCs was performed using the scratch wound assay. In addition, the morphological features, immunophenotypical characteristics and differentiation capacity of MSCs were evaluated. RESULTS:Scratch wound assay results showed, that CBPG could positively stimulate the MSCs migration. Moreover, MSCs cultured in presence of CBPG were characterized by elongated shape and improved stemness properties as it was indicated by flow cytometric analysis and differentiation process. CONCLUSION:These results clearly showed the beneficial effect of CBPG in combination with MSCs in wound healing. The proper combination of CBPG with stem cells strategy may enhance the healing process in patients with skin erosions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have reported recently that Interleukin-12 (IL-12) released from poly-N-acetyl glucosamine gel matrix (F2 gel/IL-12) is more effective than free IL-12 to enhance vaccination of mice with Schistosoma soluble worm antigen preparation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of F2 gel/IL-12 on the inflammatory responses in mice undergoing schistosomiasis infection in absence of vaccination. To achieve this, mice undergoing Schistosoma mansoni infection or cured from this infection, after treatment with praziquantil (PZQ), were treated with subcutaneous injection of IL-12 for 3 consecutive days or once with F2 gel loaded with IL-12 (F2 gel/IL-12). The treatment was started on day 35 days after infection. For infection, mice were infected with 100 cercariae of S. mansoni using tail immersion method. We found that treatment with F2 gel/IL-12 induced significant decreases in the egg burden with a moderate reduction in the size of granuloma and decrease in the cellular granulomatous reaction in the lung as compared to infected mice treated with IL-12. These effects of F2 gel/IL-12 were more pronounced in infected mice previously treated with the anti-schistosomal drug PZQ. The total numbers of white blood cells in all treated mice showed similar profile. Treatment with IL-12 or F2 gel/IL-12, however, showed significant reduction in the number of mononuclear cells when compared with non-treated infected mice. In conclusion, this study showed the ability of IL-12 released from F2 gel to lower the inflammatory response to Schistosoma infection even in absence of vaccination.

背景与目标： : 我们最近报道了从聚-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖凝胶基质 (F2凝胶/IL-12) 释放的Interleukin-12 (IL-12) 比游离IL-12更有效地增强用血吸虫可溶性蠕虫抗原制剂接种小鼠的疫苗。这项研究的目的是评估F2凝胶/IL-12对在没有疫苗接种的情况下接受血吸虫病感染的小鼠炎症反应的影响。为了实现这一点，接受曼氏血吸虫感染或从这种感染中治愈的小鼠，在用吡喹酮 (PZQ) 治疗后，连续3天皮下注射IL-12，或用装有IL-12的F2凝胶 (F2凝胶/IL-12) 治疗一次。在感染后第35天开始治疗。对于感染，使用尾浸法用曼氏杆菌的100尾c感染小鼠。我们发现，与用IL-12治疗的感染小鼠相比，用F2凝胶/IL-12治疗可导致卵负荷显着降低，肉芽肿大小适度减少，肺中细胞肉芽肿反应减少。F2凝胶/IL-12的这些作用在先前用抗血吸虫药物PZQ治疗的感染小鼠中更为明显。在所有处理过的小鼠中，白细胞总数显示出相似的特征。然而，与未处理的感染小鼠相比，用IL-12或F2凝胶/IL-12处理显示单核细胞数量显著减少。总之，这项研究表明，即使在没有接种疫苗的情况下，从F2凝胶中释放的IL-12也能够降低对血吸虫感染的炎症反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) as a plasticizer on sol-gel phase transition, rheological, and physical properties of high amylose rice starch was studied. The inter-relationships of parameters were determined using principal component analysis. The sol-gel phase transition temperature and storage modulus of starch was varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the presence of BMIMCl. The sol-gel phase transition temperature of native starch was varied between 53.99 and 39.7 °C, whereas, for starch with ionic liquid varied between 49.50 and 40.6 °C. The changes in storage modulus (G') during the sol-gel phase transition were suitable with first order kinetics. The temperature dependent rheology of starch during the sol-gel phase transition was efficiently (0.93 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.98) explained using the Arrhenius model. The thermal stability of the gel was improved in the presence of BMIMCl. The textural and electrical properties of the gel were significantly affected by the presence of BMIMCl. The inter-relationships between the parameters were developed and the initial temperature, resistance, and storage modulus showed a strong interrelation.

背景与目标： : 研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物 (BMIMCl) 作为增塑剂对高直链淀粉的溶胶-凝胶相变，流变和物理性能的影响。使用主成分分析确定参数的相互关系。在BMIMCl存在下，淀粉的溶胶-凝胶相变温度和储能模量显著变化 (p ≤ 0.05)。天然淀粉的溶胶-凝胶相变温度在53.99至39.7 °C之间变化，而具有离子液体的淀粉在49.50至40.6 °C之间变化。溶胶-凝胶相变过程中储能模量 (G') 的变化适用于一级动力学。使用Arrhenius模型有效地解释了溶胶-凝胶相变过程中淀粉的温度依赖性流变学 (0.93 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.98)。在BMIMCl存在下，凝胶的热稳定性得到改善。BMIMCl的存在显着影响凝胶的质地和电性能。建立了参数之间的相互关系，并且初始温度，电阻和储能模量显示出很强的相互关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The development of methodology to differentiate mixed populations of Escherichia coli in the secondary habitat might improve monitoring of fecal pollution indicators and facilitate the development of strategies to mitigate bacterial pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to differentiate mixed assemblages of E. coli in the natural environment. After confirming the identity of 184 environmental bacterial isolates as E. coli, each was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA) followed by DGGE fingerprinting. The ability of DGGE to discriminate individual isolates at the strain level was determined by comparing fingerprints to those resulting from a standard, library-dependent fingerprinting method, BOX-PCR. Computerized analysis of fingerprints indicated that DGGE and BOX-PCR identified 15 and 21 unique phylotypes respectively. Rank-abundance plots comparing the numerical distribution of unique E. coli phylotypes detected by both methods revealed no difference in resolution at the population level. In water and sediment samples from two beaches, DGGE effectively distinguished indigenous E. coli populations with an average rate of correct classification (site-based) of 83%. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of uidA genes isolated and PCR-amplified from environmental samples appears to be an effective tool to differentiate unique E. coli populations and should be useful to characterize E. coli dynamics in the secondary environment.

背景与目标： : 开发区分次级生境中大肠杆菌混合种群的方法可能会改善对粪便污染指标的监测，并促进减轻细菌污染的策略的制定。这项研究的目的是确定变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE) 在自然环境中区分大肠杆菌混合组合的能力。在确认184环境细菌分离株作为大肠杆菌的身份之后，对每个细菌进行 β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶基因 (uidA) 的聚合酶链反应 (PCR)，然后进行DGGE指纹图谱。通过将指纹与标准的，依赖文库的指纹图谱方法BOX-PCR产生的指纹进行比较，确定了DGGE在菌株水平上区分单个分离株的能力。指纹的计算机分析表明，DGGE和BOX-PCR分别鉴定出15和21种独特的系统类型。比较通过两种方法检测到的独特大肠杆菌系统型的数值分布的等级丰度图显示，在种群水平上的分辨率没有差异。在来自两个海滩的水和沉积物样本中，DGGE有效地区分了本地大肠杆菌种群，其平均正确分类率 (基于站点) 为83%。从环境样品中分离和PCR扩增的uidA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳似乎是区分独特的大肠杆菌种群的有效工具，并且对于表征次级环境中的大肠杆菌动力学应该有用。