• 【咖啡因对血压正常健康年轻人运动过程中血压反应的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91435-9 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sung BH,Lovallo WR,Pincomb GA,Wilson MF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.
    背景与目标: :在安慰剂对照下,对34名健康,血压正常(血压低于135/85 mm Hg的年轻人)(平均年龄27 /-3岁)中的咖啡因和运动对血压(BP)调节的可能联合作用进行了研究,双盲交叉设计。服用安慰剂或咖啡因(3.3 mg / kg)后,每位受试者间隔1小时进行次最大和症状受限的最大仰卧自行车运动。比较安慰剂和咖啡因天的心率,血压,心输出量和外周血管阻力。药物后基线显示,咖啡因可增加收缩压和舒张压以及外周血管阻力(每个P值均小于0.001)和降低心率(P值均小于0.01),但并未改变中风量或心输出量。在次最大运动量下,咖啡因的血压和血管阻力作用仍然存在,从而导致血压增加,而咖啡因的负变时效作用消失了。在最大程度的运动中,更多受试者(咖啡因为15,安慰剂为7,p小于0.02)的收缩压大于或等于230 mm Hg和/或舒张压大于或等于100 mm Hg。血浆去甲肾上腺素水平在各天之间无显着差异,但在最大运动量时,肾上腺素较高,而在咖啡因日后和整个最大运动量中,皮质醇增加。数据表明,咖啡因在次最大运动量时会增加BP,并且可能对某些个体在最大运动量时导致过度的BP反应。咖啡因的升压作用似乎是由于血管阻力增加而非心输出量增加所致。
  • 【上下文对运动对健康的益处的影响:运动等级假说。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1123/jsep.34.6.828 复制DOI
    作者列表:Maltby J,Wood AM,Vlaev I,Taylor MJ,Brown GD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many accounts of social influences on exercise participation describe how people compare their behaviors to those of others. We develop and test a novel hypothesis, the exercise rank hypothesis, of how this comparison can occur. The exercise rank hypothesis, derived from evolutionary theory and the decision by sampling model of judgment, suggests that individuals' perceptions of the health benefits of exercise are influenced by how individuals believe the amount of exercise ranks in comparison with other people's amounts of exercise. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals' perceptions of the health benefits of their own current exercise amounts were as predicted by the exercise rank hypothesis. Study 2 demonstrated that the perceptions of the health benefits of an amount of exercise can be manipulated by experimentally changing the ranked position of the amount within a comparison context. The discussion focuses on how social norm-based interventions could benefit from using rank information.
    背景与目标: :许多关于运动参与的社会影响的描述描述了人们如何将自己的行为与他人的行为进行比较。我们开发并测试了这种比较如何发生的新假设,即运动等级假设。运动等级假说是从进化理论和抽样判断模型的决策中得出的,表明个人对运动的健康益处的看法受个人相信运动量与他人运动量的比较方式的影响。研究1表明,个人对自己当前运动量的健康益处的认识与运动等级假说是相符的。研究2表明,可以通过在比较情况下实验性地改变一定量运动的排名位置来操纵对一定运动量的健康益处的认识。讨论的重点是基于社会规范的干预措施如何从使用职级信息中受益。
  • 【饮食抗拒性改变患者的综合治疗训练模型】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3305/nh.2012.27.3.5690 复制DOI
    作者列表:Calvo Sagardoy R,Gallego Morales LT,García de Lorenzo y Mateos A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The need to find effective treatments for patients with Anorexia or Bulimia nervosa has led to the professionals who care for them to develop new forms of treatment that take into account the variables that cause resistance to change. Patients in this study (2006-2009) have the following characteristics: 340 patients who have 7 or more years of evolution and/or have tried numerous previous treatments without having succeeded in starting and / or maintaining the desired changes, that allowed them to recover steadily. As the proposed treatment, the patient-treatment team is based on the principles of the training model. It considers the patient holistically, it informs and provides him with resources to increase its commitment to change. Teaches the patient to take care physically and mentally as a way to regain their health and leave the disorder in a stable way. Includes family members as essential support in the recovery of their closest. Therapists require extensive experience in the treatment of ED, flexibility, ability to integrate with other team members even if they use different theoretical models, skills for group sessions, ability to handle negative emotions and frustration tolerance. Finally, the model presented below has been implemented, recovered patients whose stay in the disorder exceeded 15 years of development and led to permanent occupational disability.
    背景与目标: 由于需要为患有厌食症或神经性贪食症的患者找到有效的治疗方法,因此引起了专业人士的关注,他们开发出了新的治疗形式,并考虑到了引起抗药性变化的因素。本研究(2006-2009年)的患者具有以下特征:340位患者经历了7年或更长时间的进化和/或尝试过许多先前的治疗而未成功开始和/或维持所需的改变,从而使他们得以康复稳步。作为建议的治疗方法,患者治疗团队基于培训模型的原则。它从整体上考虑患者,为患者提供信息并为其提供资源,以增加其对变化的承诺。教给病人身心上的照顾,以恢复健康并稳定地摆脱疾病。包括家庭成员,以帮助他们恢复最亲密的关系。治疗师需要在ED的治疗方面具有丰富的经验,灵活性,与其他团队成员融为一体的能力,即使他们使用不同的理论模型,小组会议的技能,应对负面情绪的能力和挫败感的容忍度也是如此。最终,实施了以下模型,恢复了在该疾病中停留超过15年并导致永久性职业残疾的患者。
  • 【探索关于运动训练和体育锻炼的已发布指南的横截面样本的方法学质量和临床实用性,用于冠心病的二级预防。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12872-017-0589-z 复制DOI
    作者列表:Abell B,Glasziou P,Hoffmann T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Clinicians are encouraged to use guidelines to assist in providing evidence-based secondary prevention to patients with coronary heart disease. However, the expanding number of publications providing guidance about exercise training may confuse cardiac rehabilitation clinicians. We therefore sought to explore the number, scope, publication characteristics, methodological quality, and clinical usefulness of published exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation guidance. METHODS:We included publications recommending physical activity, exercise or cardiac rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease. These included systematically developed clinical practice guidelines, as well as other publications intended to support clinician decision making, such as position papers or consensus statements. Publications were obtained via electronic searches of preventive cardiology societies, guideline databases and PubMed, to November 2016. Publication characteristics were extracted, and two independent assessors evaluated quality using the 23-item Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II (AGREE) tool. RESULTS:Fifty-four international publications from 1994 to 2016 were identified. Most were found on preventive cardiology association websites (n = 35; 65%) and were freely accessible (n = 50; 93%). Thirty (56%) publications contained only broad recommendations for physical activity and cardiac rehabilitation referral, while 24 (44%) contained the necessary detailed exercise training recommendations. Many were labelled as "guidelines", however publications with other titles (e.g. scientific statements) were common (n = 24; 44%). This latter group of publications contained a significantly greater proportion of detailed exercise training recommendations than clinical guidelines (p = 0.017). Wide variation in quality also existed, with 'applicability' the worst scoring AGREE II domain for clinical guidelines (mean score 53%) and 'rigour of development' rated lowest for other guidance types (mean score 33%). CONCLUSIONS:While a large number of guidance documents provide recommendations for exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, most have limitations in either methodological quality or clinical usefulness. The lack of rigorously developed guidelines which also contain necessary detail about exercise training remains a substantial problem for clinicians.
    背景与目标: 背景:鼓励临床医生使用指南来协助为冠心病患者提供循证二级预防。但是,提供有关运动训练指南的出版物数量不断增加,可能会使心脏康复临床医生感到困惑。因此,我们试图探讨已发表的基于运动的心脏康复指南的数量,范围,出版特征,方法学质量和临床实用性。
    方法:我们纳入了建议对冠心病患者进行体育锻炼,运动或心脏康复的出版物。这些包括系统开发的临床实践指南,以及旨在支持临床医生决策的其他出版物,例如立场书或共识声明。出版物通过预防性心脏病学会,指南数据库和PubMed的电子搜索获得,截止日期为2016年11月。提取了出版物的特征,两名独立评估者使用23项指南研究和评估II(AGREE)评估工具对质量进行了评估。
    结果:确定了1994年至2016年的54种国际出版物。大多数在预防心脏病学协会网站上发现(n = 35; 65%),并且可以免费访问(n = 50; 93%)。 30种(56%)出版物仅包含有关体育锻炼和心脏康复参考的广泛建议,而24种(44%)包含必要的详细运动训练建议。许多被标记为``指南'',但是带有其他标题(例如科学陈述)的出版物很常见(n = 24; 44%)。后一组出版物包含的详细运动训练建议所占比例比临床指南要大得多(p = 0.017)。质量也存在很大差异,其中“适用性”在临床指南中得分最差的AGREE II域(平均得分53%),在“发展的严谨性”中其他指南类型的得分最低(平均得分33%)。
    结论:尽管大量指导文件为基于运动的心脏康复提供了建议,但大多数在方法学质量或临床实用性方面均存在局限性。缺乏严格制定的指南,其中也包含有关运动训练的必要细节,这仍然是临床医生面临的重大问题。
  • 【使用Xbox Kinect进行虚拟现实训练对中风幸存者运动功能的影响:初步研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.05.019 复制DOI
    作者列表:Park DS,Lee DG,Lee K,Lee G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although the Kinect gaming system (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA) has been shown to be of therapeutic benefit in rehabilitation, the applicability of Kinect-based virtual reality (VR) training to improve motor function following a stroke has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of VR training, using the Xbox Kinect-based game system, on the motor recovery of patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke. METHODS:This was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty patients with hemiplegic stroke were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. Participants in the intervention group (n = 10) received 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy plus 30 minutes of VR training using Xbox Kinect-based games, and those in the control group (n = 10) received 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy only. All interventions consisted of daily sessions for a 6-week period. All measurements using Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-LE), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and the 10-meter Walk Test (10mWT) were performed at baseline and at the end of the 6 weeks. RESULTS:The scores on the FMA-LE, BBS, TUG, and 10mWT improved significantly from baseline to post intervention in both the intervention and the control groups after training. The pre-to-post difference scores on BBS, TUG, and 10mWT for the intervention group were significantly more improved than those for the control group (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS:Evidence from the present study supports the use of additional VR training with the Xbox Kinect gaming system as an effective therapeutic approach for improving motor function during stroke rehabilitation.
    背景与目标: 背景:尽管已证明Kinect游戏系统(微软公司,华盛顿州雷蒙德)在康复中具有治疗作用,但尚未研究基于Kinect的虚拟现实(VR)训练在中风后改善运动功能的适用性。这项研究旨在调查使用基于Xbox Kinect的游戏系统进行VR训练对慢性偏瘫中风患者运动恢复的影响。
    方法:这是一项随机对照试验。将20例偏瘫性脑卒中患者随机分为干预组或对照组。干预组(n = 10)接受了30分钟的常规物理治疗,并使用基于Xbox Kinect的游戏进行了30分钟的VR训练,而对照组(n = 10)则仅接受了30分钟的常规物理治疗。所有干预措施均包括为期6周的每日会议。使用Fugl-Meyer评估(FMA-LE),Berg平衡量表(BBS),Timed Up and Go测试(TUG)和10米步行测试(10mWT)的所有测量均在基线和结束时进行6个星期。
    结果:在训练后,干预组和对照组的FMA-LE,BBS,TUG和10mWT评分从基线到干预后都有显着改善。干预组的BBS,TUG和10mWT的事前差值得分明显高于对照组(P <.05)。
    结论:本研究的证据支持通过Xbox Kinect游戏系统使用额外的VR训练,作为在中风康复期间改善运动功能的有效治疗方法。
  • 【运动心电图和th体层成像在糖尿病患者无症状冠状动脉疾病检测中的评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/hrt.63.1.7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Koistinen MJ,Huikuri HV,Pirttiaho H,Linnaluoto MK,Takkunen JT
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thallium tomographic imaging and exercise electrocardiography were performed on 136 diabetic patients without symptoms of heart disease. Thirty three patients had post-exercise thallium defects and 19 had ST 1 mm greater than or equal to segment depression during exercise electrocardiography. Both tests were positive in 13 patients. Coronary angiography was subsequently performed on 33 patients with either scintigraphic and/or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Angiographically significant coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% narrowing of the coronary artery lumen) was detected in 13 patients. Six patients had minimal coronary artery stenosis (less than 50%), and 14 had normal coronary arteries. Six patients refused cardiac catheterisation. In 14 out of 27 patients with post-exercise thallium defects coronary angiography did not show any coronary artery stenoses (positive predictive accuracy 48%). Exercise electrocardiography showed only one false positive result (positive predictive accuracy 94%) but failed to detect coronary artery disease in three patients with a positive scintigraphic result. The accuracy of a positive exercise electrocardiographic test seems to be better than that of a positive thallium tomographic scan for detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. The high number of false positive thallium defects may be the result of technical features inherent in thallium tomography and/or the possible disease of the small intramyocardial arteries in diabetic patients.
    背景与目标: :对136例无心脏病症状的糖尿病患者进行了to体层断层显像和运动心电图检查。在运动心电图检查中,有33例运动后al缺陷患者,其中19例ST大于或等于节段压低1 mm。两项测试均阳性13例。随后对33例有心肌缺血的闪烁显像和/或心电图证据的患者进行了冠状动脉造影。在13例患者中发现了具有血管造影意义的冠状动脉疾病(大于或等于50%的冠状动脉腔狭窄)。 6例患者的冠状动脉狭窄程度最小(少于50%),而14例具有正常的冠状动脉。六名患者拒绝心脏导管插入术。在运动后th缺陷的27例患者中,有14例冠状动脉造影未显示任何冠状动脉狭窄(阳性预测准确性为48%)。运动心电图检查仅显示一个假阳性结果(阳性预测准确率94%),但在3个闪烁显像结果阳性的患者中未能检测到冠心病。积极的运动心电图检查的准确性似乎比阳性的X线体层摄影检查的准确性要好,以检测糖尿病患者的无症状冠状动脉疾病。大量假阳性positive缺陷可能是may断层扫描固有的技术特征和/或糖尿病患者心肌小动脉可能的疾病的结果。
  • 【锻炼小组的动力学有多动态?在基于班级的锻炼计划中检查内聚力的变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/a0030412 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dunlop WL,Falk CF,Beauchamp MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Within exercise class settings, group cohesion has consistently been found to predict adherence behaviors, and has been identified as a salient target for intervention-based initiatives. Drawing upon theorizing from the field of group dynamics, exercise class cohesion is often conceptualized as a dynamic construct that requires several classes to form and once it is formed, continues to change over time. Despite the salience of this "dynamic" contention for informing physical activity interventions, this theorizing has yet to be empirically tested. METHOD:In this study a multilevel modeling framework was used to examine changes in exercise class cohesion over time. Exercisers (N = 395) completed measures of cohesion following the second, fifth, and eighth classes of their respective programs (N = 46). RESULTS:Mean levels of social cohesion changed significantly over time whereas mean levels of task cohesion did not. These patterns were largely consistent across persons and groups. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that within group-based exercise programs social and task cohesion possesses different levels of dynamism, and that this dynamism (or lack thereof) might have important implications for future research and interventions involving physical activity groups.
    背景与目标: 目的:在锻炼班级设置中,始终发现小组凝聚力可以​​预测依从行为,并已被确定为基于干预措施的重要目标。借鉴团体动力学领域的理论,运动课的凝聚力通常被概念化为一种动态的构造,需要形成多个班级,一旦形成,它就会随着时间的推移而不断变化。尽管这种“动态”竞争对于体育锻炼的干预非常重要,但是这种理论化还没有经过经验检验。
    方法:在这项研究中,使用了一个多层次的建模框架来检验运动课内聚力随时间的变化。锻炼者(N = 395)在各自程序的第二,第五和第八类(N = 46)之后完成了对内聚力的测量。
    结果:社交凝聚力的平均水平随时间变化显着,而任务凝聚力的平均水平没有变化。这些模式在个人和群体之间基本保持一致。
    结论:这些发现表明,在基于小组的锻炼计划中,社交和任务的凝聚力具有不同程度的活力,这种活力(或缺乏这种活力)可能对涉及体育活动群体的未来研究和干预措施具有重要意义。
  • 【一次锻炼后的冷热环境对能量平衡调节的影响:小型复习。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3390/nu9060592 复制DOI
    作者列表:Charlot K,Faure C,Antoine-Jonville S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.
    背景与目标: :了解对急性运动做出反应的人的食物摄入量的调节对于运动员和士兵以及超重个体的干预非常重要。然而,尚未总结热和冷环境对调节体重和运动性能的这一关键功能的影响。这篇综述的目的是详尽搜索关于锻炼期间环境温度对随后的主观食欲,能量摄入(EI)及其调节的影响的文献。在没有因环境温度引起的压力的情况下,运动后随意进餐期间EI不能补偿运动引起的能量消耗,这可能是由于酰化的生长素释放肽减少和酪氨酸酪氨酸(PYY),胰高血糖素样肽1( GLP-1)和胰腺多肽(PP)的水平。尚未针对冷热环境中相对EI的重大变化进行系统分析。但是,观察到的饮食行为发生了变化(固体/液体食物,碳水化合物/脂肪的比例),并且生理调节似乎也发生了变化。与热中性信号相比,热环境中的厌食信号,尤其是PYY,似乎进一步增加。生长激素释放肽和瘦素可能参与了寒冷运动后EI的增加,同时增加了能量消耗。运动后饮食环境对饮食行为的潜在影响不容忽视。
  • 【运动敏感阳离子通道的过度活跃及其在mdx天然肌纤维中受到IGF-1的调节受损:己酮可可碱的有益作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.010 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rolland JF,De Luca A,Burdi R,Andreetta F,Confalonieri P,Conte Camerino D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings on native striated myofibers from adult dystrophic mdx mice revealed a higher occurrence and open probability compared to non-dystrophic wild-type myofibers of a 30 pS voltage-insensitive Ca2+-permeable channel, inhibited by Gd3+, streptomycin and ruthenium red. Myofibers from in vivo exercised animals had higher channel occurrence and/or open probability. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (3.3 nM) induced and/or enhanced channel activity, via PI3 kinase, in wild-type but not in mdx myofibers. Interestingly, in both genotypes the current was silenced by db-cAMP or pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The channel activity/occurrence in pentoxifylline-treated exercised mdx (50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4-8 weeks) overlapped that of exercised wild-type mice. Thus, a growth factor-sensitive current, likely due to a TRP channel, is activated in vivo by exercise in native striated fibers; its deregulation in the absence of dystrophin may contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis alteration. The possibility to pharmacologically counteract abnormal channel activity discloses important therapeutic application.
    背景与目标: :成年性营养不良mdx小鼠的天然横纹肌纤维的细胞附着膜片钳记录显示,与非营养性野生型肌纤维相比,30 pS电压不敏感的Ca2渗透性通道受Gd3,链霉素抑制的发生率和开放性更高和钌红色。来自体内运动动物的肌纤维具有较高的通道发生率和/或开放概率。胰岛素样生长因子1(3.3 nM)通过PI3激酶在野生型中诱导和/或增强了通道活性,但在mdx肌纤维中却没有。有趣的是,在这两种基因型中,电流都被db-cAMP或磷酸二酯酶抑制剂己酮可可碱沉默。己酮可可碱治疗的运动型mdx(50 mg / kg /天i.p.,持续4-8周)的通道活性/发生与运动的野生型小鼠的通道活性/发生重叠。因此,可能是由于TRP通道引起的对生长因子敏感的电流通过在天然横纹肌中运动而在体内被激活。在缺乏肌营养不良蛋白的情况下,其失调可能导致Ca2稳态改变。在药理学上抵消异常通道活性的可能性公开了重要的治疗应用。
  • 【为考虑选择器官捐赠的家庭提供支持:一种创新的培训方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jacoby L,Crosier V,Pohl H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Families must make decisions about organ donation for a loved one during intensely emotional circumstances in the hospital, where support from others is crucial to their coping. Research about families' experiences during the decision-making process regarding donating their loved ones' organs has shown that quality of hospital care and receiving psychosocial support are important factors influencing their decision. Typically, a donation coordinator from the local organ procurement organization approaches the family about the option of donation, whereas the role of medical and nursing staff is to convey diagnostic and prognostic information to the family. Currently, no requirement is in place for training of professional staff in communication skills for approaching and interacting with families about organ donation. This article discusses a simulated training method in empathic communication used for supporting families who are approached about organ donation. This innovative method can be adapted to and should be tested with professional audiences.
    背景与目标: :在医院情绪激动的情况下,家庭必须为亲人做出器官捐赠的决策,在这种情况下,他人的支持对他们的应对至关重要。有关家庭决策过程中有关捐赠亲人器官的经验的研究表明,医院护理质量和接受社会心理支持是影响其决策的重要因素。通常,当地器官采购组织的捐赠协调员会向家庭询问捐赠的选择,而医护人员的作用是向家庭传达诊断和预后信息。目前,没有要求对专业人员进行有关与器官捐赠有关的沟通技巧的培训,以使其与家人接触和互动。本文讨论了一种用于移情交流的模拟训练方法,该方法用于支持那些接受器官捐赠的家庭。这种创新方法可以适应专业观众,并应经过专业观众的测试。
  • 【使用负训练数据对蛋白质-配体相互作用进行评分的参数估计。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1021/jm050040j 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pham TA,Jain AN
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Surflex-Dock employs an empirically derived scoring function to rank putative protein-ligand interactions by flexible docking of small molecules to proteins of known structure. The scoring function employed by Surflex was developed purely on the basis of positive data, comprising noncovalent protein-ligand complexes with known binding affinities. Consequently, scoring function terms for improper interactions received little weight in parameter estimation, and an ad hoc scheme for avoiding protein-ligand interpenetration was adopted. We present a generalized method for incorporating synthetically generated negative training data, which allows for rigorous estimation of all scoring function parameters. Geometric docking accuracy remained excellent under the new parametrization. In addition, a test of screening utility covering a diverse set of 29 proteins and corresponding ligand sets showed improved performance. Maximal enrichment of true ligands over nonligands exceeded 20-fold in over 80% of cases, with enrichment of greater than 100-fold in over 50% of cases.
    背景与目标: :Surflex-Dock利用经验得出的评分功能,通过将小分子灵活地对接至已知结构的蛋白质来对推定的蛋白质-配体相互作用进行排名。 Surflex所采用的评分功能纯粹是根据积极数据开发的,包括具有已知结合亲和力的非共价蛋白-配体复合物。因此,对于不适当的相互作用的评分功能项在参数估计中的权重很小,并且采用了避免蛋白质-配体互穿的特设方案。我们提出了一种综合方法来综合生成负训练数据,该方法可以对所有评分功能参数进行严格估计。在新的参数化下,几何对接精度仍然保持出色。此外,一项涵盖多种29种蛋白质和相应配体的筛选效用测试表明,其性能得到了改善。超过80%的案例中,真正的配体比非配体的最大富集超过20倍,超过50%的案例中,富集超过100倍。
  • 【人类妊娠和妊娠晚期对运动中呼吸不适的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.08.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jensen D,Webb KA,Wolfe LA,O'Donnell DE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined the effects of human pregnancy and advancing gestation on the intensity of respiratory discomfort (dyspnea) during cycle exercise. Fourteen pregnant women (PG) performed a progressive cycle ergometer exercise test involving 20 W/min increases in work rate to symptom limitation and/or a heart rate of 170-175 beats/min at 19.7+/-1.2 weeks (ENTRY), 28.2+/-0.3 weeks (TM2) and 36.3+/-0.3 weeks (TM3) gestation. Eight, age-matched, sedentary non-pregnant women (CG) were also studied for comparison purposes. Measurements included dyspnea intensity (Borg scale), minute ventilation (VE), breathing pattern and other cardiorespiratory parameters. At peak exercise, neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation had an effect on dyspnea, VE, breathing pattern, oxygen uptake or work rate (p>0.05). VE was significantly greater (by 11 L/min at 100 W) in the PG at TM3 versus CG (p<0.05) at all submaximal work rates. VE also increased progressively from ENTRY to TM2 and TM3 during submaximal exercise. Dyspnea was not significantly different at any submaximal work rate in the PG at TM3 versus CG or with advancing gestation in the PG. In addition, dyspnea at a standardized exercise VE of 40 L/min was not different at TM3 versus ENTRY or in the PG at TM3 versus CG. Neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation were associated with increased respiratory discomfort during strenuous non-weight bearing cycle ergometer exercise, despite substantial increases in VE and progressive mechanical adaptations of the respiratory system to accommodate the increasing size of the gravid uterus.
    背景与目标: :这项研究检查了人的妊娠和提前妊娠对周期运动期间呼吸不适(呼吸困难)强度的影响。十四名孕妇(PG)进行了渐进式自行车测功机运动测试,涉及在19.7 /-1.2周时,工作速度增加20 W / min到出现症状限制和/或心率170-175次/ min(ENTRY),28.2 / -0.3周(TM2)和36.3 /-0.3周(TM3)妊娠。为了比较目的,还研究了八名年龄匹配的久坐不孕女性(CG)。测量包括呼吸困难强度(Borg评分),分钟通气量(VE),呼吸模式和其他心肺参数。在运动高峰期,妊娠和提前妊娠对呼吸困难,VE,呼吸方式,摄氧量或工作率均无影响(p> 0.05)。在所有次最大工作速率下,TM3的PG中的VE均明显大于CG(p <0.05)(100 W时为11 L / min)(p <0.05)。在最大程度的运动期间,VE也从ENTRY逐渐增加到TM2和TM3。无论在TM3时,PG的任何次最大工作速率下的呼吸困难与CG相比,或在PG中妊娠进展的情况下,呼吸困难均无显着差异。此外,标准运动VE为40 L / min时的呼吸困难在TM3与ENTRY或PG在TM3与CG时无差异。尽管剧烈增加VE,并逐渐适应呼吸系统的机械适应能力,以适应妊娠不断增加的子宫大小,但剧烈的非负重自行车测功器锻炼期间,怀孕和妊娠期都不会增加呼吸不适。
  • 【月经周期的黄体期增加运动中的出汗率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Garcia AM,Lacerda MG,Fonseca IA,Reis FM,Rodrigues LO,Silami-Garcia E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study evaluated whether the luteal phase elevation of body temperature would be offset during exercise by increased sweating, when women are normally hydrated. Eleven women performed 60 min of cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal work load at 32 degrees C and 80% relative air humidity. Each subject participated in two identical experimental sessions: one during the follicular phase (between days 5 and 8) and the other during the luteal phase (between days 22 and 25). Women with serum progesterone >3 ng/mL, in the luteal phase were classified as group 1 (N = 4), whereas the others were classified as group 2 (N = 7). Post-exercise urine volume (213 +/- 80 vs 309 +/- 113 mL) and specific urine gravity (1.008 +/- 0.003 vs 1.006 +/- 0.002) changed (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in group 1. No menstrual cycle dependence was observed for these parameters in group 2. Sweat rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the luteal (3.10 +/- 0.81 g m-2 min-1) than in the follicular phase (2.80 +/- 0.64 g m(-2) min(-1)) only in group 1. During exercise, no differences related to menstrual cycle phases were seen in rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, mean skin temperature, and pre- and post-exercise body weight. Women exercising in a warm and humid environment with water intake seem to be able to adapt to the luteal phase increase of basal body temperature through reduced urinary volume and increased sweating rate.
    背景与目标: :本研究评估了在正常情况下为女性补充水分时,出汗增加是否可以抵消黄体期体温的升高。十一名女性在32摄氏度和80%的相对湿度下以最大工作负荷的60%进行了60分钟的自行车运动。每个受试者都参加了两个相同的实验会议:一个在卵泡期(第5至8天之间),另一个在黄体期(第22至25天之间)。黄体期血清孕酮> 3 ng / mL的妇女被分类为第1组(N = 4),而其他人被分类为第2组(N = 7)。与第1组的卵泡期相比,黄体期运动后的尿量(213 /-80 vs 309 /-113 mL)和比重(1.008 /-0.003 vs 1.006 /-0.002)发生了变化(P <0.05) 。在第2组中,没有观察到这些参数对月经周期的依赖性。黄体(3.10 /-0.81 g m-2 min-1)的发汗率高于卵泡期(2.80 /-0.64 gm)(P <0.05) (-2)min(-1))仅在第1组中。运动期间,在直肠温度,心率,感知的劳累率,平均皮肤温度以及运动前后,与月经周期相关的差异均未发现体重。在温暖和潮湿的环境中进行饮水运动的妇女似乎能够通过减少尿量和增加出汗率来适应黄体期基础体温的升高。
  • 【前交叉韧带重建后全身振动板训练对运动员力量的功效:一项随机对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000466 复制DOI
    作者列表:Costantino C,Bertuletti S,Romiti D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.
    背景与目标: 目的:评估为期8周的全身振动训练计划是否可以改善关节镜前交叉韧带(ACL)重建后运动员屈膝/伸展肌肉力量的恢复。
    设计:随机对照试验。
    地点:单个门诊康复中心。
    参与者:38名女子排球/篮球运动员(年龄在20至30岁之间),随机分为2个治疗组。
    干预措施:在标准化的六个月康复计划中,从手术后第13周到第20周,全身振动组(n = 19)和对照组(n = 19)进行了额外的静态膝屈肌/伸肌练习。振动平台。对于全身振动组,将振动平台设置为2.5毫米的振幅和26赫兹的频率。对照组接受相同的全身振动板训练,无振动。
    主要观察指标:在其他治疗方案的开始和结束时,均用Biodex测功机通过等速肌力测试对所有患者进行评估。测试的参数是执行力量和耐力测试的峰值扭矩和膝盖屈肌和伸肌的最大力量。
    结果:未观察到与振动相关的副作用。两组均注意到改善,但与对照组相比,全身振动组膝部肌肉的等速肌力值在统计学上具有显着意义(延伸差异:峰值扭矩11.316 / 10.263 N·m和最大功率13.684 / 11.211 W;屈曲:峰值扭矩9.632 / 11.105 N·m,最大功率10.158 / 9.474 W; P <0.001)。
    结论:与标准的康复计划结合使用时,全身振动可能会增加肌肉力量,并成为ACL关节镜重建术后运动员康复的有效附加治疗选择。
  • 【运动前小吃店的血糖指数对后续运动过程中底物利用率的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09637486.2013.825701 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sun FH,O'Reilly J,Li L,Wong SH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of the glycemic index (GI) of pre-exercise snack bars on substrate utilization during subsequent moderate intensity exercise. METHODS:Fourteen male participants (Age: 27 ± 5 yr; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.7 kg m(-2); [Formula: see text]: 48.7 ± 6.1 mL kg(-1 )min(-1)) completed two trials in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design. Two iso-caloric snack bars with different GI values (20, LGI versus 68, HGI) were provided to the participants. Ninety minutes later, all participants completed 45 minutes of ergometer cycling at 65% [Formula: see text]. Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS:During exercise, higher fat oxidation and lower carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were observed in the LGI trial (LGI versus HGI: CHO, 87.3 ± 20.1 versus 99.2 ± 19.0 g, p < 0.05; Fat, 15.0 ± 5.8 versus 9.7 ± 7.0 g, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Compared with an iso-caloric HGI snack bar, pre-exercise LGI snack bar consumption may facilitate a shift of substrate utilization from CHO to fat during subsequent moderate intensity exercise.
    背景与目标: 目的:研究运动前零食的血糖指数(GI)对后续中等强度运动过程中底物利用率的影响。
    方法:十四名男性参与者(年龄:27±±5 yr; BMI:22.5±±2.7 kg m(-2); [公式:见正文]:48.7±±6.1 mL kg(-1)min(-1)完成两项试验在随机和平衡的分频设计中。为参与者提供了两个具有不同GI值的等热量快餐棒(20,LGI对68,HGI)。九十分钟后,所有参与者完成了45分钟的测功机骑行,速度为65%[公式:参见文字]。使用间接量热法测量底物利用率。
    结果:在运动过程中,LGI试验观察到较高的脂肪氧化和较低的碳水化合物(CHO)氧化(LGI与HGI:CHO,87.3±±20.1 vs 99.2±±19.0μg,p <0.05;脂肪15.0±±5.8与9.7±±7.0 g,p <0.05。
    结论:与等热量的HGI小吃棒相比,运动LGI小吃棒的消费可能有助于在随后的中等强度运动中将底物利用率从CHO转换为脂肪。

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