BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The penetrance of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) during childhood and adolescence has been only sparsely described. We studied the penetrance of HCM and the short- and long-term outcomes of clinical screening and predictive genetic testing of child relatives of patients with HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS:Ninety probands and 361 relatives were included in a family screening program for HCM (1994-2001). Eleven sarcomere genes, CRYAB, α-GAL, and titin were screened. Sixty-six relatives and 4 probands were <18 years of age at inclusion. Twelve child relatives were mutation carriers (age, 12 ± 5 years), and 26 had unknown genetic status, ie, relatives from families without identified mutations (n = 21) or not tested (n = 5) (age, 11 ± 5 years). Twenty-eight noncarriers (42%; age, 10 ± 4 years) served as control subjects. Two of 38 child relatives (5%) at risk of developing HCM fulfilled diagnostic criteria for HCM at inclusion. After 12 ± 1 years of follow-up, 2 of the 36 (6%; 95% confidence interval, 2-18) at-risk child relatives who were phenotype negative at inclusion had developed the HCM phenotype at 26 and 28 years of age. During follow-up, none of the child relatives experienced serious cardiac events. Participation in the screening program had no long-term negative psychological impact. CONCLUSIONS:The penetrance of HCM in phenotype-negative child relatives at risk of developing HCM was 6% after 12 years of follow-up. The finding of phenotype conversion in the mid-20s warrants continued screening into adulthood. Forty-two percent of the child relatives were noncarriers, and repeat clinical follow-up could be safely limited to the remaining children.

背景与目标： 背景：在儿童和青少年时期肥厚型心肌病（HCM）的渗透率仅得到了很少的描述。我们研究了HCM的渗透率以及HCM患者的儿童亲属的临床筛查和预测性基因检测的短期和长期结果。
方法与结果：1994年至2001年，在HCM家庭筛查计划中纳入了90名先证者和361名亲属。筛选了11个肌小节基因CRYAB，α-GAL和titin。六十六名亲戚和四名先证者年龄小于18岁。十二名儿童亲属是突变携带者（年龄为12±5岁），有26名遗传状况未知，即来自未发现突变的家庭的亲属（n = 21）或未经测试（n = 5）（年龄为11±5岁） ）。对照组为28名非携带者（42％；年龄为10±4岁）。 38名患HCM的儿童亲属中有2名（5％）符合入选HCM的诊断标准。经过12±1年的随访，在纳入时表现型为阴性的36名高危儿童亲戚中，有2名（6％； 95％置信区间为2-18）在26岁和28岁时出现了HCM表型。 。在随访期间，没有任何一个儿童亲属经历过严重的心脏事件。参与筛查程序不会对心理产生长期负面影响。
结论：随访12年后，表型阴性儿童亲属中HCM的外显率为6％。在20年代中期发现表型转化的情况值得继续筛选，直至成年。 42％的儿童亲属是非携带者，重复进行的临床随访可以安全地限于其余儿童。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thallium tomographic imaging and exercise electrocardiography were performed on 136 diabetic patients without symptoms of heart disease. Thirty three patients had post-exercise thallium defects and 19 had ST 1 mm greater than or equal to segment depression during exercise electrocardiography. Both tests were positive in 13 patients. Coronary angiography was subsequently performed on 33 patients with either scintigraphic and/or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Angiographically significant coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% narrowing of the coronary artery lumen) was detected in 13 patients. Six patients had minimal coronary artery stenosis (less than 50%), and 14 had normal coronary arteries. Six patients refused cardiac catheterisation. In 14 out of 27 patients with post-exercise thallium defects coronary angiography did not show any coronary artery stenoses (positive predictive accuracy 48%). Exercise electrocardiography showed only one false positive result (positive predictive accuracy 94%) but failed to detect coronary artery disease in three patients with a positive scintigraphic result. The accuracy of a positive exercise electrocardiographic test seems to be better than that of a positive thallium tomographic scan for detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. The high number of false positive thallium defects may be the result of technical features inherent in thallium tomography and/or the possible disease of the small intramyocardial arteries in diabetic patients.

背景与目标： ：对136例无心脏病症状的糖尿病患者进行了to体层断层显像和运动心电图检查。在运动心电图检查中，有33例运动后al缺陷患者，其中19例ST大于或等于节段压低1 mm。两项测试均阳性13例。随后对33例有心肌缺血的闪烁显像和/或心电图证据的患者进行了冠状动脉造影。在13例患者中发现了具有血管造影意义的冠状动脉疾病（大于或等于50％的冠状动脉腔狭窄）。 6例患者的冠状动脉狭窄程度最小（少于50％），而14例具有正常的冠状动脉。六名患者拒绝心脏导管插入术。在运动后th缺陷的27例患者中，有14例冠状动脉造影未显示任何冠状动脉狭窄（阳性预测准确性为48％）。运动心电图检查仅显示一个假阳性结果（阳性预测准确率94％），但在3个闪烁显像结果阳性的患者中未能检测到冠心病。积极的运动心电图检查的准确性似乎比阳性的X线体层摄影检查的准确性要好，以检测糖尿病患者的无症状冠状动脉疾病。大量假阳性positive缺陷可能是may断层扫描固有的技术特征和/或糖尿病患者心肌小动脉可能的疾病的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Within exercise class settings, group cohesion has consistently been found to predict adherence behaviors, and has been identified as a salient target for intervention-based initiatives. Drawing upon theorizing from the field of group dynamics, exercise class cohesion is often conceptualized as a dynamic construct that requires several classes to form and once it is formed, continues to change over time. Despite the salience of this "dynamic" contention for informing physical activity interventions, this theorizing has yet to be empirically tested. METHOD:In this study a multilevel modeling framework was used to examine changes in exercise class cohesion over time. Exercisers (N = 395) completed measures of cohesion following the second, fifth, and eighth classes of their respective programs (N = 46). RESULTS:Mean levels of social cohesion changed significantly over time whereas mean levels of task cohesion did not. These patterns were largely consistent across persons and groups. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that within group-based exercise programs social and task cohesion possesses different levels of dynamism, and that this dynamism (or lack thereof) might have important implications for future research and interventions involving physical activity groups.

背景与目标： 目的：在锻炼班级设置中，始终发现小组凝聚力可以​​预测依从行为，并已被确定为基于干预措施的重要目标。借鉴团体动力学领域的理论，运动课的凝聚力通常被概念化为一种动态的构造，需要形成多个班级，一旦形成，它就会随着时间的推移而不断变化。尽管这种“动态”竞争对于体育锻炼的干预非常重要，但是这种理论化还没有经过经验检验。
方法：在这项研究中，使用了一个多层次的建模框架来检验运动课内聚力随时间的变化。锻炼者（N = 395）在各自程序的第二，第五和第八类（N = 46）之后完成了对内聚力的测量。
结果：社交凝聚力的平均水平随时间变化显着，而任务凝聚力的平均水平没有变化。这些模式在个人和群体之间基本保持一致。
结论：这些发现表明，在基于小组的锻炼计划中，社交和任务的凝聚力具有不同程度的活力，这种活力（或缺乏这种活力）可能对涉及体育活动群体的未来研究和干预措施具有重要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.

背景与目标： ：了解对急性运动做出反应的人的食物摄入量的调节对于运动员和士兵以及超重个体的干预非常重要。然而，尚未总结热和冷环境对调节体重和运动性能的这一关键功能的影响。这篇综述的目的是详尽搜索关于锻炼期间环境温度对随后的主观食欲，能量摄入（EI）及其调节的影响的文献。在没有因环境温度引起的压力的情况下，运动后随意进餐期间EI不能补偿运动引起的能量消耗，这可能是由于酰化的生长素释放肽减少和酪氨酸酪氨酸（PYY），胰高血糖素样肽1（ GLP-1）和胰腺多肽（PP）的水平。尚未针对冷热环境中相对EI的重大变化进行系统分析。但是，观察到的饮食行为发生了变化（固体/液体食物，碳水化合物/脂肪的比例），并且生理调节似乎也发生了变化。与热中性信号相比，热环境中的厌食信号，尤其是PYY，似乎进一步增加。生长激素释放肽和瘦素可能参与了寒冷运动后EI的增加，同时增加了能量消耗。运动后饮食环境对饮食行为的潜在影响不容忽视。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In 2009, 6.7% of the estimated 1.1 million persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States were youths (defined in this report as persons aged 13-24 years); more than half of youths with HIV (59.5%) were unaware of their infection. METHODS:CDC used National HIV Surveillance System data to estimate, among youths, prevalence rates of diagnosed HIV infection in 2009 and the number of new infections (incidence) in 2010. To assess the prevalence of risk factors and HIV testing among youths, CDC used the 2009 and 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System for 9th-12th grade students and the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for persons 18-24 years. RESULTS:Prevalence of diagnosed HIV was 69.5 per 100,000 youths at the end of 2009. Youths accounted for 12,200 (25.7%) new HIV infections in 2010. Of these, 7,000 (57.4%) were among blacks/African Americans, 2,390 (19.6%) among Hispanics/Latinos, and 2,380 (19.5%) among whites; 8,800 (72.1%) were attributed to male-to-male sexual contact. The percentage of youths tested for HIV overall was 12.9% among high school students and 34.5% among those aged 18-24 years; it was lower among males than females, and lower among whites and Hispanics/Latinos than blacks/African Americans. CONCLUSIONS:A disproportionate number of new HIV infections occurs among youths, especially blacks/African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and men who have sex with men (MSM). The percentage of youths tested for HIV, however, was low, particularly among males. Implications for Public Health: More effort is needed to provide effective school- and community-based interventions to ensure all youths, particularly MSM, have the knowledge, skills, resources, and support necessary to avoid HIV infection. Health-care providers and public health agencies should ensure that youths are tested for HIV and have access to sexual health services, and that HIV-positive youths receive ongoing health-care and prevention services.

背景与目标： 背景：2009年，在美国估计有110万人患有人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染的人口中，有6.7％是青年（本报告中定义为13至24岁的人）；一半以上的艾滋病毒青年（59.5％）没有意识到自己的感染。
方法：疾病预防控制中心使用国家艾滋病毒监测系统的数据来估计年轻人中2009年确诊的艾滋病毒感染率和2010年的新感染人数（发病率）。为评估青少年中危险因素和艾滋病毒检测的患病率，疾病预防控制中心针对9至12年级学生的2009年和2011年青少年风险行为监控系统，以及针对18至24岁人群的2010年全国健康访问调查（NHIS）。
结果：2009年底，诊断出的艾滋病毒患病率为每10万名青年中69.5名。2010年，青年新感染艾滋病毒的人数为12,200（25.7％）。其中，黑人/非裔美国人中有7,000（57.4％），2,390（19.6％）。 ）在西班牙裔/拉丁裔中，白人中有2,380名（19.5％）； 8,800（72.1％）来自男女之间的性接触。在高中生中，接受艾滋病毒检测的年轻人总体百分比为12.9％，在18-24岁年龄段的年轻人中为34.5％；男性比女性低，而白人和西班牙裔/拉丁美洲人比黑人/非裔美国人低。
结论：年轻人中，尤其是黑人/非裔美国人，西班牙裔/拉丁裔和与男性发生性关系的男性中，新感染艾滋病毒的比例不成比例。但是，接受艾滋病毒检测的年轻人比例很低，尤其是在男性当中。对公共卫生的影响：需要付出更多的努力来提供有效的基于学校和社区的干预措施，以确保所有青年，尤其是男男性接触者，拥有避免感染艾滋病毒所需的知识，技能，资源和支持。卫生保健提供者和公共卫生机构应确保对青年进行艾滋病毒检测并获得性保健服务，并确保艾滋病毒呈阳性的青年得到持续的卫生保健和预防服务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In recent years, endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) has emerged as an innovative technique for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer and has been successfully introduced into daily clinical practice with several advantages including minimally invasive approach, safe, cost-effective, real time image guidance, broad sampling capability, and rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE). Both cytological and histological approach could be useful to have material for diagnosis, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses which may be very important for targeted therapy with successful rate ranging from 89% to 98%. The utility of ROSE during EBUS-TBNA has been matter of debate. Indeed, although some evidence concluded that ROSE does not increase the diagnostic efficacy of EBUS-TBNA, other demonstrated that it improves the diagnostic yield of the procedure up to 30%, allows to avoid repetition of additional diagnostic procedures and reduces risk of complications. Furthermore the sample preparation by cytopathologist is optimized with the aid of direct macroscopic inspection, optimal smearing techniques, and triage of the sample permitting to obtain adequate tissue for diagnosis, ancillary techniques and molecular testing, when needed. Some pathological issues on EBUS-TBNA are reviewed and discussed with particular focus on ROSE and molecular testing.

背景与目标： ：近年来，支气管内超声引导下的TBNA（EBUS-TBNA）已成为诊断和分期肺癌的创新技术，并已成功引入日常临床实践中，具有多种优势，包括微创方法，安全，具有成本效益，实时图像导航，广泛的采样功能以及快速的现场评估（ROSE）。细胞学和组织学方法均可用于诊断，免疫组织化学和分子分析的材料，这对于靶向治疗非常重要，成功率从89％到98％不等。在EBUS-TBNA期间，ROSE的实用性一直存在争议。确实，尽管一些证据得出结论，ROSE不会增加EBUS-TBNA的诊断功效，但其他证据表明，ROSE可以将手术的诊断率提高多达30％，可以避免重复进行其他诊断程序并降低并发症的风险。此外，借助于直接的宏观检查，最佳的涂片技术和样品分类，可以优化细胞病理学家的样品制备，从而在需要时能够获得足够的组织用于诊断，辅助技术和分子检测。对EBUS-TBNA的一些病理学问题进行了回顾和讨论，特别是在ROSE和分子测试方面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings on native striated myofibers from adult dystrophic mdx mice revealed a higher occurrence and open probability compared to non-dystrophic wild-type myofibers of a 30 pS voltage-insensitive Ca2+-permeable channel, inhibited by Gd3+, streptomycin and ruthenium red. Myofibers from in vivo exercised animals had higher channel occurrence and/or open probability. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (3.3 nM) induced and/or enhanced channel activity, via PI3 kinase, in wild-type but not in mdx myofibers. Interestingly, in both genotypes the current was silenced by db-cAMP or pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The channel activity/occurrence in pentoxifylline-treated exercised mdx (50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4-8 weeks) overlapped that of exercised wild-type mice. Thus, a growth factor-sensitive current, likely due to a TRP channel, is activated in vivo by exercise in native striated fibers; its deregulation in the absence of dystrophin may contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis alteration. The possibility to pharmacologically counteract abnormal channel activity discloses important therapeutic application.

背景与目标： ：成年性营养不良mdx小鼠的天然横纹肌纤维的细胞附着膜片钳记录显示，与非营养性野生型肌纤维相比，30 pS电压不敏感的Ca2渗透性通道受Gd3，链霉素抑制的发生率和开放性更高和钌红色。来自体内运动动物的肌纤维具有较高的通道发生率和/或开放概率。胰岛素样生长因子1（3.3 nM）通过PI3激酶在野生型中诱导和/或增强了通道活性，但在mdx肌纤维中却没有。有趣的是，在这两种基因型中，电流都被db-cAMP或磷酸二酯酶抑制剂己酮可可碱沉默。己酮可可碱治疗的运动型mdx（50 mg / kg /天i.p.，持续4-8周）的通道活性/发生与运动的野生型小鼠的通道活性/发生重叠。因此，可能是由于TRP通道引起的对生长因子敏感的电流通过在天然横纹肌中运动而在体内被激活。在缺乏肌营养不良蛋白的情况下，其失调可能导致Ca2稳态改变。在药理学上抵消异常通道活性的可能性公开了重要的治疗应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined the effects of human pregnancy and advancing gestation on the intensity of respiratory discomfort (dyspnea) during cycle exercise. Fourteen pregnant women (PG) performed a progressive cycle ergometer exercise test involving 20 W/min increases in work rate to symptom limitation and/or a heart rate of 170-175 beats/min at 19.7+/-1.2 weeks (ENTRY), 28.2+/-0.3 weeks (TM2) and 36.3+/-0.3 weeks (TM3) gestation. Eight, age-matched, sedentary non-pregnant women (CG) were also studied for comparison purposes. Measurements included dyspnea intensity (Borg scale), minute ventilation (VE), breathing pattern and other cardiorespiratory parameters. At peak exercise, neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation had an effect on dyspnea, VE, breathing pattern, oxygen uptake or work rate (p>0.05). VE was significantly greater (by 11 L/min at 100 W) in the PG at TM3 versus CG (p<0.05) at all submaximal work rates. VE also increased progressively from ENTRY to TM2 and TM3 during submaximal exercise. Dyspnea was not significantly different at any submaximal work rate in the PG at TM3 versus CG or with advancing gestation in the PG. In addition, dyspnea at a standardized exercise VE of 40 L/min was not different at TM3 versus ENTRY or in the PG at TM3 versus CG. Neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation were associated with increased respiratory discomfort during strenuous non-weight bearing cycle ergometer exercise, despite substantial increases in VE and progressive mechanical adaptations of the respiratory system to accommodate the increasing size of the gravid uterus.

背景与目标： ：这项研究检查了人的妊娠和提前妊娠对周期运动期间呼吸不适（呼吸困难）强度的影响。十四名孕妇（PG）进行了渐进式自行车测功机运动测试，涉及在19.7 /-1.2周时，工作速度增加20 W / min到出现症状限制和/或心率170-175次/ min（ENTRY），28.2 / -0.3周（TM2）和36.3 /-0.3周（TM3）妊娠。为了比较目的，还研究了八名年龄匹配的久坐不孕女性（CG）。测量包括呼吸困难强度（Borg评分），分钟通气量（VE），呼吸模式和其他心肺参数。在运动高峰期，妊娠和提前妊娠对呼吸困难，VE，呼吸方式，摄氧量或工作率均无影响（p> 0.05）。在所有次最大工作速率下，TM3的PG中的VE均明显大于CG（p <0.05）（100 W时为11 L / min）（p <0.05）。在最大程度的运动期间，VE也从ENTRY逐渐增加到TM2和TM3。无论在TM3时，PG的任何次最大工作速率下的呼吸困难与CG相比，或在PG中妊娠进展的情况下，呼吸困难均无显着差异。此外，标准运动VE为40 L / min时的呼吸困难在TM3与ENTRY或PG在TM3与CG时无差异。尽管剧烈增加VE，并逐渐适应呼吸系统的机械适应能力，以适应妊娠不断增加的子宫大小，但剧烈的非负重自行车测功器锻炼期间，怀孕和妊娠期都不会增加呼吸不适。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper gives a proposal for a standardised agar diffusion susceptibility testing method with 25 micrograms fluconazole discs. The methodology compiles the results of several years of work to develop a reliable and reproducible routine-method for the microbiology laboratory. In this proposal, in addition, the critics and experiences of a collaborative study for susceptibility testing of fluconazole with 21 laboratories from Germany and Austria are included.

背景与目标： 本文提出了一种标准的琼脂扩散敏感性测试方法，该方法需使用25微克的氟康唑片。该方法汇编了多年工作的结果，为微生物实验室开发了一种可靠且可重现的常规方法。在此建议中，还包括与德国和奥地利的21个实验室合作开展的氟康唑药敏试验的批评家和经验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study evaluated whether the luteal phase elevation of body temperature would be offset during exercise by increased sweating, when women are normally hydrated. Eleven women performed 60 min of cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal work load at 32 degrees C and 80% relative air humidity. Each subject participated in two identical experimental sessions: one during the follicular phase (between days 5 and 8) and the other during the luteal phase (between days 22 and 25). Women with serum progesterone >3 ng/mL, in the luteal phase were classified as group 1 (N = 4), whereas the others were classified as group 2 (N = 7). Post-exercise urine volume (213 +/- 80 vs 309 +/- 113 mL) and specific urine gravity (1.008 +/- 0.003 vs 1.006 +/- 0.002) changed (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in group 1. No menstrual cycle dependence was observed for these parameters in group 2. Sweat rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the luteal (3.10 +/- 0.81 g m-2 min-1) than in the follicular phase (2.80 +/- 0.64 g m(-2) min(-1)) only in group 1. During exercise, no differences related to menstrual cycle phases were seen in rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, mean skin temperature, and pre- and post-exercise body weight. Women exercising in a warm and humid environment with water intake seem to be able to adapt to the luteal phase increase of basal body temperature through reduced urinary volume and increased sweating rate.

背景与目标： ：本研究评估了在正常情况下为女性补充水分时，出汗增加是否可以抵消黄体期体温的升高。十一名女性在32摄氏度和80％的相对湿度下以最大工作负荷的60％进行了60分钟的自行车运动。每个受试者都参加了两个相同的实验会议：一个在卵泡期（第5至8天之间），另一个在黄体期（第22至25天之间）。黄体期血清孕酮> 3 ng / mL的妇女被分类为第1组（N = 4），而其他人被分类为第2组（N = 7）。与第1组的卵泡期相比，黄体期运动后的尿量（213 /-80 vs 309 /-113 mL）和比重（1.008 /-0.003 vs 1.006 /-0.002）发生了变化（P <0.05） 。在第2组中，没有观察到这些参数对月经周期的依赖性。黄体（3.10 /-0.81 g m-2 min-1）的发汗率高于卵泡期（2.80 /-0.64 gm）（P <0.05） （-2）min（-1））仅在第1组中。运动期间，在直肠温度，心率，感知的劳累率，平均皮肤温度以及运动前后，与月经周期相关的差异均未发现体重。在温暖和潮湿的环境中进行饮水运动的妇女似乎能够通过减少尿量和增加出汗率来适应黄体期基础体温的升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The root tuber peel of Flemingia vestita has been in use in local traditional medicine against intestinal worm infections in Meghalaya (North-East India). In order to evaluate and authenticate the anthelminitc efficacy of the isoflavones of F. vestita, the root peel extract of this putative plant was tested against several helminth parasites, extensively on Rallietina echinobothrida, with respect to different parameters of these parasites. In this paper, we describe various methods to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of this medicinal plant with respect to carbohydrate metabolism in R. echinobothrida at paralytic time caused by the isoflavones of F. vestita. To meet the high energy demand by the parasite due to the anthelmintic stress, glucose breakdown follows the PEPCK-malate pathway in the parasite.

背景与目标： ：Flemingiavesita的块根根皮已被用于当地传统医学中，以对抗梅加拉亚邦（印度东北部）的肠道蠕虫感染。为了评估和验证F.vestita异黄酮的止痛药功效，针对这些寄生虫的不同参数，对该推定植物的根皮提取物针对几种蠕虫寄生虫进行了广泛测试，该寄生虫在棘皮棘轮虫（Rallietina echinobothrida）上进行了测试。在本文中，我们描述了各种方法来评估该药用植物的抗寄生虫功效，该物质针对拟南芥异黄酮引起的麻疯棘棘病中碳水化合物代谢的碳水化合物代谢。为了满足由于驱虫应激而引起的寄生虫的高能量需求，葡萄糖分解遵循了寄生虫中的PEPCK-苹果酸途径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Visual sensitivity is comprehensively described by the contrast sensitivity function (CSF), but current routine clinical care does not include its assessment because of the time-consuming need to estimate thresholds for a large number of spatial frequencies. The quick CSF method, however, dramatically reduces testing times by using a Bayesian information maximization rule. We evaluate the test-retest variability of a tablet-based quick CSF implementation in a study with 100 subjects who repeatedly assessed their vision with and without optical correction. We first discuss two commonly used measures of repeatability, intraclass correlation and the Bland-Altman Coefficient of Repeatability, and show that they are vulnerable to artifacts. Instead, we propose to formulate precision as an information retrieval task: from all repeat test scores, can we retrieve a certain individual based on their first test score? We then use rank-based analyses such as mean average precision as a better measure to compare different test metrics, and show that the highest test-retest precision is achieved using a summary statistic, the area under the log CSF (AULCSF). This demonstrates the benefit of assessment of the whole CSF compared to sensitivity at individual spatial frequencies only. AULCSF also yields best discrimination performance (99.2%) between measurements that were taken with and without glasses, respectively, even better than CSF Acuity. The tablet-based quick CSF thus enables the rapid and reliable home monitoring of visual function, which has the potential to improve early diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration.

背景与目标： ：视觉敏感度由对比敏感度功能（CSF）进行了全面描述，但是当前的常规临床护理不包括其评估，因为需要花费大量时间来估计大量空间频率的阈值。但是，快速的CSF方法通过使用贝叶斯信息最大化规则大大减少了测试时间。我们在一项包含100名受试者的研究中评估了基于平板电脑的快速CSF实施的重测变异性，这些受试者在有无光学矫正的情况下反复评估其视力。我们首先讨论两种可重复性的常用度量，类内相关性和可重复性的Bland-Altman系数，并表明它们易受伪影的影响。相反，我们建议将精确度公式化为信息检索任务：从所有重复的测试成绩中，我们是否可以根据他们的第一个测试成绩来检索某个人？然后，我们使用基于等级的分析（例如平均平均精度）作为比较不同测试指标的更好方法，并显示使用汇总统计量（对数CSF下的面积（AULCSF））可以实现最高的重测精度。与仅在单个空间频率下的灵敏度相比，这证明了评估整个CSF的益处。在分别戴有眼镜和不戴眼镜的情况下，AULCSF还可产生最佳的辨别性能（99.2％），甚至优于CSF Acuity。因此，基于平板电脑的快速CSF可以实现对视觉功能的快速可靠的家庭监控，具有改善早期诊断和治疗眼科疾病（如糖尿病性视网膜病或年龄相关性黄斑变性）的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. Testing and treatment of asymptomatic persons might avert progression to more advanced disease. In 1998, CDC published guidelines for HCV testing based on risk factors for infection; however, recent studies indicate that at least one half of all persons living with HCV infection in the United States are unaware of their infection status. To increase testing rates, in 2012 CDC recommended one-time testing of all persons born during 1945-1965. To better understand where and why persons with chronic HCV infection sought their initial testing, 2006-2010 data were analyzed from a survey conducted as part of the ongoing Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study. Of 4,689 patients with HCV infection who responded to the survey, 60.4% reported that their initial HCV test occurred in a physician's office. CDC's risk-based indications (e.g., injection drug use and hemodialysis) were cited by 1,045 (22.3%) of the patients as reasons for testing, whereas clinical indications (e.g., abnormal liver function tests or liver-related symptoms such as jaundice) were cited by 2,121 (45.2%), suggesting that many HCV infections were identified only after the patient had become symptomatic. Promoting U. S. Preventive Services Task Force and CDC recommendations for testing and identifying strategies that help physicians implement HCV testing in their offices might help facilitate timely identification of HCV infection and reduce morbidity and mortality.

背景与目标： ：慢性丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染在美国引起大量发病和死亡。无症状者的测试和治疗可能会避免病情恶化。 1998年，疾病预防控制中心发布了基于感染危险因素的HCV检测指南；但是，最近的研究表明，在美国，所有感染HCV的人中至少有一半不知道其感染状况。为了提高检测率，CDC于2012年建议对1945-1965年间出生的所有人进行一次性检测。为了更好地了解慢性HCV感染者在何处以及为什么要进行初次检查，我们从一项正在进行的慢性肝炎队列研究中进行的调查中分析了2006-2010年的数据。在接受调查的4689例HCV感染患者中，有60.4％的人报告说他们最初的HCV测试发生在医生的办公室。 1,045（22.3％）的患者将CDC基于风险的指征（例如，注射药物的使用和血液透析）作为测试的原因，而临床指征（例如，异常的肝功能测试或与肝有关的症状，例如黄疸）被引用为CDC。被2,121（45.2％）引用，表明只有在患者出现症状后才发现许多HCV感染。促进美国预防服务工作队和CDC关于检测和确定有助于医师在其办公室进行HCV检测的策略的建议，可能有助于促进及时识别HCV感染并降低发病率和死亡率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of the glycemic index (GI) of pre-exercise snack bars on substrate utilization during subsequent moderate intensity exercise. METHODS:Fourteen male participants (Age: 27 ± 5 yr; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.7 kg m(-2); [Formula: see text]: 48.7 ± 6.1 mL kg(-1 )min(-1)) completed two trials in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design. Two iso-caloric snack bars with different GI values (20, LGI versus 68, HGI) were provided to the participants. Ninety minutes later, all participants completed 45 minutes of ergometer cycling at 65% [Formula: see text]. Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS:During exercise, higher fat oxidation and lower carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were observed in the LGI trial (LGI versus HGI: CHO, 87.3 ± 20.1 versus 99.2 ± 19.0 g, p < 0.05; Fat, 15.0 ± 5.8 versus 9.7 ± 7.0 g, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Compared with an iso-caloric HGI snack bar, pre-exercise LGI snack bar consumption may facilitate a shift of substrate utilization from CHO to fat during subsequent moderate intensity exercise.

背景与目标： 目的：研究运动前零食的血糖指数（GI）对后续中等强度运动过程中底物利用率的影响。
方法：十四名男性参与者（年龄：27±±5 yr； BMI：22.5±±2.7 kg m（-2）； [公式：见正文]：48.7±±6.1 mL kg（-1）min（-1）完成两项试验在随机和平衡的分频设计中。为参与者提供了两个具有不同GI值的等热量快餐棒（20，LGI对68，HGI）。九十分钟后，所有参与者完成了45分钟的测功机骑行，速度为65％[公式：参见文字]。使用间接量热法测量底物利用率。
结果：在运动过程中，LGI试验观察到较高的脂肪氧化和较低的碳水化合物（CHO）氧化（LGI与HGI：CHO，87.3±±20.1 vs 99.2±±19.0μg，p <0.05;脂肪15.0±±5.8与9.7±±7.0 g，p ＜0.05。
结论：与等热量的HGI小吃棒相比，运动LGI小吃棒的消费可能有助于在随后的中等强度运动中将底物利用率从CHO转换为脂肪。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Our laboratory recently demonstrated that post-exercise blood flow restriction attenuated muscle hypertrophy only in females, which we hypothesized may be due to alterations in post-exercise blood flow. The aim of this study is to test our previous hypothesis that sex differences in blood flow would exist when employing the same protocol. METHODS:Twenty-two untrained individuals (12 females; 10 males) performed two exercise sessions, each involving one set of elbow flexion exercise to volitional failure on the right arm. The experimental condition had blood flow restriction applied for a 3 min post-exercise period, whereas the control condition did not. Blood flow was measured using an ultrasound at the brachial artery and was taken 1 and 4 min post-exercise. This corresponded to 1 min post inflation and 1 min post deflation in the experimental condition. RESULTS:There were no differences in the alterations in blood flow between the control and experimental conditions when examined across sex. Increases in blood flow [mean (standard deviation)] were as follows: males 1 min [control 764 (577) %; experimental 113 (108) %], males 4 min [control 346 (313) %; experimental 449 (371) %], females 1 min [control 558 (367) %; experimental 87 (105) %], and females 4 min [control 191 (183) %; experimental 328 (223) %]. CONCLUSION:It does not appear that the sex-specific attenuation of muscle hypertrophy we observed previously can be attributed to different alterations in post-exercise blood flow. Future studies may wish to replicate our previous training study, or examine alternative mechanisms which may be sex specific.

背景与目标： 目的：我们的实验室最近证明，锻炼后的血流限制仅在女性中减弱了肌肉肥大，我们推测这可能是由于锻炼后的血流变化所致。这项研究的目的是检验我们先前的假设，即采用相同的方案时血流中存在性别差异。
方法：22名未经训练的人（12名女性； 10名男性）进行了两次锻炼，每组包括一组屈肘运动，以纠正右臂的自愿性衰竭。实验条件在运动后3分钟内施加了血流限制，而对照条件则没有。使用超声测量肱动脉的血流量，并在运动后1分钟和4分钟采集。在实验条件下，这相当于充气后1分钟和放气1分钟后。
结果：跨性别检查时，对照和实验条件之间的血流变化没有差异。血流量增加[平均值（标准差）]如下：男性1分钟[对照组764（577）％；实验113（108）％]，男性4分钟[对照组346（313）％；实验性449（371）％]，女性1分钟[对照组558（367）％；实验性87（105）％]，女性4分钟[对照组191（183）％；实验328（223）％]。
结论：我们先前观察到的肌肉肥大的性别特异性减弱似乎并没有归因于运动后血流的不同变化。未来的研究可能希望复制我们以前的培训研究，或研究可能针对性别的替代机制。