BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.

背景与目标： ：在安慰剂对照下，对34名健康，血压正常（血压低于135/85 mm Hg的年轻人）（平均年龄27 /-3岁）中的咖啡因和运动对血压（BP）调节的可能联合作用进行了研究，双盲交叉设计。服用安慰剂或咖啡因（3.3 mg / kg）后，每位受试者间隔1小时进行次最大和症状受限的最大仰卧自行车运动。比较安慰剂和咖啡因天的心率，血压，心输出量和外周血管阻力。药物后基线显示，咖啡因可增加收缩压和舒张压以及外周血管阻力（每个P值均小于0.001）和降低心率（P值均小于0.01），但并未改变中风量或心输出量。在次最大运动量下，咖啡因的血压和血管阻力作用仍然存在，从而导致血压增加，而咖啡因的负变时效作用消失了。在最大程度的运动中，更多受试者（咖啡因为15，安慰剂为7，p小于0.02）的收缩压大于或等于230 mm Hg和/或舒张压大于或等于100 mm Hg。血浆去甲肾上腺素水平在各天之间无显着差异，但在最大运动量时，肾上腺素较高，而在咖啡因日后和整个最大运动量中，皮质醇增加。数据表明，咖啡因在次最大运动量时会增加BP，并且可能对某些个体在最大运动量时导致过度的BP反应。咖啡因的升压作用似乎是由于血管阻力增加而非心输出量增加所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many accounts of social influences on exercise participation describe how people compare their behaviors to those of others. We develop and test a novel hypothesis, the exercise rank hypothesis, of how this comparison can occur. The exercise rank hypothesis, derived from evolutionary theory and the decision by sampling model of judgment, suggests that individuals' perceptions of the health benefits of exercise are influenced by how individuals believe the amount of exercise ranks in comparison with other people's amounts of exercise. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals' perceptions of the health benefits of their own current exercise amounts were as predicted by the exercise rank hypothesis. Study 2 demonstrated that the perceptions of the health benefits of an amount of exercise can be manipulated by experimentally changing the ranked position of the amount within a comparison context. The discussion focuses on how social norm-based interventions could benefit from using rank information.

背景与目标： ：许多关于运动参与的社会影响的描述描述了人们如何将自己的行为与他人的行为进行比较。我们开发并测试了这种比较如何发生的新假设，即运动等级假设。运动等级假说是从进化理论和抽样判断模型的决策中得出的，表明个人对运动的健康益处的看法受个人相信运动量与他人运动量的比较方式的影响。研究1表明，个人对自己当前运动量的健康益处的认识与运动等级假说是相符的。研究2表明，可以通过在比较情况下实验性地改变一定量运动的排名位置来操纵对一定运动量的健康益处的认识。讨论的重点是基于社会规范的干预措施如何从使用职级信息中受益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Clinicians are encouraged to use guidelines to assist in providing evidence-based secondary prevention to patients with coronary heart disease. However, the expanding number of publications providing guidance about exercise training may confuse cardiac rehabilitation clinicians. We therefore sought to explore the number, scope, publication characteristics, methodological quality, and clinical usefulness of published exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation guidance. METHODS:We included publications recommending physical activity, exercise or cardiac rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease. These included systematically developed clinical practice guidelines, as well as other publications intended to support clinician decision making, such as position papers or consensus statements. Publications were obtained via electronic searches of preventive cardiology societies, guideline databases and PubMed, to November 2016. Publication characteristics were extracted, and two independent assessors evaluated quality using the 23-item Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II (AGREE) tool. RESULTS:Fifty-four international publications from 1994 to 2016 were identified. Most were found on preventive cardiology association websites (n = 35; 65%) and were freely accessible (n = 50; 93%). Thirty (56%) publications contained only broad recommendations for physical activity and cardiac rehabilitation referral, while 24 (44%) contained the necessary detailed exercise training recommendations. Many were labelled as "guidelines", however publications with other titles (e.g. scientific statements) were common (n = 24; 44%). This latter group of publications contained a significantly greater proportion of detailed exercise training recommendations than clinical guidelines (p = 0.017). Wide variation in quality also existed, with 'applicability' the worst scoring AGREE II domain for clinical guidelines (mean score 53%) and 'rigour of development' rated lowest for other guidance types (mean score 33%). CONCLUSIONS:While a large number of guidance documents provide recommendations for exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, most have limitations in either methodological quality or clinical usefulness. The lack of rigorously developed guidelines which also contain necessary detail about exercise training remains a substantial problem for clinicians.

背景与目标： 背景：鼓励临床医生使用指南来协助为冠心病患者提供循证二级预防。但是，提供有关运动训练指南的出版物数量不断增加，可能会使心脏康复临床医生感到困惑。因此，我们试图探讨已发表的基于运动的心脏康复指南的数量，范围，出版特征，方法学质量和临床实用性。
方法：我们纳入了建议对冠心病患者进行体育锻炼，运动或心脏康复的出版物。这些包括系统开发的临床实践指南，以及旨在支持临床医生决策的其他出版物，例如立场书或共识声明。出版物通过预防性心脏病学会，指南数据库和PubMed的电子搜索获得，截止日期为2016年11月。提取了出版物的特征，两名独立评估者使用23项指南研究和评估II（AGREE）评估工具对质量进行了评估。
结果：确定了1994年至2016年的54种国际出版物。大多数在预防心脏病学协会网站上发现（n = 35; 65％），并且可以免费访问（n = 50; 93％）。 30种（56％）出版物仅包含有关体育锻炼和心脏康复参考的广泛建议，而24种（44％）包含必要的详细运动训练建议。许多被标记为``指南''，但是带有其他标题（例如科学陈述）的出版物很常见（n = 24; 44％）。后一组出版物包含的详细运动训练建议所占比例比临床指南要大得多（p = 0.017）。质量也存在很大差异，其中“适用性”在临床指南中得分最差的AGREE II域（平均得分53％），在“发展的严谨性”中其他指南类型的得分最低（平均得分33％）。
结论：尽管大量指导文件为基于运动的心脏康复提供了建议，但大多数在方法学质量或临床实用性方面均存在局限性。缺乏严格制定的指南，其中也包含有关运动训练的必要细节，这仍然是临床医生面临的重大问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thallium tomographic imaging and exercise electrocardiography were performed on 136 diabetic patients without symptoms of heart disease. Thirty three patients had post-exercise thallium defects and 19 had ST 1 mm greater than or equal to segment depression during exercise electrocardiography. Both tests were positive in 13 patients. Coronary angiography was subsequently performed on 33 patients with either scintigraphic and/or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Angiographically significant coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% narrowing of the coronary artery lumen) was detected in 13 patients. Six patients had minimal coronary artery stenosis (less than 50%), and 14 had normal coronary arteries. Six patients refused cardiac catheterisation. In 14 out of 27 patients with post-exercise thallium defects coronary angiography did not show any coronary artery stenoses (positive predictive accuracy 48%). Exercise electrocardiography showed only one false positive result (positive predictive accuracy 94%) but failed to detect coronary artery disease in three patients with a positive scintigraphic result. The accuracy of a positive exercise electrocardiographic test seems to be better than that of a positive thallium tomographic scan for detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. The high number of false positive thallium defects may be the result of technical features inherent in thallium tomography and/or the possible disease of the small intramyocardial arteries in diabetic patients.

背景与目标： ：对136例无心脏病症状的糖尿病患者进行了to体层断层显像和运动心电图检查。在运动心电图检查中，有33例运动后al缺陷患者，其中19例ST大于或等于节段压低1 mm。两项测试均阳性13例。随后对33例有心肌缺血的闪烁显像和/或心电图证据的患者进行了冠状动脉造影。在13例患者中发现了具有血管造影意义的冠状动脉疾病（大于或等于50％的冠状动脉腔狭窄）。 6例患者的冠状动脉狭窄程度最小（少于50％），而14例具有正常的冠状动脉。六名患者拒绝心脏导管插入术。在运动后th缺陷的27例患者中，有14例冠状动脉造影未显示任何冠状动脉狭窄（阳性预测准确性为48％）。运动心电图检查仅显示一个假阳性结果（阳性预测准确率94％），但在3个闪烁显像结果阳性的患者中未能检测到冠心病。积极的运动心电图检查的准确性似乎比阳性的X线体层摄影检查的准确性要好，以检测糖尿病患者的无症状冠状动脉疾病。大量假阳性positive缺陷可能是may断层扫描固有的技术特征和/或糖尿病患者心肌小动脉可能的疾病的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Within exercise class settings, group cohesion has consistently been found to predict adherence behaviors, and has been identified as a salient target for intervention-based initiatives. Drawing upon theorizing from the field of group dynamics, exercise class cohesion is often conceptualized as a dynamic construct that requires several classes to form and once it is formed, continues to change over time. Despite the salience of this "dynamic" contention for informing physical activity interventions, this theorizing has yet to be empirically tested. METHOD:In this study a multilevel modeling framework was used to examine changes in exercise class cohesion over time. Exercisers (N = 395) completed measures of cohesion following the second, fifth, and eighth classes of their respective programs (N = 46). RESULTS:Mean levels of social cohesion changed significantly over time whereas mean levels of task cohesion did not. These patterns were largely consistent across persons and groups. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that within group-based exercise programs social and task cohesion possesses different levels of dynamism, and that this dynamism (or lack thereof) might have important implications for future research and interventions involving physical activity groups.

背景与目标： 目的：在锻炼班级设置中，始终发现小组凝聚力可以​​预测依从行为，并已被确定为基于干预措施的重要目标。借鉴团体动力学领域的理论，运动课的凝聚力通常被概念化为一种动态的构造，需要形成多个班级，一旦形成，它就会随着时间的推移而不断变化。尽管这种“动态”竞争对于体育锻炼的干预非常重要，但是这种理论化还没有经过经验检验。
方法：在这项研究中，使用了一个多层次的建模框架来检验运动课内聚力随时间的变化。锻炼者（N = 395）在各自程序的第二，第五和第八类（N = 46）之后完成了对内聚力的测量。
结果：社交凝聚力的平均水平随时间变化显着，而任务凝聚力的平均水平没有变化。这些模式在个人和群体之间基本保持一致。
结论：这些发现表明，在基于小组的锻炼计划中，社交和任务的凝聚力具有不同程度的活力，这种活力（或缺乏这种活力）可能对涉及体育活动群体的未来研究和干预措施具有重要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.

背景与目标： ：了解对急性运动做出反应的人的食物摄入量的调节对于运动员和士兵以及超重个体的干预非常重要。然而，尚未总结热和冷环境对调节体重和运动性能的这一关键功能的影响。这篇综述的目的是详尽搜索关于锻炼期间环境温度对随后的主观食欲，能量摄入（EI）及其调节的影响的文献。在没有因环境温度引起的压力的情况下，运动后随意进餐期间EI不能补偿运动引起的能量消耗，这可能是由于酰化的生长素释放肽减少和酪氨酸酪氨酸（PYY），胰高血糖素样肽1（ GLP-1）和胰腺多肽（PP）的水平。尚未针对冷热环境中相对EI的重大变化进行系统分析。但是，观察到的饮食行为发生了变化（固体/液体食物，碳水化合物/脂肪的比例），并且生理调节似乎也发生了变化。与热中性信号相比，热环境中的厌食信号，尤其是PYY，似乎进一步增加。生长激素释放肽和瘦素可能参与了寒冷运动后EI的增加，同时增加了能量消耗。运动后饮食环境对饮食行为的潜在影响不容忽视。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings on native striated myofibers from adult dystrophic mdx mice revealed a higher occurrence and open probability compared to non-dystrophic wild-type myofibers of a 30 pS voltage-insensitive Ca2+-permeable channel, inhibited by Gd3+, streptomycin and ruthenium red. Myofibers from in vivo exercised animals had higher channel occurrence and/or open probability. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (3.3 nM) induced and/or enhanced channel activity, via PI3 kinase, in wild-type but not in mdx myofibers. Interestingly, in both genotypes the current was silenced by db-cAMP or pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The channel activity/occurrence in pentoxifylline-treated exercised mdx (50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4-8 weeks) overlapped that of exercised wild-type mice. Thus, a growth factor-sensitive current, likely due to a TRP channel, is activated in vivo by exercise in native striated fibers; its deregulation in the absence of dystrophin may contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis alteration. The possibility to pharmacologically counteract abnormal channel activity discloses important therapeutic application.

背景与目标： ：成年性营养不良mdx小鼠的天然横纹肌纤维的细胞附着膜片钳记录显示，与非营养性野生型肌纤维相比，30 pS电压不敏感的Ca2渗透性通道受Gd3，链霉素抑制的发生率和开放性更高和钌红色。来自体内运动动物的肌纤维具有较高的通道发生率和/或开放概率。胰岛素样生长因子1（3.3 nM）通过PI3激酶在野生型中诱导和/或增强了通道活性，但在mdx肌纤维中却没有。有趣的是，在这两种基因型中，电流都被db-cAMP或磷酸二酯酶抑制剂己酮可可碱沉默。己酮可可碱治疗的运动型mdx（50 mg / kg /天i.p.，持续4-8周）的通道活性/发生与运动的野生型小鼠的通道活性/发生重叠。因此，可能是由于TRP通道引起的对生长因子敏感的电流通过在天然横纹肌中运动而在体内被激活。在缺乏肌营养不良蛋白的情况下，其失调可能导致Ca2稳态改变。在药理学上抵消异常通道活性的可能性公开了重要的治疗应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined the effects of human pregnancy and advancing gestation on the intensity of respiratory discomfort (dyspnea) during cycle exercise. Fourteen pregnant women (PG) performed a progressive cycle ergometer exercise test involving 20 W/min increases in work rate to symptom limitation and/or a heart rate of 170-175 beats/min at 19.7+/-1.2 weeks (ENTRY), 28.2+/-0.3 weeks (TM2) and 36.3+/-0.3 weeks (TM3) gestation. Eight, age-matched, sedentary non-pregnant women (CG) were also studied for comparison purposes. Measurements included dyspnea intensity (Borg scale), minute ventilation (VE), breathing pattern and other cardiorespiratory parameters. At peak exercise, neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation had an effect on dyspnea, VE, breathing pattern, oxygen uptake or work rate (p>0.05). VE was significantly greater (by 11 L/min at 100 W) in the PG at TM3 versus CG (p<0.05) at all submaximal work rates. VE also increased progressively from ENTRY to TM2 and TM3 during submaximal exercise. Dyspnea was not significantly different at any submaximal work rate in the PG at TM3 versus CG or with advancing gestation in the PG. In addition, dyspnea at a standardized exercise VE of 40 L/min was not different at TM3 versus ENTRY or in the PG at TM3 versus CG. Neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation were associated with increased respiratory discomfort during strenuous non-weight bearing cycle ergometer exercise, despite substantial increases in VE and progressive mechanical adaptations of the respiratory system to accommodate the increasing size of the gravid uterus.

背景与目标： ：这项研究检查了人的妊娠和提前妊娠对周期运动期间呼吸不适（呼吸困难）强度的影响。十四名孕妇（PG）进行了渐进式自行车测功机运动测试，涉及在19.7 /-1.2周时，工作速度增加20 W / min到出现症状限制和/或心率170-175次/ min（ENTRY），28.2 / -0.3周（TM2）和36.3 /-0.3周（TM3）妊娠。为了比较目的，还研究了八名年龄匹配的久坐不孕女性（CG）。测量包括呼吸困难强度（Borg评分），分钟通气量（VE），呼吸模式和其他心肺参数。在运动高峰期，妊娠和提前妊娠对呼吸困难，VE，呼吸方式，摄氧量或工作率均无影响（p> 0.05）。在所有次最大工作速率下，TM3的PG中的VE均明显大于CG（p <0.05）（100 W时为11 L / min）（p <0.05）。在最大程度的运动期间，VE也从ENTRY逐渐增加到TM2和TM3。无论在TM3时，PG的任何次最大工作速率下的呼吸困难与CG相比，或在PG中妊娠进展的情况下，呼吸困难均无显着差异。此外，标准运动VE为40 L / min时的呼吸困难在TM3与ENTRY或PG在TM3与CG时无差异。尽管剧烈增加VE，并逐渐适应呼吸系统的机械适应能力，以适应妊娠不断增加的子宫大小，但剧烈的非负重自行车测功器锻炼期间，怀孕和妊娠期都不会增加呼吸不适。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study evaluated whether the luteal phase elevation of body temperature would be offset during exercise by increased sweating, when women are normally hydrated. Eleven women performed 60 min of cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal work load at 32 degrees C and 80% relative air humidity. Each subject participated in two identical experimental sessions: one during the follicular phase (between days 5 and 8) and the other during the luteal phase (between days 22 and 25). Women with serum progesterone >3 ng/mL, in the luteal phase were classified as group 1 (N = 4), whereas the others were classified as group 2 (N = 7). Post-exercise urine volume (213 +/- 80 vs 309 +/- 113 mL) and specific urine gravity (1.008 +/- 0.003 vs 1.006 +/- 0.002) changed (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in group 1. No menstrual cycle dependence was observed for these parameters in group 2. Sweat rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the luteal (3.10 +/- 0.81 g m-2 min-1) than in the follicular phase (2.80 +/- 0.64 g m(-2) min(-1)) only in group 1. During exercise, no differences related to menstrual cycle phases were seen in rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, mean skin temperature, and pre- and post-exercise body weight. Women exercising in a warm and humid environment with water intake seem to be able to adapt to the luteal phase increase of basal body temperature through reduced urinary volume and increased sweating rate.

背景与目标： ：本研究评估了在正常情况下为女性补充水分时，出汗增加是否可以抵消黄体期体温的升高。十一名女性在32摄氏度和80％的相对湿度下以最大工作负荷的60％进行了60分钟的自行车运动。每个受试者都参加了两个相同的实验会议：一个在卵泡期（第5至8天之间），另一个在黄体期（第22至25天之间）。黄体期血清孕酮> 3 ng / mL的妇女被分类为第1组（N = 4），而其他人被分类为第2组（N = 7）。与第1组的卵泡期相比，黄体期运动后的尿量（213 /-80 vs 309 /-113 mL）和比重（1.008 /-0.003 vs 1.006 /-0.002）发生了变化（P <0.05） 。在第2组中，没有观察到这些参数对月经周期的依赖性。黄体（3.10 /-0.81 g m-2 min-1）的发汗率高于卵泡期（2.80 /-0.64 gm）（P <0.05） （-2）min（-1））仅在第1组中。运动期间，在直肠温度，心率，感知的劳累率，平均皮肤温度以及运动前后，与月经周期相关的差异均未发现体重。在温暖和潮湿的环境中进行饮水运动的妇女似乎能够通过减少尿量和增加出汗率来适应黄体期基础体温的升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of the glycemic index (GI) of pre-exercise snack bars on substrate utilization during subsequent moderate intensity exercise. METHODS:Fourteen male participants (Age: 27 ± 5 yr; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.7 kg m(-2); [Formula: see text]: 48.7 ± 6.1 mL kg(-1 )min(-1)) completed two trials in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design. Two iso-caloric snack bars with different GI values (20, LGI versus 68, HGI) were provided to the participants. Ninety minutes later, all participants completed 45 minutes of ergometer cycling at 65% [Formula: see text]. Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS:During exercise, higher fat oxidation and lower carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were observed in the LGI trial (LGI versus HGI: CHO, 87.3 ± 20.1 versus 99.2 ± 19.0 g, p < 0.05; Fat, 15.0 ± 5.8 versus 9.7 ± 7.0 g, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Compared with an iso-caloric HGI snack bar, pre-exercise LGI snack bar consumption may facilitate a shift of substrate utilization from CHO to fat during subsequent moderate intensity exercise.

背景与目标： 目的：研究运动前零食的血糖指数（GI）对后续中等强度运动过程中底物利用率的影响。
方法：十四名男性参与者（年龄：27±±5 yr； BMI：22.5±±2.7 kg m（-2）； [公式：见正文]：48.7±±6.1 mL kg（-1）min（-1）完成两项试验在随机和平衡的分频设计中。为参与者提供了两个具有不同GI值的等热量快餐棒（20，LGI对68，HGI）。九十分钟后，所有参与者完成了45分钟的测功机骑行，速度为65％[公式：参见文字]。使用间接量热法测量底物利用率。
结果：在运动过程中，LGI试验观察到较高的脂肪氧化和较低的碳水化合物（CHO）氧化（LGI与HGI：CHO，87.3±±20.1 vs 99.2±±19.0μg，p <0.05;脂肪15.0±±5.8与9.7±±7.0 g，p ＜0.05。
结论：与等热量的HGI小吃棒相比，运动LGI小吃棒的消费可能有助于在随后的中等强度运动中将底物利用率从CHO转换为脂肪。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Our laboratory recently demonstrated that post-exercise blood flow restriction attenuated muscle hypertrophy only in females, which we hypothesized may be due to alterations in post-exercise blood flow. The aim of this study is to test our previous hypothesis that sex differences in blood flow would exist when employing the same protocol. METHODS:Twenty-two untrained individuals (12 females; 10 males) performed two exercise sessions, each involving one set of elbow flexion exercise to volitional failure on the right arm. The experimental condition had blood flow restriction applied for a 3 min post-exercise period, whereas the control condition did not. Blood flow was measured using an ultrasound at the brachial artery and was taken 1 and 4 min post-exercise. This corresponded to 1 min post inflation and 1 min post deflation in the experimental condition. RESULTS:There were no differences in the alterations in blood flow between the control and experimental conditions when examined across sex. Increases in blood flow [mean (standard deviation)] were as follows: males 1 min [control 764 (577) %; experimental 113 (108) %], males 4 min [control 346 (313) %; experimental 449 (371) %], females 1 min [control 558 (367) %; experimental 87 (105) %], and females 4 min [control 191 (183) %; experimental 328 (223) %]. CONCLUSION:It does not appear that the sex-specific attenuation of muscle hypertrophy we observed previously can be attributed to different alterations in post-exercise blood flow. Future studies may wish to replicate our previous training study, or examine alternative mechanisms which may be sex specific.

背景与目标： 目的：我们的实验室最近证明，锻炼后的血流限制仅在女性中减弱了肌肉肥大，我们推测这可能是由于锻炼后的血流变化所致。这项研究的目的是检验我们先前的假设，即采用相同的方案时血流中存在性别差异。
方法：22名未经训练的人（12名女性； 10名男性）进行了两次锻炼，每组包括一组屈肘运动，以纠正右臂的自愿性衰竭。实验条件在运动后3分钟内施加了血流限制，而对照条件则没有。使用超声测量肱动脉的血流量，并在运动后1分钟和4分钟采集。在实验条件下，这相当于充气后1分钟和放气1分钟后。
结果：跨性别检查时，对照和实验条件之间的血流变化没有差异。血流量增加[平均值（标准差）]如下：男性1分钟[对照组764（577）％；实验113（108）％]，男性4分钟[对照组346（313）％；实验性449（371）％]，女性1分钟[对照组558（367）％；实验性87（105）％]，女性4分钟[对照组191（183）％；实验328（223）％]。
结论：我们先前观察到的肌肉肥大的性别特异性减弱似乎并没有归因于运动后血流的不同变化。未来的研究可能希望复制我们以前的培训研究，或研究可能针对性别的替代机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a common surgical treatment for obesity. Evidence for and against the association of aerobic exercise (AE) and weight loss after LAGB exists. We hypothesize that aerobic exercise is associated with improved weight loss and resolution of comorbidities after LAGB. METHODS:A review of a prospectively collected database identified patients who underwent LAGB over a 3-year period at a single institution. Body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, frequency, and duration of exercise were collected preoperatively and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postoperatively. Excess weight loss (EWL) was calculated. Groups were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and ANOVA. RESULTS:Of the 145 LAGB patients, 120 had adequate data for analysis. AE had no association with weight loss at 6 months. At 12, 24, and 36 months following LAGB, patients who reported 150 min or more per week of exercise had an EWL of 35.5, 47.3, and 54.1 %, respectively, while those reporting 0-59 min per week of AE had an EWL of 25.3, 32.1, and 33.0 % (p = 0.03, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). BMI and age was not statistically different among groups. Diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea were significantly improved in patients exercising at least 60 min per week as compared to those exercising 0-59 min. CONCLUSIONS:AE is significantly associated with weight loss and comorbidity resolution after LAGB. We propose that patients who perform more AE will have higher levels of EWL.

背景与目标： 背景：腹腔镜可调胃绑带术（LAGB）是肥胖的一种常见手术治疗方法。有证据支持和反对有氧运动（AE）与LAGB术后体重减轻之间的关系。我们假设有氧运动与LAGB术后体重减轻和合并症的缓解相关。
方法：对前瞻性收集的数据库进行的审查确定了在单个机构中接受了3年以上LAGB治疗的患者。术前以及术后6、12、24和36个月收集体重指数（BMI），合并症，运动频率和运动时间。计算了多余的体重减轻（EWL）。使用费舍尔精确检验和方差分析对各组进行分析。
结果：在145名LAGB患者中，有120名具有足够的数据用于分析。 AE在6个月时与体重减轻无关。 LAGB后12、24和36个月，报告每周运动150分钟或以上的患者的EWL分别为35.5％，47.3和54.1％，而报告每周运动0-59分钟的患者的EWL分别为35.5％，47.3％和54.1％。分别为25.3％，32.1％和33.0％（p分别为0.03、0.03和0.02）。各组之间的BMI和年龄在统计学上没有差异。与每周运动0-59分钟的患者相比，每周至少运动60分钟的患者的糖尿病和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停明显改善。
结论：AE与LAGB后的体重减轻和合并症的缓解密切相关。我们建议执行更多AE的患者应具有更高的EWL水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:After the Fontan procedure, children exhibit reduced peak exercise capacity, yet their submaximal exercise response remains unclear. This study sought to determine the relationship between submaximal and peak exercise capacity and physical activity in Fontan patients. METHODS:This cross-sectional study recruited 50 Fontan patients (59% males) with a median age of 9 yr (range = 6-12 yr). The median age at Fontan procedure was 2.9 yr (range = 1.6-9.1 yr). Study assessments included medical history, exercise testing, and accelerometry. RESULTS:Significantly lower submaximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and HR in response to a standardized workload than published values for healthy children (mean ± SD) of -1.72 ± 5.24 (P < 0.001) and -1.45 ± 1.98 (P < 0.001), respectively, suggest enhanced submaximal work efficiency in this group of patients after Fontan. Higher submaximal V˙O2 z-score was associated with higher submaximal HR z-score (P = 0.02) and lower body mass index z-score (P = 0.01). Higher V˙O2peak was associated with higher submaximal V˙O2 z-score (P < 0.01), male sex (P = 0.03), higher RER (P = 0.02), lower submaximal HR z-score (P < 0.01), and higher chronotropic responsiveness (P < 0.0001). Exercise test duration z-score was associated with lower submaximal HR z-score (P = 0.02) and higher chronotropic responsiveness (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:Fontan patients exhibited a lower submaximal V˙O2 and HR responsiveness at a given workload than healthy controls did during standardized exercise testing. Thus, they may be better adapted to perform submaximal exercise. Although peak exercise capacity is limited, Fontan patients are able to perform submaximal physical activities at the same level as their healthy peers.

背景与目标： 目的：进行丰坦手术后，儿童的峰值运动能力下降，但其次最大运动反应仍不清楚。这项研究试图确定丰坦患者亚最大和最大运动能力与身体活动之间的关系。
方法：这项横断面研究招募了50名Fontan患者（男性占59％），中位年龄为9岁（范围= 6-12岁）。丰坦手术的中位年龄为2.9岁（范围= 1.6-9.1岁）。研究评估包括病史，运动测试和加速度计。
结果：标准化工作量下的最大摄氧量（V˙O2）和HR显着低于健康儿童的公布值（平均值±SD）的-1.72±5.24（P <0.001）和-1.45±1.98（P <0.001） ）分别表明，在接受Fontan治疗后，该组患者的工作效率得到了提高。较高的V subO2 z评分较高与较高的HR z评分较低（P = 0.02）和较低的体重指数z评分（P = 0.01）相关。较高的V˙O2peak与较高的V˙O2z分数（P <0.01），男性（P = 0.03），较高的RER（P = 0.02），较低的最大HR z分数（P <0.01）和较高的Z分数相关。更高的变时响应性（P <0.0001）。运动测试持续时间z分数与较低的最大心率z分数（P = 0.02）和较高的变时反应性（P = 0.02）相关。
结论：在标准的运动测试中，与健康对照组相比，在一定的工作量下，Fontan患者表现出低于最大的V˙O2和HR反应性。因此，它们可能更好地适于进行次最大运动。尽管峰值运动能力有限，但Fontan患者能够以与健康同龄人相同的水平进行次最大的体育锻炼。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Fabry disease is an X-linked genetic disorder resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in various organs, leading to exercise intolerance and early mortality. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has recently been approved for use in Fabry patients. GOALS OF STUDY: To assess baseline cardiopulmonary exercise characteristics in both invasive and noninvasive tests and to study the impact of ERT on exercise. METHODS:A total of 15 patients with Fabry disease underwent baseline cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Six patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either ERT or placebo. We performed serial cardiopulmonary exercise tests at baseline and every 3 months over a period of at least 18 months. The baseline test was compared to the last two exercise tests for each patient. RESULTS:Mean age was 32 years. Mean VO2max was 1.680 +/- 0.67 L/min and increased by 0.459 +/- 0.64 L/min in the patients receiving ERT. Mean VO2max was 1.462 +/- 0.25 L/min and decreased by 0.116 +/- 0.44 L/min in patients on placebo. Mean oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) increased by 1.71 with enzyme, but increased only 0.025 in patients taking placebo. Estimated stroke volume (SV) increased by 10 ml in patients on ERT. CONCLUSIONS:In this small cohort, exercise tolerance increased in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a useful test in measuring the response to therapy in Fabry disease patients.

背景与目标： 背景：法布里病是一种X连锁遗传病，导致糖鞘脂在各个器官中积聚，导致运动不耐症和早期死亡。酶替代疗法（ERT）最近已被批准用于法布里（Fabry）患者。研究的目标：在有创和无创测试中评估基线心肺运动特征，并研究ERT对运动的影响。
方法：总共15例法布里病患者接受了基线心肺运动试验。六名患者按2：1的比例随机接受ERT或安慰剂。我们在基线以及至少18个月内每3个月进行了一系列心肺运动测试。将基线测试与每位患者的最后两次运动测试进行比较。
结果：平均年龄为32岁。接受ERT的患者的平均VO2max为1.680 /-0.67 L / min，并增加0.459 /-0.64 L / min。服用安慰剂的患者的平均VO2max为1.462 /-0.25 L / min，降低了0.116 /-0.44 L / min。酶的平均氧脉冲（VO2 / HR）增加1.71，但服用安慰剂的患者仅增加0.025。接受ERT治疗的患者的估计中风量（SV）增加了10 ml。
结论：在这个小队列中，接受酶替代疗法的患者的运动耐量增加。心肺运动测试是测量法布里病患者对治疗反应的有用测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although disordered eating behaviors and obligatory exercise are relatively common among undergraduate females, many questions about their etiology remain unanswered. In the current study, structural equation modeling was used to investigate whether a model of personality, exercise attitudes, and exercise behavior that was previously developed with a clinical sample [Davis, C., Katzman, D.K., & Kirsh, C. (1999). Compulsive physical activity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: A psychobehavioral spiral of pathology. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 336-342.] would also fit for a sample of non-clinical college females (n=599). Further, a second model extended the first model to predict exercise behavior and eating/weight restriction. Results indicated that the original structural model fit the non-clinical sample extremely well. Specifically, addictiveness and obsessive-compulsiveness were associated with obligatory attitudes toward exercise, which was then associated with exercise behavior. In the second model, obligatory attitudes toward exercise were equally associated with eating/weight restriction as it was with exercise behavior. In a third model, bootstrapping analyses demonstrated that while obligatory exercise was directly associated with eating and weight restriction, this association was partially mediated by weight-related reasons for exercise. These data suggest that the aforementioned variables are predictive of obligatory exercise and eating pathology in non-clinical samples, and that reasons for exercise is important in understanding the complex relations among disordered eating and exercise attitudes and behaviors.

背景与目标： ：尽管饮食失调和强迫性运动在大学生女性中相对普遍，但有关其病因的许多问题仍未得到解答。在当前的研究中，使用结构方程模型来研究是否使用先前的临床样本开发的人格，运动态度和运动行为模型[Davis，C.，Katzman，DK，＆Kirsh，C.（1999） 。神经性厌食症青少年的强迫性体育活动：病理行为的心理行为。 《神经与精神疾病杂志》，187，336-342。]也适用于非临床大学女性的样本（n = 599）。此外，第二个模型扩展了第一个模型，以预测运动行为和饮食/体重限制。结果表明，原始结构模型非常适合非临床样品。具体而言，成瘾性和强迫性与对运动的强制性态度有关，然后与运动行为有关。在第二种模型中，对运动的强制性态度与饮食/体重限制以及运动行为同等相关。在第三个模型中，自举分析表明，虽然强制性运动与饮食和体重限制直接相关，但这种关联部分是由与体重相关的运动原因介导的。这些数据表明，上述变量可预测非临床样本中的强制性运动和饮食病理，并且运动原因对于理解饮食失调与运动态度和行为之间的复杂关系很重要。