BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings on native striated myofibers from adult dystrophic mdx mice revealed a higher occurrence and open probability compared to non-dystrophic wild-type myofibers of a 30 pS voltage-insensitive Ca2+-permeable channel, inhibited by Gd3+, streptomycin and ruthenium red. Myofibers from in vivo exercised animals had higher channel occurrence and/or open probability. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (3.3 nM) induced and/or enhanced channel activity, via PI3 kinase, in wild-type but not in mdx myofibers. Interestingly, in both genotypes the current was silenced by db-cAMP or pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The channel activity/occurrence in pentoxifylline-treated exercised mdx (50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4-8 weeks) overlapped that of exercised wild-type mice. Thus, a growth factor-sensitive current, likely due to a TRP channel, is activated in vivo by exercise in native striated fibers; its deregulation in the absence of dystrophin may contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis alteration. The possibility to pharmacologically counteract abnormal channel activity discloses important therapeutic application.

背景与目标： ：成年性营养不良mdx小鼠的天然横纹肌纤维的细胞附着膜片钳记录显示，与非营养性野生型肌纤维相比，30 pS电压不敏感的Ca2渗透性通道受Gd3，链霉素抑制的发生率和开放性更高和钌红色。来自体内运动动物的肌纤维具有较高的通道发生率和/或开放概率。胰岛素样生长因子1（3.3 nM）通过PI3激酶在野生型中诱导和/或增强了通道活性，但在mdx肌纤维中却没有。有趣的是，在这两种基因型中，电流都被db-cAMP或磷酸二酯酶抑制剂己酮可可碱沉默。己酮可可碱治疗的运动型mdx（50 mg / kg /天i.p.，持续4-8周）的通道活性/发生与运动的野生型小鼠的通道活性/发生重叠。因此，可能是由于TRP通道引起的对生长因子敏感的电流通过在天然横纹肌中运动而在体内被激活。在缺乏肌营养不良蛋白的情况下，其失调可能导致Ca2稳态改变。在药理学上抵消异常通道活性的可能性公开了重要的治疗应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined the effects of human pregnancy and advancing gestation on the intensity of respiratory discomfort (dyspnea) during cycle exercise. Fourteen pregnant women (PG) performed a progressive cycle ergometer exercise test involving 20 W/min increases in work rate to symptom limitation and/or a heart rate of 170-175 beats/min at 19.7+/-1.2 weeks (ENTRY), 28.2+/-0.3 weeks (TM2) and 36.3+/-0.3 weeks (TM3) gestation. Eight, age-matched, sedentary non-pregnant women (CG) were also studied for comparison purposes. Measurements included dyspnea intensity (Borg scale), minute ventilation (VE), breathing pattern and other cardiorespiratory parameters. At peak exercise, neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation had an effect on dyspnea, VE, breathing pattern, oxygen uptake or work rate (p>0.05). VE was significantly greater (by 11 L/min at 100 W) in the PG at TM3 versus CG (p<0.05) at all submaximal work rates. VE also increased progressively from ENTRY to TM2 and TM3 during submaximal exercise. Dyspnea was not significantly different at any submaximal work rate in the PG at TM3 versus CG or with advancing gestation in the PG. In addition, dyspnea at a standardized exercise VE of 40 L/min was not different at TM3 versus ENTRY or in the PG at TM3 versus CG. Neither pregnancy nor advancing gestation were associated with increased respiratory discomfort during strenuous non-weight bearing cycle ergometer exercise, despite substantial increases in VE and progressive mechanical adaptations of the respiratory system to accommodate the increasing size of the gravid uterus.

背景与目标： ：这项研究检查了人的妊娠和提前妊娠对周期运动期间呼吸不适（呼吸困难）强度的影响。十四名孕妇（PG）进行了渐进式自行车测功机运动测试，涉及在19.7 /-1.2周时，工作速度增加20 W / min到出现症状限制和/或心率170-175次/ min（ENTRY），28.2 / -0.3周（TM2）和36.3 /-0.3周（TM3）妊娠。为了比较目的，还研究了八名年龄匹配的久坐不孕女性（CG）。测量包括呼吸困难强度（Borg评分），分钟通气量（VE），呼吸模式和其他心肺参数。在运动高峰期，妊娠和提前妊娠对呼吸困难，VE，呼吸方式，摄氧量或工作率均无影响（p> 0.05）。在所有次最大工作速率下，TM3的PG中的VE均明显大于CG（p <0.05）（100 W时为11 L / min）（p <0.05）。在最大程度的运动期间，VE也从ENTRY逐渐增加到TM2和TM3。无论在TM3时，PG的任何次最大工作速率下的呼吸困难与CG相比，或在PG中妊娠进展的情况下，呼吸困难均无显着差异。此外，标准运动VE为40 L / min时的呼吸困难在TM3与ENTRY或PG在TM3与CG时无差异。尽管剧烈增加VE，并逐渐适应呼吸系统的机械适应能力，以适应妊娠不断增加的子宫大小，但剧烈的非负重自行车测功器锻炼期间，怀孕和妊娠期都不会增加呼吸不适。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study evaluated whether the luteal phase elevation of body temperature would be offset during exercise by increased sweating, when women are normally hydrated. Eleven women performed 60 min of cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal work load at 32 degrees C and 80% relative air humidity. Each subject participated in two identical experimental sessions: one during the follicular phase (between days 5 and 8) and the other during the luteal phase (between days 22 and 25). Women with serum progesterone >3 ng/mL, in the luteal phase were classified as group 1 (N = 4), whereas the others were classified as group 2 (N = 7). Post-exercise urine volume (213 +/- 80 vs 309 +/- 113 mL) and specific urine gravity (1.008 +/- 0.003 vs 1.006 +/- 0.002) changed (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in group 1. No menstrual cycle dependence was observed for these parameters in group 2. Sweat rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the luteal (3.10 +/- 0.81 g m-2 min-1) than in the follicular phase (2.80 +/- 0.64 g m(-2) min(-1)) only in group 1. During exercise, no differences related to menstrual cycle phases were seen in rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, mean skin temperature, and pre- and post-exercise body weight. Women exercising in a warm and humid environment with water intake seem to be able to adapt to the luteal phase increase of basal body temperature through reduced urinary volume and increased sweating rate.

背景与目标： ：本研究评估了在正常情况下为女性补充水分时，出汗增加是否可以抵消黄体期体温的升高。十一名女性在32摄氏度和80％的相对湿度下以最大工作负荷的60％进行了60分钟的自行车运动。每个受试者都参加了两个相同的实验会议：一个在卵泡期（第5至8天之间），另一个在黄体期（第22至25天之间）。黄体期血清孕酮> 3 ng / mL的妇女被分类为第1组（N = 4），而其他人被分类为第2组（N = 7）。与第1组的卵泡期相比，黄体期运动后的尿量（213 /-80 vs 309 /-113 mL）和比重（1.008 /-0.003 vs 1.006 /-0.002）发生了变化（P <0.05） 。在第2组中，没有观察到这些参数对月经周期的依赖性。黄体（3.10 /-0.81 g m-2 min-1）的发汗率高于卵泡期（2.80 /-0.64 gm）（P <0.05） （-2）min（-1））仅在第1组中。运动期间，在直肠温度，心率，感知的劳累率，平均皮肤温度以及运动前后，与月经周期相关的差异均未发现体重。在温暖和潮湿的环境中进行饮水运动的妇女似乎能够通过减少尿量和增加出汗率来适应黄体期基础体温的升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of the glycemic index (GI) of pre-exercise snack bars on substrate utilization during subsequent moderate intensity exercise. METHODS:Fourteen male participants (Age: 27 ± 5 yr; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.7 kg m(-2); [Formula: see text]: 48.7 ± 6.1 mL kg(-1 )min(-1)) completed two trials in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design. Two iso-caloric snack bars with different GI values (20, LGI versus 68, HGI) were provided to the participants. Ninety minutes later, all participants completed 45 minutes of ergometer cycling at 65% [Formula: see text]. Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS:During exercise, higher fat oxidation and lower carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were observed in the LGI trial (LGI versus HGI: CHO, 87.3 ± 20.1 versus 99.2 ± 19.0 g, p < 0.05; Fat, 15.0 ± 5.8 versus 9.7 ± 7.0 g, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Compared with an iso-caloric HGI snack bar, pre-exercise LGI snack bar consumption may facilitate a shift of substrate utilization from CHO to fat during subsequent moderate intensity exercise.

背景与目标： 目的：研究运动前零食的血糖指数（GI）对后续中等强度运动过程中底物利用率的影响。
方法：十四名男性参与者（年龄：27±±5 yr； BMI：22.5±±2.7 kg m（-2）； [公式：见正文]：48.7±±6.1 mL kg（-1）min（-1）完成两项试验在随机和平衡的分频设计中。为参与者提供了两个具有不同GI值的等热量快餐棒（20，LGI对68，HGI）。九十分钟后，所有参与者完成了45分钟的测功机骑行，速度为65％[公式：参见文字]。使用间接量热法测量底物利用率。
结果：在运动过程中，LGI试验观察到较高的脂肪氧化和较低的碳水化合物（CHO）氧化（LGI与HGI：CHO，87.3±±20.1 vs 99.2±±19.0μg，p <0.05;脂肪15.0±±5.8与9.7±±7.0 g，p ＜0.05。
结论：与等热量的HGI小吃棒相比，运动LGI小吃棒的消费可能有助于在随后的中等强度运动中将底物利用率从CHO转换为脂肪。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Our laboratory recently demonstrated that post-exercise blood flow restriction attenuated muscle hypertrophy only in females, which we hypothesized may be due to alterations in post-exercise blood flow. The aim of this study is to test our previous hypothesis that sex differences in blood flow would exist when employing the same protocol. METHODS:Twenty-two untrained individuals (12 females; 10 males) performed two exercise sessions, each involving one set of elbow flexion exercise to volitional failure on the right arm. The experimental condition had blood flow restriction applied for a 3 min post-exercise period, whereas the control condition did not. Blood flow was measured using an ultrasound at the brachial artery and was taken 1 and 4 min post-exercise. This corresponded to 1 min post inflation and 1 min post deflation in the experimental condition. RESULTS:There were no differences in the alterations in blood flow between the control and experimental conditions when examined across sex. Increases in blood flow [mean (standard deviation)] were as follows: males 1 min [control 764 (577) %; experimental 113 (108) %], males 4 min [control 346 (313) %; experimental 449 (371) %], females 1 min [control 558 (367) %; experimental 87 (105) %], and females 4 min [control 191 (183) %; experimental 328 (223) %]. CONCLUSION:It does not appear that the sex-specific attenuation of muscle hypertrophy we observed previously can be attributed to different alterations in post-exercise blood flow. Future studies may wish to replicate our previous training study, or examine alternative mechanisms which may be sex specific.

背景与目标： 目的：我们的实验室最近证明，锻炼后的血流限制仅在女性中减弱了肌肉肥大，我们推测这可能是由于锻炼后的血流变化所致。这项研究的目的是检验我们先前的假设，即采用相同的方案时血流中存在性别差异。
方法：22名未经训练的人（12名女性； 10名男性）进行了两次锻炼，每组包括一组屈肘运动，以纠正右臂的自愿性衰竭。实验条件在运动后3分钟内施加了血流限制，而对照条件则没有。使用超声测量肱动脉的血流量，并在运动后1分钟和4分钟采集。在实验条件下，这相当于充气后1分钟和放气1分钟后。
结果：跨性别检查时，对照和实验条件之间的血流变化没有差异。血流量增加[平均值（标准差）]如下：男性1分钟[对照组764（577）％；实验113（108）％]，男性4分钟[对照组346（313）％；实验性449（371）％]，女性1分钟[对照组558（367）％；实验性87（105）％]，女性4分钟[对照组191（183）％；实验328（223）％]。
结论：我们先前观察到的肌肉肥大的性别特异性减弱似乎并没有归因于运动后血流的不同变化。未来的研究可能希望复制我们以前的培训研究，或研究可能针对性别的替代机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a common surgical treatment for obesity. Evidence for and against the association of aerobic exercise (AE) and weight loss after LAGB exists. We hypothesize that aerobic exercise is associated with improved weight loss and resolution of comorbidities after LAGB. METHODS:A review of a prospectively collected database identified patients who underwent LAGB over a 3-year period at a single institution. Body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, frequency, and duration of exercise were collected preoperatively and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postoperatively. Excess weight loss (EWL) was calculated. Groups were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and ANOVA. RESULTS:Of the 145 LAGB patients, 120 had adequate data for analysis. AE had no association with weight loss at 6 months. At 12, 24, and 36 months following LAGB, patients who reported 150 min or more per week of exercise had an EWL of 35.5, 47.3, and 54.1 %, respectively, while those reporting 0-59 min per week of AE had an EWL of 25.3, 32.1, and 33.0 % (p = 0.03, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). BMI and age was not statistically different among groups. Diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea were significantly improved in patients exercising at least 60 min per week as compared to those exercising 0-59 min. CONCLUSIONS:AE is significantly associated with weight loss and comorbidity resolution after LAGB. We propose that patients who perform more AE will have higher levels of EWL.

背景与目标： 背景：腹腔镜可调胃绑带术（LAGB）是肥胖的一种常见手术治疗方法。有证据支持和反对有氧运动（AE）与LAGB术后体重减轻之间的关系。我们假设有氧运动与LAGB术后体重减轻和合并症的缓解相关。
方法：对前瞻性收集的数据库进行的审查确定了在单个机构中接受了3年以上LAGB治疗的患者。术前以及术后6、12、24和36个月收集体重指数（BMI），合并症，运动频率和运动时间。计算了多余的体重减轻（EWL）。使用费舍尔精确检验和方差分析对各组进行分析。
结果：在145名LAGB患者中，有120名具有足够的数据用于分析。 AE在6个月时与体重减轻无关。 LAGB后12、24和36个月，报告每周运动150分钟或以上的患者的EWL分别为35.5％，47.3和54.1％，而报告每周运动0-59分钟的患者的EWL分别为35.5％，47.3％和54.1％。分别为25.3％，32.1％和33.0％（p分别为0.03、0.03和0.02）。各组之间的BMI和年龄在统计学上没有差异。与每周运动0-59分钟的患者相比，每周至少运动60分钟的患者的糖尿病和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停明显改善。
结论：AE与LAGB后的体重减轻和合并症的缓解密切相关。我们建议执行更多AE的患者应具有更高的EWL水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:After the Fontan procedure, children exhibit reduced peak exercise capacity, yet their submaximal exercise response remains unclear. This study sought to determine the relationship between submaximal and peak exercise capacity and physical activity in Fontan patients. METHODS:This cross-sectional study recruited 50 Fontan patients (59% males) with a median age of 9 yr (range = 6-12 yr). The median age at Fontan procedure was 2.9 yr (range = 1.6-9.1 yr). Study assessments included medical history, exercise testing, and accelerometry. RESULTS:Significantly lower submaximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and HR in response to a standardized workload than published values for healthy children (mean ± SD) of -1.72 ± 5.24 (P < 0.001) and -1.45 ± 1.98 (P < 0.001), respectively, suggest enhanced submaximal work efficiency in this group of patients after Fontan. Higher submaximal V˙O2 z-score was associated with higher submaximal HR z-score (P = 0.02) and lower body mass index z-score (P = 0.01). Higher V˙O2peak was associated with higher submaximal V˙O2 z-score (P < 0.01), male sex (P = 0.03), higher RER (P = 0.02), lower submaximal HR z-score (P < 0.01), and higher chronotropic responsiveness (P < 0.0001). Exercise test duration z-score was associated with lower submaximal HR z-score (P = 0.02) and higher chronotropic responsiveness (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:Fontan patients exhibited a lower submaximal V˙O2 and HR responsiveness at a given workload than healthy controls did during standardized exercise testing. Thus, they may be better adapted to perform submaximal exercise. Although peak exercise capacity is limited, Fontan patients are able to perform submaximal physical activities at the same level as their healthy peers.

背景与目标： 目的：进行丰坦手术后，儿童的峰值运动能力下降，但其次最大运动反应仍不清楚。这项研究试图确定丰坦患者亚最大和最大运动能力与身体活动之间的关系。
方法：这项横断面研究招募了50名Fontan患者（男性占59％），中位年龄为9岁（范围= 6-12岁）。丰坦手术的中位年龄为2.9岁（范围= 1.6-9.1岁）。研究评估包括病史，运动测试和加速度计。
结果：标准化工作量下的最大摄氧量（V˙O2）和HR显着低于健康儿童的公布值（平均值±SD）的-1.72±5.24（P <0.001）和-1.45±1.98（P <0.001） ）分别表明，在接受Fontan治疗后，该组患者的工作效率得到了提高。较高的V subO2 z评分较高与较高的HR z评分较低（P = 0.02）和较低的体重指数z评分（P = 0.01）相关。较高的V˙O2peak与较高的V˙O2z分数（P <0.01），男性（P = 0.03），较高的RER（P = 0.02），较低的最大HR z分数（P <0.01）和较高的Z分数相关。更高的变时响应性（P <0.0001）。运动测试持续时间z分数与较低的最大心率z分数（P = 0.02）和较高的变时反应性（P = 0.02）相关。
结论：在标准的运动测试中，与健康对照组相比，在一定的工作量下，Fontan患者表现出低于最大的V˙O2和HR反应性。因此，它们可能更好地适于进行次最大运动。尽管峰值运动能力有限，但Fontan患者能够以与健康同龄人相同的水平进行次最大的体育锻炼。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Fabry disease is an X-linked genetic disorder resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in various organs, leading to exercise intolerance and early mortality. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has recently been approved for use in Fabry patients. GOALS OF STUDY: To assess baseline cardiopulmonary exercise characteristics in both invasive and noninvasive tests and to study the impact of ERT on exercise. METHODS:A total of 15 patients with Fabry disease underwent baseline cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Six patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either ERT or placebo. We performed serial cardiopulmonary exercise tests at baseline and every 3 months over a period of at least 18 months. The baseline test was compared to the last two exercise tests for each patient. RESULTS:Mean age was 32 years. Mean VO2max was 1.680 +/- 0.67 L/min and increased by 0.459 +/- 0.64 L/min in the patients receiving ERT. Mean VO2max was 1.462 +/- 0.25 L/min and decreased by 0.116 +/- 0.44 L/min in patients on placebo. Mean oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) increased by 1.71 with enzyme, but increased only 0.025 in patients taking placebo. Estimated stroke volume (SV) increased by 10 ml in patients on ERT. CONCLUSIONS:In this small cohort, exercise tolerance increased in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a useful test in measuring the response to therapy in Fabry disease patients.

背景与目标： 背景：法布里病是一种X连锁遗传病，导致糖鞘脂在各个器官中积聚，导致运动不耐症和早期死亡。酶替代疗法（ERT）最近已被批准用于法布里（Fabry）患者。研究的目标：在有创和无创测试中评估基线心肺运动特征，并研究ERT对运动的影响。
方法：总共15例法布里病患者接受了基线心肺运动试验。六名患者按2：1的比例随机接受ERT或安慰剂。我们在基线以及至少18个月内每3个月进行了一系列心肺运动测试。将基线测试与每位患者的最后两次运动测试进行比较。
结果：平均年龄为32岁。接受ERT的患者的平均VO2max为1.680 /-0.67 L / min，并增加0.459 /-0.64 L / min。服用安慰剂的患者的平均VO2max为1.462 /-0.25 L / min，降低了0.116 /-0.44 L / min。酶的平均氧脉冲（VO2 / HR）增加1.71，但服用安慰剂的患者仅增加0.025。接受ERT治疗的患者的估计中风量（SV）增加了10 ml。
结论：在这个小队列中，接受酶替代疗法的患者的运动耐量增加。心肺运动测试是测量法布里病患者对治疗反应的有用测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although disordered eating behaviors and obligatory exercise are relatively common among undergraduate females, many questions about their etiology remain unanswered. In the current study, structural equation modeling was used to investigate whether a model of personality, exercise attitudes, and exercise behavior that was previously developed with a clinical sample [Davis, C., Katzman, D.K., & Kirsh, C. (1999). Compulsive physical activity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: A psychobehavioral spiral of pathology. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 336-342.] would also fit for a sample of non-clinical college females (n=599). Further, a second model extended the first model to predict exercise behavior and eating/weight restriction. Results indicated that the original structural model fit the non-clinical sample extremely well. Specifically, addictiveness and obsessive-compulsiveness were associated with obligatory attitudes toward exercise, which was then associated with exercise behavior. In the second model, obligatory attitudes toward exercise were equally associated with eating/weight restriction as it was with exercise behavior. In a third model, bootstrapping analyses demonstrated that while obligatory exercise was directly associated with eating and weight restriction, this association was partially mediated by weight-related reasons for exercise. These data suggest that the aforementioned variables are predictive of obligatory exercise and eating pathology in non-clinical samples, and that reasons for exercise is important in understanding the complex relations among disordered eating and exercise attitudes and behaviors.

背景与目标： ：尽管饮食失调和强迫性运动在大学生女性中相对普遍，但有关其病因的许多问题仍未得到解答。在当前的研究中，使用结构方程模型来研究是否使用先前的临床样本开发的人格，运动态度和运动行为模型[Davis，C.，Katzman，DK，＆Kirsh，C.（1999） 。神经性厌食症青少年的强迫性体育活动：病理行为的心理行为。 《神经与精神疾病杂志》，187，336-342。]也适用于非临床大学女性的样本（n = 599）。此外，第二个模型扩展了第一个模型，以预测运动行为和饮食/体重限制。结果表明，原始结构模型非常适合非临床样品。具体而言，成瘾性和强迫性与对运动的强制性态度有关，然后与运动行为有关。在第二种模型中，对运动的强制性态度与饮食/体重限制以及运动行为同等相关。在第三个模型中，自举分析表明，虽然强制性运动与饮食和体重限制直接相关，但这种关联部分是由与体重相关的运动原因介导的。这些数据表明，上述变量可预测非临床样本中的强制性运动和饮食病理，并且运动原因对于理解饮食失调与运动态度和行为之间的复杂关系很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Age-related declines in balance and walking ability are major risk factors for falls. Older adults reduce the dynamic components of walking in an effort to achieve a more stable walking pattern. Tae Kwon Do is an exercise that trains dynamic components of balance and walking that diminish with age. METHODS:Twenty participants from a Tae Kwon Do exercise class (average age 72.7 years) and 20 nonexercising controls (average age 73.8 years) participated. Balance and walking ability for all participants were pretested and posttested using the following measures: single-leg stance (SLS), Multidirectional Reach Test (MDRT), Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), walking velocity, cadence, gait stability ratio (GSR), and sit-and-reach (S&R). Analysis of variance for a mixed design was used to assess differences at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS:For nonexercising controls, no differences were found between pretest and posttest measures. Tae Kwon Do participants showed significant improvements on the MDRT when reaching backward, right, and left. TUG, walking velocity, GSR, and S&R also showed significant improvement in this exercising group. CONCLUSIONS:Tae Kwon Do exercise was effective for improving balance and walking ability in community-dwelling older adults. These improvements were attributed to Tae Kwon Do movements that emphasize dynamic movement components typically deficient in the older adult walking pattern. Improving balance and walking ability through Tae Kwon Do exercise may serve to restore function that has declined with age and preserve mobility for older adults.

背景与目标： 背景：与年龄相关的平衡能力和行走能力下降是跌倒的主要危险因素。老年人减少步行的动力成分，以实现更稳定的步行方式。跆拳道是一种训练运动的平衡成分，它随着年龄的增长而逐渐减弱。
方法：来自跆拳道运动班的20名参与者（平均年龄72.7岁）和20名非运动控制者（平均年龄73.8岁）参加了这项运动。使用以下方法对所有参与者的平衡和步行能力进行了预测试和后测试：单腿姿势（SLS），多向触觉测试（MDRT），定时起步（TUG），步行速度，节奏，步态稳定性比（ GSR）和就地接触（S＆R）。混合设计的方差分析用于评估显着性水平为0.05的差异。
结果：对于非运动对照，在测试前和测试后的措施之间没有发现差异。跆拳道参与者在向后，向右和向左走时都显示出MDRT的显着改善。在这个运动组中，TUG，步行速度，GSR和S＆R也显示出明显的改善。
结论：跆拳道运动可有效改善社区老年人的平衡能力和步行能力。这些改进归功于跆拳道运动，该运动强调了动态运动成分，通常缺乏老年人的行走模式。通过跆拳道锻炼来改善平衡能力和步行能力，可能有助于恢复随年龄下降的功能，并保持老年人的活动能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Acute levodopa (LD) application and exercise release human growth hormone (GH). An earlier trial showed, that combined stimulus of exercise and LD administration is the best provocative test for GH response in healthy participants. Objective was to show this combined effect of LD application and exercise on GH response and to investigate the impact on LD metabolism in 20 previously treated patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We measured GH- and LD plasma concentrations following soluble 200 mg LD/50 mg benserazide administration during endurance exercise and rest on two separate consecutive days. GH concentrations significantly increased on both days, but GH release was significantly delayed during rest. LD metabolism was not altered due to exercise in a clinical relevant manner. Exercise induced a significant faster LD stimulated GH release in comparison with the rest condition. We did not find the supposed increase of LD induced GH release by endurance exercise. We assume, that only a limited amount of GH is available for GH release in the anterior pituitary following an acute 200 mg LD administration. GH disposal also depends on growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), which is secreted into hypothalamic portal capillaries. During the exercise condition, the resulting higher blood pressure supports blood flow and thus GHRH transport towards the GH producing cells in the pituitary. This might additionally have caused the significant faster GH release during exercise.

背景与目标： ：急性左旋多巴（LD）的应用和锻炼会释放人的生长激素（GH）。一项较早的试验表明，在健康的参与者中，将运动刺激与LD给药相结合是对GH反应的最佳挑衅性测试。目的是显示LD的应用和运动对GH反应的综合影响，并调查对20名先前接受治疗的帕金森氏病（PD）患者的LD代谢的影响。我们在耐力运动中服用可溶性200 mg LD / 50 mg苄丝肼后，分别连续两天休息，测量GH和LD血浆浓度。两天的生长激素浓度均显着增加，但休息期间生长激素的释放显着延迟。 LD代谢不会因临床相关方式的运动而改变。与静息状态相比，运动能显着加快LD刺激的GH释放。我们没有发现通过耐力运动可以使LD诱导的GH释放增加。我们假设急性200 mg LD给药后垂体前叶中仅有限量的GH可用于GH释放。 GH的处置还取决于分泌到下丘脑门静脉毛细血管中的生长激素释放激素（GHRH）。在运动状态下，所产生的较高的血压可支持血液流动，因此可促进GHRH向垂体中GH产生细胞的转运。另外，这可能导致运动过程中GH明显更快地释放。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To measure the contribution of substrate oxidation to energy expenditure during cycling at different workloads and to identify the exercise intensity that elicits the maximum fat oxidation rate in groups of severely obese or nonobese Caucasian adolescents. DESIGN:A total of 30 severely obese subjects (mean body mass index, BMI = 34.7 kg/m2; fat-mass = 39.9%) and 30 nonobese sedentary adolescents (mean BMI = 22.7 kg/m2; fat-mass = 21.8%) aged 14-16 years, participated in this study. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximal fat oxidation rate were determined with indirect calorimetry by using a graded exercise test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. RESULTS:Predicted VO2max were expressed in absolute (l/min) and relative (ml/kg FFM/min) values, and maximal work rates were not significantly different between obese and nonobese adolescents, but were significantly higher in boys than in girls. No significant differences in fat oxidation rates were found in obese and nonobese sedentary adolescents during the graded exercise test. Maximal fat oxidation was observed at an exercise intensity corresponding to (mean +/- SD) 41 +/- 3%VO2max or 58 +/- 3% HRmax. At this exercise intensity, fat oxidation rates were higher in boys than in girls (0.32 +/- 0.02 g/min vs. 0.25 +/- 0.02 g/min, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Severely obese and sedentary nonobese adolescents reached maximal fat oxidation rates at 41%VO2max, which corresponds to 58% HRmax. At this exercise intensity, fat oxidation rates were higher in boys than in girls probably due to higher VO2max and absolute workload during the exercise steps for boys compared with those for girls.

背景与目标： 目的：测量在不同工作负荷下骑车过程中底物氧化对能量​​消耗的贡献，并确定导致严重肥胖或不肥胖的白种人青少年组中最大脂肪氧化率的运动强度。
设计：共有30名严重肥胖的受试者（平均体重指数，BMI = 34.7 kg / m2；脂肪质量= 39.9％）和30名非肥胖久坐的青少年（平均BMI = 22.7 kg / m2；脂肪质量= 21.8％）年龄在14-16岁之间，参加了这项研究。通过生物电阻抗评估身体成分。使用电磁制动循环测功机上的分级运动测试，通过间接量热法测定峰值摄氧量（VO2peak）和最大脂肪氧化率。
结果：预测的最大摄氧量以绝对值（l / min）和相对值（ml / kg FFM / min）表示，肥胖和非肥胖青少年的最大工作率无显着差异，但男孩明显高于女孩。在分级运动测试中，肥胖和非肥胖久坐的青少年在脂肪氧化率上没有显着差异。在相当于（平均值±SD）41±3％VO2max或58±3％HRmax的运动强度下观察到最大的脂肪氧化。在这种运动强度下，男孩的脂肪氧化率高于女孩（0.32 /-0.02 g / min对比0.25 /-0.02 g / min，P <0.001）。
结论：严重肥胖和久坐的非肥胖青少年在41％VO2max时达到最大脂肪氧化率，相当于HRmax 58％。在这种运动强度下，男孩的脂肪氧化率高于女孩，这可能是由于男孩的运动过程中最大摄氧量和绝对工作量高于女孩。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pulmonary O2 uptake (V(O₂p)) and leg blood flow (LBF) kinetics were examined at the onset of moderate-intensity exercise, during hyperventilation with and without associated hypocapnic alkalosis. Seven male subjects (25 ± 6 years old; mean ± SD) performed alternate-leg knee-extension exercise from baseline to moderate-intensity exercise (80% of estimated lactate threshold) and completed four to six repetitions for each of the following three conditions: (i) control [CON; end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (P(ET, CO₂)) ~40 mmHg], i.e. normal breathing with normal inspired CO2 (0.03%); (ii) hypocapnia (HYPO; P(ET, CO₂) ~20 mmHg), i.e. sustained hyperventilation with normal inspired CO2 (0.03%); and (iii) normocapnia (NORMO; P(ET, CO₂) ~40 mmHg), i.e. sustained hyperventilation with elevated inspired CO2 (~5%). The V(O₂p) was measured breath by breath using mass spectrometry and a volume turbine. Femoral artery mean blood velocity was measured by Doppler ultrasound, and LBF was calculated from femoral artery diameter and mean blood velocity. Phase 2 V(O₂p) kinetics (τV(O₂p)) was different (P < 0.05) amongst all three conditions (CON, 19 ± 7 s; HYPO, 43 ± 17 s; and NORMO, 30 ± 8 s), while LBF kinetics (τLBF) was slower (P < 0.05) in HYPO (31 ± 9 s) compared with both CON (19 ± 3 s) and NORMO (20 ± 6 s). Similar to previous findings, HYPO was associated with slower V(O₂p) and LBF kinetics compared with CON. In the present study, preventing the fall in end-tidal P(CO₂) (NORMO) restored LBF kinetics, but not V(O₂p) kinetics, which remained 'slowed' relative to CON. These data suggest that the hyperventilation manoeuvre itself (i.e. independent of induced hypocapnic alkalosis) may contribute to the slower V(O₂p) kinetics observed during HYPO.

背景与目标： ：在中等强度运动开始时，无论是否伴有低碳酸血症性碱中毒，均应在中等强度运动开始时检查肺中的氧气摄入量（V（O 2 p））和腿血流量（LBF）动力学。 7名男性受试者（25±6岁；平均数±SD）从基线运动到中等强度的运动（估计的乳酸阈值的80％）进行了交替的双腿伸直运动，并针对以下三种情况中的每一种完成了4至6次重复：（i）控制[CON; CO2的潮气末分压（P（ET，CO 2））〜40 mmHg]，即正常呼吸和正常吸入CO2（0.03％）； （ii）低碳酸血症（HYPO； P（ET，CO 2）〜20 mmHg），即持续通气过度，正常吸入二氧化碳（0.03％）； （iii）正常碳酸血症（NORMO; P（ET，CO 2）〜40 mmHg），即持续通气过度，吸入的CO2升高（〜5％）。使用质谱仪和容积涡轮机通过呼吸来测量V（O 2 p）。通过多普勒超声测量股动脉平均血流速度，并根据股动脉直径和平均血流速度计算LBF。在所有三个条件下（CON，19±7 s； HYPO，43±17 s； NORMO，30±8 s），第二阶段的V（O 2 p）动力学（τV（O 2 p））不同（P <0.05）。与CON（19±3 s）和NORMO（20±6 s）相比，HYPO（31±9 s）的动力学动力学（τLBF）较慢（P <0.05）。与以前的发现相似，与CON相比，HYPO与更慢的V（O 2p）和LBF动力学有关。在本研究中，防止潮气末P（CO 2）（NORMO）下降，恢复了LBF动力学，但不恢复V（O 2 p）动力学，相对于CON，V（O 2 p）动力学仍然“减慢”。这些数据表明过度换气动作本身（即独立于诱发的低碳酸血症性碱中毒）可能有助于在HYPO期间观察到较慢的V（O 2 p）动力学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The hypothalamus is a well-known autonomic regulatory region of the brain involved in integrating several behaviors as well as cardiorespiratory activity. Our laboratory has shown that the caudal hypothalamus modulates the cardiorespiratory responses associated with exercise. In addition, other findings from this laboratory and others have implicated alterations in this same brain region in spontaneously hypertensive rats as contributing factors of the elevated levels of arterial pressure in hypertension. Several studies have revealed a gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABAergic) deficiency in the caudal hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats that contributes to the tonic disinhibition and overactivity of this pressor region. Because chronic exercise is able to increase cardiovascular health in the hypertensive rat, we hypothesized that exercise-induced caudal hypothalamic plasticity partially underlies the beneficial effects of physical activity. In this review we discuss initial findings from this lab that support this hypothesis. Our experiments demonstrate that chronic exercise alters gene expression and neuronal activity in the caudal hypothalamus of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. These findings describe a potential mechanism by which chronic exercise lowers blood pressure in the hypertensive individual.

背景与目标： 下丘脑：是众所周知的大脑自主调节区域，参与整合多种行为以及心肺活动。我们的实验室表明，尾下丘脑调节与运动有关的心肺反应。此外，来自该实验室的其他发现以及其他发现都暗示了自发性高血压大鼠在同一大脑区域的改变是高血压中动脉压水平升高的原因。几项研究表明，自发性高血压大鼠的尾下丘脑中存在γ-氨基丁酸（GABAergic）缺乏，导致该升压区域的强直性抑制和过度活跃。因为慢性运动能够增加高血压大鼠的心血管健康，所以我们假设运动引起的尾丘脑下丘脑可塑性部分地是体育锻炼的有益作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了来自该实验室的初步发现，这些发现支持了这一假设。我们的实验表明，慢性运动会改变自发性高血压大鼠尾下丘脑的基因表达和神经元活性。这些发现描述了慢性运动降低高血压个体血压的潜在机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This study was undertaken in order to investigate the interactive effects of exercise training and chronic ethanol consumption on the antioxidant system in rat liver and plasma. Fisher-344 rats were treated in separate groups as followssedentary control (SC); exercise training (ET) for 6.5 weeks; ethanol 20% (2.0 g kg-1, p.o.) for 6.5 weeks; and ET and ethanol administration. In liver, ET significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level (73% of SC). Chronic ethanol significantly increased catalase (CAT) activity and MDA levels (126% and 135% of SC), respectively, and also depleted the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and the reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio (81% and 38% of SC), respectively. Exercise training plus ethanol significantly increased CAT and glutathione reductase (GR) activity (126% and 118% of SC), respectively, and decreased the MDA level (67% of SC). In plasma, ethanol significantly enhanced CAT activity and MDA levels (173% and 221% of SC), respectively. Ethanol ingestion also increased the CAT/superoxide dismutase (SOD) ratio (216% of SC) in plasma. Training plus ethanol ingestion significantly increased CAT activity and MDA levels (208% and 148% of SC), respectively, and increased CAT/SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)/SOD ratios (279% and 142% of SC), respectively. The data indicate that the combination of exercise and ethanol ingestion resulted in an enhanced hepatic CAT and GR activity to eliminate H2O2 and to maintain endogenous GSH levels. Thus, training ameliorated the ethanol-induced oxidative injury in the liver. The ratio of CAT/SOD in plasma increased twofold due to chronic ethanol intake and threefold due to the combination, which may be used as an index of oxidative stress.

背景与目标： 进行这项研究是为了研究运动训练和长期饮酒对大鼠肝脏和血浆中抗氧化系统的相互作用。将Fisher-344大鼠按以下对照进行单独治疗；运动训练（ET）6.5周；乙醇20％（2.0 g kg-1，p.o.）6.5周;以及ET和乙醇的管理。在肝脏中，ET显着降低了丙二醛（MDA）水平（SC的73％）。慢性乙醇分别显着增加过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和MDA水平（SC的126％和135％），并且还减少了降低的谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平和降低的氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSH / GSSG）比例（分别为81％和分别为SC的38％）。运动训练加乙醇可显着提高CAT和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性（分别为SC的126％和118％），并降低MDA水平（SC的67％）。在血浆中，乙醇显着提高了CAT活性和MDA水平（分别为SC的173％和221％）。摄入乙醇还会增加血浆中CAT /超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的比例（SC的216％）。训练加乙醇摄入分别显着增加了CAT活性和MDA水平（分别为SC的208％和148％），并提高了CAT / SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）/ SOD的比率（分别为SC的279％和142％） 。数据表明，运动和乙醇摄入的结合导致增强的肝脏CAT和GR活性，从而消除了H2O2并维持了内源性GSH的水平。因此，训练减轻了乙醇引起的肝脏氧化损伤。血浆中CAT / SOD的比率由于长期摄入乙醇而增加了两倍，而由于二者的结合而增加了三倍，可用作氧化应激指标。