BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A moving stimulus is normally required to elicit smooth pursuit eye movements that serve to keep the retinal image of moving objects on the fovea. Recent experiments have shown that in cases where motion cues are ambiguous, pursuit eye movements tend to agree in direction and speed with the percept of motion. Here, we exploit the motion aftereffect (MAE) to show for the first time that smooth pursuit eye movements can also be elicited by the illusory motion of a stationary stimulus. After prolonged exposure to a moving stimulus, subjects show reliable pursuit of a physically stationary stimulus that is perceived to be moving. Conversely, the eyes remain stationary when viewing a physically moving stimulus that is perceived to be stationary. The MAE biases smooth eye movements in a way that agrees with the constant offset that is required to null the MAE perceptually. The agreement between perception and pursuit holds over a variety of stimulus conditions that modulate the magnitude of the MAE.

背景与目标： : 通常需要运动刺激来引发平滑的追踪眼球运动，从而将运动物体的视网膜图像保持在中央凹上。最近的实验表明，在运动线索不明确的情况下，追求眼球的运动往往在方向和速度上与运动的感知一致。在这里，我们利用运动后效 (MAE) 首次表明，平稳刺激的虚幻运动也可以引起平滑的追逐眼球运动。长时间暴露于运动刺激后，受试者表现出对被认为正在运动的物理静止刺激的可靠追求。相反，当观察被认为是静止的物理运动刺激时，眼睛保持静止。MAE以与感知MAE无效所需的恒定偏移量一致的方式偏置平滑的眼睛运动。感知与追求之间的一致性适用于调节MAE大小的各种刺激条件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sensory information registered in one modality can influence perception associated with sensory information registered in another modality. The current work focuses on one particularly salient form of such multisensory interaction: audio-visual motion perception. Previous studies have shown that watching visual motion and listening to auditory motion influence each other, but results from those studies are mixed with regard to the nature of the interactions promoting that influence and where within the sequence of information processing those interactions transpire. To address these issues, we investigated whether (i) concurrent audio-visual motion stimulation during an adaptation phase impacts the strength of the visual motion aftereffect (MAE) during a subsequent test phase, and (ii) whether the magnitude of that impact was dependent on the congruence between auditory and visual motion experienced during adaptation. Results show that congruent direction of audio-visual motion during adaptation induced a stronger initial impression and a slower decay of the MAE than did the incongruent direction, which is not attributable to differential patterns of eye movements during adaptation. The audio-visual congruency effects measured here imply that visual motion perception emerges from integration of audio-visual motion information at a sensory neural stage of processing.

背景与目标： : 在一种方式中注册的感觉信息可以影响与在另一种方式中注册的感觉信息相关的感知。当前的工作重点是这种多感觉相互作用的一种特别突出的形式: 视听运动感知。先前的研究表明，观看视觉运动和聆听听觉运动相互影响，但是这些研究的结果与促进这种影响的相互作用的性质以及在信息处理序列中这些相互作用发生的位置有关。为了解决这些问题，我们调查了 (i) 在适应阶段并发的视听运动刺激是否会在随后的测试阶段影响视觉运动后效应 (MAE) 的强度，(ii) 该影响的大小是否取决于适应过程中经历的听觉和视觉运动之间的一致性。结果表明，与不一致的方向相比，适应过程中视听运动的一致方向会引起更强的初始印象和MAE的较慢衰减，这并不归因于适应过程中眼球运动的差异模式。此处测得的视听一致性效应意味着视觉运动感知是在处理的感觉神经阶段从视听运动信息的集成中产生的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A serendipitous observation led to this study of V1 activity rebounds, which occur well after stimulus offset, and their relationship to visual aftereffects. We found that when a stimulus bar and background were simultaneously turned off, there was strong delayed rebounding activity (distinct from any off response). The neural rebound started 350-500 ms after stimulus offset, and its magnitude and duration were correlated with the prior visual response of the cell. In human psychophysical experiments, we found a delayed aftereffect that may be a perceptual correlate of the activity rebound. Both the rebound activity and the perceptual aftereffect disappeared if the stimulus bar and background were not extinguished together. The magnitude of the rebound varied with the spatial scale of the background even though background size had little effect on the visual response. It thus appeared that rebound magnitude was determined by a relatively large integration area. The aftereffect was not seen when the bar and background offsets were presented to different eyes, suggesting an early neural (monocular) basis for the aftereffect. Overall, we find a strong correlation between rebound activity and the perceived aftereffect. In addition to providing a possible explanation and neural correlate of a visual aftereffect, rebounding activity may provide new insight into the dynamics of early visual processing.

背景与目标： : 偶然的观察导致了对V1活动反弹的研究，这些反弹在刺激抵消后很好地发生，以及它们与视觉后效的关系。我们发现，当同时关闭刺激条和背景时，存在强烈的延迟反弹活动 (不同于任何关闭响应)。刺激抵消后350-500 ms开始神经反弹，其幅度和持续时间与细胞先前的视觉反应相关。在人类心理物理实验中，我们发现了延迟的后效，可能是活动反弹的感知相关。如果刺激条和背景没有一起熄灭，则反弹活动和感知后效都会消失。即使背景大小对视觉响应的影响很小，反弹的幅度也会随背景的空间尺度而变化。因此，反弹幅度似乎是由相对较大的积分区域决定的。当将条形和背景偏移呈现给不同的眼睛时，看不到后效，这表明后效的早期神经 (单眼) 基础。总体而言，我们发现反弹活动与感知的后效之间存在很强的相关性。除了提供视觉后效的可能解释和神经相关性外，反弹活动还可以为早期视觉处理的动态提供新的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The motion aftereffect (MAE) was measured with retinally moving vertical gratings positioned above and below (flanking) a retinally stationary central grating (experiments 1 and 2). Motion over the retina was produced by leftward motion of the flanking gratings relative to the stationary eyes, and by rightward eye or head movements tracking the moving (but retinally stationary) central grating relative to the stationary (but retinally moving) surround gratings. In experiment 1 the motion occurred within a fixed boundary on the screen, and oppositely directed MAEs were produced in the central and flanking gratings with static fixation; but with eye or head tracking MAEs were reported only in the central grating. In experiment 2 motion over the retina was equated for the static and tracking conditions by moving blocks of grating without any dynamic occlusion and disclosure at the boundaries. Both conditions yielded equivalent leftward MAEs of the central grating in the same direction as the prior flanking motion, ie an MAE was consistently produced in the region that had remained retinally stationary. No MAE was recorded in the flanking gratings, even though they moved over the retina during adaptation. When just two gratings were presented, MAEs were produced in both, but in opposite directions (experiments 3 and 4). It is concluded that the MAE is a consequence of adapting signals for the relative motion between elements of a display.

背景与目标： : 运动后效 (MAE) 是用视网膜上移动的垂直光栅在视网膜上固定的中心光栅的上方和下方 (侧翼) 测量的 (实验1和2)。视网膜上的运动是由侧翼光栅相对于静止的眼睛向左运动，以及向右的眼睛或头部运动跟踪相对于静止的 (但视网膜上静止的) 环绕光栅移动的 (但视网膜上静止的) 中心光栅而产生的。在实验1中，运动发生在屏幕上的固定边界内，并且在具有静态固定的中央和侧翼光栅中产生了相反方向的mae; 但是仅在中心光栅中报告了眼睛或头部跟踪的mae。在实验2中，通过移动光栅块而没有任何动态遮挡和边界处的公开，将视网膜上的运动等同于静态和跟踪条件。两种条件都在与先前的侧翼运动相同的方向上产生了等效的中央光栅向左MAE，即在保持视网膜静止的区域中始终产生MAE。侧翼光栅中没有记录MAE，即使它们在适应过程中移过视网膜。当仅呈现两个光栅时，mae在两个方向上都产生，但方向相反 (实验3和4)。结论是，MAE是使信号适应显示器元件之间相对运动的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :After having been exposed to strong visual motion in one direction, a subsequently presented stationary visual scene seems to move in the opposite direction. This motion aftereffect (MAE) is usually ascribed to short-term functional changes in cortical areas involved in visual motion analysis akin to adaptation. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we show increased global field activity due to the MAE which could mostly be explained by a dipole located near the putative location of human area MT+. We further demonstrate that the induced MAE is accompanied by a significant increase in gamma-band activity (GBA) recorded from parietooccipital cortex contralateral to the visual motion stimulus. This gamma oscillation most likely reflects an increase in neuronal response coherence due to decreased inhibition of a group of neurons with similar preferred direction, namely the direction opposite to the adapted one. A second focal GBA response was picked up by the most posterior sensors ipsilateral to the side of the stimulus, reflecting the size of the MAE, whose source could not be reliably located.

背景与目标： : 在一个方向上暴露于强烈的视觉运动之后，随后呈现的静止视觉场景似乎向相反的方向移动。这种运动后效 (MAE) 通常归因于视觉运动分析中涉及的皮质区域的短期功能变化，类似于适应。使用脑磁图 (MEG)，我们显示出由于MAE引起的全球场活动增加，这主要可以由位于人类MT区假定位置附近的偶极子来解释。我们进一步证明，诱导的MAE伴随着视觉运动刺激对侧顶枕皮层记录的伽玛带活性 (GBA) 显着增加。这种伽马振荡很可能反映了神经元反应一致性的增加，这是由于对具有相似优选方向 (即与适应方向相反的方向) 的一组神经元的抑制作用降低所致。第二个局灶性GBA反应由与刺激侧同侧的最后部传感器拾取，反映了MAE的大小，其来源无法可靠定位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A horizontally moving vertical grating viewed through a diamond-shaped aperture can be made to appear to move either upwards or downwards by introduction of appropriate depth-ordering cues at the boundaries of the aperture (Duncan et al. 2000 Journal of Neuroscience 20 5885-5897). The grating is perceived to move towards (and sliding under) occluding 'near' surfaces, and parallel to 'far' surfaces. Here we show that these depth-ordering cues affect the perceptual interpretation of the motion aftereffect (MAE) as well. After adaptation to unambiguous horizontal motion, the MAE direction deviates from horizontal towards near surfaces. However, the influence of depth-ordering cues on the illusory motion of the MAE is generally less than that seen for 'real' motion. Implications for theories of depth-motion and depth-MAE interactions are discussed.

背景与目标： : 通过在孔的边界处引入适当的深度排序提示，可以使通过菱形孔观察的水平移动的垂直光栅看起来向上或向下移动 (Duncan等人，2000神经科学杂志5885-5897)。感知到光栅向遮挡 “近” 表面并平行于 “远” 表面移动 (并在其下方滑动)。在这里，我们表明这些深度排序提示也会影响运动后效应 (MAE) 的感知解释。适应明确的水平运动后，MAE方向从水平方向向近表面偏离。但是，深度排序线索对MAE虚幻运动的影响通常小于 “实际” 运动的影响。讨论了深度运动和深度-MAE相互作用理论的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We used a differential Pavlovian conditioning paradigm to measure tilt aftereffect (TAE) strength. Gabor patches, rotated clockwise and anticlockwise, were used as conditioned stimuli (CSs), one of which (CS+) was followed by the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), whereas the other (CS-) appeared alone. The UCS was an air puff delivered to the left eye. In addition to the CS+ and CS-, the vertical test patch was also presented for the clockwise and anticlockwise adapters. The vertical patch was not followed by the UCS. After participants acquired differential conditioning, eyeblink conditioned responses (CRs) were observed for the vertical patch when it appeared to be tilted in the same direction as the CS+ owing to the TAE. The effect was observed not only when the adapter and test stimuli were presented in the same retinotopic position but also when they were presented in the same spatiotopic position, although spatiotopic TAE was weak-it occurred approximately half as often as the full effect. Furthermore, spatiotopic TAE decayed as the time after saccades increased, but did not decay as the time before saccades increased. These results suggest that the time before the performance of saccadic eye movements is needed to compute the spatiotopic representation.

背景与目标： : 我们使用微分巴甫洛夫条件范式来测量倾斜后效 (TAE) 强度。顺时针和逆时针旋转的Gabor斑块被用作条件刺激 (CSs)，其中一个 (CS) 之后是非条件刺激 (UCS)，而另一个 (CS-) 单独出现。UCS是向左眼吹气。除了CS和CS-之外，还为顺时针和逆时针适配器提供了垂直测试补丁。UCS没有跟随垂直补丁。参与者获得差异调节后，由于TAE，垂直贴片似乎沿与CS相同的方向倾斜时，观察到眨眼条件反应 (CRs)。不仅当适配器和测试刺激出现在相同的视网膜位置时，而且当它们出现在相同的空间位置时，观察到这种效果，尽管空间位置TAE很弱-发生的频率大约是全部效果的一半。此外，空间空间TAE随着扫视后时间的增加而衰减，但不会随着扫视前时间的增加而衰减。这些结果表明，需要进行眼球运动之前的时间来计算空间位表示。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Observers were trained to point with feedback to red and blue dots whose images had been laterally displaced in opposite directions by a reversible prism. On pretraining and posttraining trials the red and blue dots were aligned vertically in the absence of visual orientation cues. The alignment was modified by the pointing training on the posttraining trials. The colors were aligned in the direction of their prior prismatic displacement. One control experiment showed that the alignment aftereffect requires feedback during the pointing task. Another experiment in which observers pointed to the red and blue dots with opposite arms showed that pointing to both dots with the same arm was necessary to produce the alignment aftereffect. Changes in the perceived position of objects in the visual field occur when changes in perceived limb position cannot compensate for a sensorimotor conflict. Eye torsion or fixation displacements are proposed as alternative mechanisms mediating the aftereffect.

背景与目标： : 观察者经过训练，可以通过反馈指向红色和蓝色的点，这些点的图像已被可逆棱镜沿相反方向横向移位。在训练前和训练后试验中，在没有视觉方向提示的情况下，红色和蓝色点垂直对齐。通过训练后试验的定点训练修改了对齐方式。颜色在其先前的棱柱形位移方向上对齐。一个控制实验表明，对准后效应需要在指向任务期间进行反馈。观察者指向具有相反臂的红色和蓝色点的另一个实验表明，指向具有相同臂的两个点对于产生对齐后效是必要的。当感知到的肢体位置的变化不能补偿感觉运动冲突时，就会发生物体在视野中感知位置的变化。提出了眼扭转或固定位移作为介导后效的替代机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The visual motion aftereffect (MAE) is the most prominent aftereffect in the visual system. Regarding its function, psychophysical studies suggest its function to be a form of sensory error correction, possibly also triggered by incongruent visual-vestibular stimulation. Several observational imaging experiments have deducted an essential role for region MT+ in the perception of a visual MAE but not provided conclusive evidence. Potential confounders with the MAE such as ocular motor performance, attention, and vection sensations have also never been controlled for. Aim of this neuroimaging study was to delineate the neural correlates of MAE and its subjacent functional connectivity pattern. A rotational MAE (n = 22) was induced using differing visual stimuli whilst modulating ocular motor parameters in a 3T scanner. Data was analyzed with SPM12. Eye movements as a response to the same stimuli were studied by means of high-resolution videooculography. Analysis for all stimuli gave bilateral activations along the dorsal visual stream with an emphasis on area MT. The onset of a visual MAE revealed an additional response in the right medial superior temporal area (MST) and a concurrent deactivation of vestibular hub region OP2. There was no correlation for the BOLD effects during the MAE with either ocular motor or attention parameters. The functional correlate of a visual MAE in humans may be represented in the interaction between region MT and area MST. This MAE representation is independent of a potential afternystagmus, attention and the presence of egomotion sensations. Connectivity analyses showed that in the event of conflicting visual-vestibular motion information (here MAE) area MST and area OP2 may act as the relevant mediating network hubs.

背景与目标： : 视觉运动后效 (MAE) 是视觉系统中最突出的后效。关于其功能，心理物理研究表明其功能是感觉错误校正的一种形式，也可能是由不一致的视觉前庭刺激触发的。几项观测成像实验已扣除了MT区域在视觉MAE感知中的重要作用，但未提供确凿的证据。与MAE的潜在混杂因素，例如眼部运动性能，注意力和视觉感觉，也从未得到控制。这项神经影像学研究的目的是描述MAE及其以下功能连接模式的神经相关性。在3t扫描仪中调节眼球运动参数的同时，使用不同的视觉刺激诱导旋转MAE (n   =   22)。数据用spm12进行分析。通过高分辨率视频眼电图研究了眼动作为对相同刺激的反应。对所有刺激的分析都沿背侧视觉流进行了双边激活，重点是MT区域。视觉MAE的发作揭示了右内侧上颞区 (MST) 的额外反应以及前庭中枢区op2的同时失活。MAE期间的BOLD效应与眼部运动或注意力参数均无相关性。人类视觉MAE的功能相关性可以在区域MT和区域MST之间的相互作用中表示。这种MAE表示与潜在的眼震，注意力和运动感觉的存在无关。连通性分析表明，如果视觉-前庭运动信息 (此处为MAE) 发生冲突，则MST和OP2区域可能充当相关的中介网络集线器。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The motion aftereffect (MAE) refers to the apparent motion of a stationary stimulus following adaptation to a continuously moving stimulus. There is a growing consensus that the fast adapting (FA) rather than the slowly adapting (SA) afferent units mediate the tactile version of the MAE. The present study investigated which FA units underlie the tactile MAE by measuring its prevalence, duration, and vividness on different skin areas that vary in their composition of FA units. Specifically, the right cheek, volar surface of the forearm, and volar surface of the hand were adapted using a ridged cylindrical drum, which rotated at 60 rpm for 120 s. Although there was no difference in duration or vividness between the skin surfaces tested, the tactile MAE was reported twice as often on the hand compared to the cheek and forearm, which did not differ significantly from one another. This suggests that the FA I units in the glabrous skin and the hair follicle and/or the FA I and field units in the hairy skin contribute to the tactile MAE.

背景与目标： : 运动后效 (MAE) 是指适应连续运动的刺激后的固定刺激的表观运动。越来越多的共识是，快速适应 (FA) 而不是缓慢适应 (SA) 传入单元介导了MAE的触觉版本。本研究通过测量触觉MAE的患病率，持续时间和在不同皮肤区域的生动性 (FA单位的组成不同)，调查了哪些FA单位是触觉MAE的基础。具体地说，右脸颊、前臂的掌侧表面和手的掌侧表面使用脊状圆柱形鼓进行调整，该鼓以60 rpm旋转120 s。尽管所测试的皮肤表面之间的持续时间或生动性没有差异，但与脸颊和前臂相比，手部的触觉MAE被报告为两倍，彼此之间没有显着差异。这表明无毛皮肤和毛囊中的FA I单位和/或多毛皮肤中的FA I和field单位有助于触觉MAE。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The tilt aftereffect (TAE) was studied with adapting and test stimuli consisting of black or white bars (experiment 1), and of luminance edges (experiment 2). Both experiments failed to demonstrate selectivity of the TAE to the polarity of luminance contrast.

背景与目标： : 使用由黑色或白色条 (实验1) 和亮度边缘 (实验2) 组成的适应和测试刺激研究了倾斜后效 (TAE)。两个实验都未能证明TAE对亮度对比度极性的选择性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A mathematical model of orientation selectivity in a single hypercolumn of the primary visual cortex developed in a previous work [Ursino, M., & La Cara, G.-E. (2004). Comparison of different models of orientation selectivity based on distinct intracortical inhibition rules. Vision Research, 44, 1641-1658] was used to analyze the possible mechanisms underlying tilt aftereffect (TAE). Two alternative models are considered, based on a different arrangement of intracortical inhibition (an anti-phase model in which inhibition is in phase opposition with excitation, and an in-phase model in which inhibition has the same phase arrangement as excitation but wider orientation selectivity). Different combinations of parameter changes were tested to explain TAE: a threshold increase in excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons (fatigue), a decrease in intracortical excitation, an increase or a decrease in intracortical inhibition, a decrease in thalamo-cortical synapses. All synaptic changes were calculated on the basis of Hebbian (or anti-Hebbian) rules. Results demonstrated that the in-phase model accounts for several literature results with different combinations of parameter changes requiring: (i) a depressive mechanism to neurons with preferred orientation close to the adaptation orientation (fatigue of excitatory cortical neurons, and/or depression of thalamo-cortical synapses directed to excitatory neurons, and/or depression of intracortical excitatory synapses); (ii) a facilitatory mechanism to neurons with preferred orientation far from the adaptation orientation (fatigue of inhibitory cortical neurons, and/or depression of thalamo-cortical synapses directed to inhibitory neurons, and/or depression of intracortical inhibitory synapses). By contrast, the anti-phase model appeared less suitable to explain experimental data.

背景与目标： : 在先前的工作 [Ursino，M.和La Cara，G.-E] 中建立的初级视觉皮层的单个超列中定向选择性的数学模型。基于不同的皮质内抑制规则的不同定向选择性模型的比较。视觉研究，44，1641-1658] 用于分析倾斜后效 (TAE) 的可能机制。考虑了两种替代模型，基于皮质内抑制的不同排列 (反相模型，其中抑制与激发相反，而同相模型，其中抑制具有与激发相同的相位排列，但方向选择性较宽)。测试了参数变化的不同组合以解释TAE: 兴奋性和抑制性皮质神经元的阈值增加 (乏力)，皮质内兴奋的减少，皮质内抑制的增加或减少，丘脑-皮质突触的减少。所有突触变化均根据Hebbian (或反Hebbian) 规则计算。结果表明，同相模型解释了几种文献结果，其参数变化的不同组合需要 :( i) 对具有接近适应方向的首选方向的神经元的抑制机制 (兴奋性皮质神经元乏力和/或丘脑-皮质突触的抑制针对兴奋性神经元，和/或皮质内兴奋性突触的抑制); (ii) 对神经元的促进机制，其优选的方向远离适应方向 (抑制性皮质神经元乏力，和/或针对抑制性神经元的丘脑-皮质突触的抑制，和/或皮质内抑制性突触的抑制)。相比之下，反相模型似乎不太适合解释实验数据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adaptation to motion produces a motion aftereffect (MAE), where illusory, oppositely-directed motion is perceived when viewing a stationary image. A common hypothesis for motion adaptation is that it reflects an imbalance of activity caused by neuronal fatigue. However, the perceptual MAE exhibits storage, in that the MAE appears even after a prolonged period of darkness is interposed between the adapting stimulus and the test, suggesting that fatigue cannot explain the perceptual MAE. We asked whether neural fatigue was a viable explanation for the oculomotor MAE (OMAE) by testing if the OMAE exhibits storage. Human observers were adapted with moving, random-dot cinematograms. Following adaptation, they generated an oculomotor MAE (OMAE), with both pursuit and saccadic components. The OMAE occurred in the presence of a visual test stimulus, but not in the dark. When the test stimulus was introduced after the dark period, the OMAE reappeared, analogous to perceptual MAE storage. The results suggest that fatigue cannot explain the OMAE, and that visual stimulation is necessary to elicit it. We propose a model in which adaptation recalibrates the motion-processing network by adjusting the weights of the inputs to neurons in the middle-temporal (MT) area.

背景与目标： : 对运动的适应会产生运动后效 (MAE)，在观看静止图像时会感觉到虚幻的，相反方向的运动。运动适应的一个常见假设是，它反映了神经元乏力引起的活动失衡。然而，知觉MAE表现出存储性，因为即使在适应刺激和测试之间插入了长时间的黑暗之后，MAE也会出现，这表明乏力无法解释知觉MAE。我们通过测试OMAE是否表现出储存来询问神经乏力是否是动眼MAE (OMAE) 的可行解释。人类观察者采用了移动的随机点电影图。适应后，他们产生了动眼运动MAE (OMAE)，其中包括追求和扫视成分。OMAE发生在视觉测试刺激的情况下，但不是在黑暗中。当测试刺激在黑暗时期之后引入时，OMAE再次出现，类似于感知的MAE存储。结果表明乏力不能解释OMAE，并且视觉刺激是引起它的必要条件。我们提出了一个模型，在该模型中，自适应通过调整中时间 (MT) 区域神经元的输入权重来重新校准运动处理网络。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The processing of motion information by the visual system can be decomposed into two general stages; point-by-point local motion extraction, followed by global motion extraction through the pooling of the local motion signals. The direction aftereffect (DAE) is a well known phenomenon in which prior adaptation to a unidirectional moving pattern results in an exaggerated perceived direction difference between the adapted direction and a subsequently viewed stimulus moving in a different direction. The experiments in this paper sought to identify where the adaptation underlying the DAE occurs within the motion processing hierarchy. We found that the DAE exhibits interocular transfer, thus demonstrating that the underlying adapted neural mechanisms are binocularly driven and must, therefore, reside in the visual cortex. The remaining experiments measured the speed tuning of the DAE, and used the derived function to test a number of local and global models of the phenomenon. Our data provide compelling evidence that the DAE is driven by the adaptation of motion-sensitive neurons at the local-processing stage of motion encoding. This is in contrast to earlier research showing that direction repulsion, which can be viewed as a simultaneous presentation counterpart to the DAE, is a global motion process. This leads us to conclude that the DAE and direction repulsion reflect interactions between motion-sensitive neural mechanisms at different levels of the motion-processing hierarchy.

背景与目标： : 视觉系统对运动信息的处理可以分解为两个一般阶段; 逐点本地运动提取，然后通过本地运动信号的汇集进行全局运动提取。方向后效 (DAE) 是一种众所周知的现象，其中先前对单向移动模式的适应导致在适应的方向和随后观察到的在不同方向上移动的刺激之间的放大的感知方向差。本文中的实验旨在确定DAE的适应在运动处理层次结构中发生的位置。我们发现DAE表现出眼间转移，因此表明潜在的适应神经机制是双眼驱动的，因此必须驻留在视觉皮层中。其余实验测量了DAE的速度调整，并使用派生函数测试了该现象的许多局部和全局模型。我们的数据提供了令人信服的证据，表明DAE是由运动编码的局部处理阶段的运动敏感神经元的适应驱动的。这与先前的研究相反，该研究表明，方向排斥 (可以被视为DAE的同时呈现对应物) 是一个全局运动过程。这使我们得出结论，DAE和方向排斥反映了运动处理层次结构不同级别的运动敏感神经机制之间的相互作用。